Warm Up

1. Mitosis creates how many daughter cells?

2. Are the daughter cells created from mitosis genetically identical or different?

3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

4. What type of anaerobic respiration causes muscle soreness in humans?

Reproduction and Meiosis

Making gametes…

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htmFamily http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp

Remember:CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS __________

REPRODUCE

Two Types of Reproduction

1. Asexual: Reproduction NOT involving the union of sex cells; 1 parent

2. Sexual: Reproduction involving sex cells; 2 parents

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

BINARY FISSION1 parent cell splits into two cells (Through mitosis!)

Example: Bacteria

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

BuddingOffspring grows

out of the body of the parent

Example: Hydra (plant)

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Regeneration

If a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a completely new individual

Example: Starfish

All 3 Types:

Produce cells that are __________ copies of parent cell

identical

ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Can make offspring faster

Don’t need a partner

http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg

DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ALL ALIKE

Species CAN’T change and adapt

One disease can wipe out whole population

http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Combines genetic material

from 2 parents (sperm & egg)

so offspring aregenetically __________ from parents

DIFFERENT

Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp

ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Allows for variation in population

Individuals can be different

Provides foundation for EVOLUTION

Allow species to adapt to changes intheir environment

http://naturalsciences.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/spindex.html

EGG + SPERM

If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells . . . baby would have too many chromosomes!

http://www.angelbabygifts.com/Image by Riedell Image by Riedell

http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13217.forty-six_chromosomes.jpg

MEIOSIS is the way…

to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomesfor sexual reproduction

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

DIPLOID & HAPLOIDMost cells have 2 copies of each

chromosome =(one from mom; one from dad)

All BODY (___________) cells are diploid

DIPLOID 2n

HOMOLOGOUSCHROMOSOMES

SOMATIC

Created through: MITOSIS

• Makes ___ cells genetically _________ to parent cell & to each other

• Used by organisms to: repair injuries, increase size of organism, replace worn out cells

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

2identical

DIPLOID & HAPLOID

Some cells have only one copy of each chromosome = _____________

All sperm and egg cells are haploid

HAPLOID 1n

Created through MEIOSIS

• Makes ____ cells genetically different from parent cell & from each other

Sex cells are called ________ cells or Germ Cells

Used in _____

4

Gamete

sexual reproduction

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

MAKING SPERM & EGGS

If you are female:Produce 1 Egg, 3 Polar

Bodies

The cytoplasm divides unevenly resulting in 1 good egg and the 3 smaller bodies which are consumed by the lysosmes

If you are male:

Meiosis produces 4 sperm cells

Development of a Baby

1 sperm + 1 egg = fertilization = conception

Conception Zygote Fetus Baby

Warm Up

1. At the end of mitosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?

2. At the end of meiosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?

Warm Up

1. At the end of mitosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?

2. At the end of meiosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?

MITOSIS vs MEIOSISINTERPHASE INTERPHASE I

• DNA Replicates• Cell Grows SAME AS

MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I

Chromosomes formNuclear membrane

disappearsCentrioles/

spindle fibers appear

Chromosomes formNuclear membrane disappears Centrioles/spindle fibers appear

Homologous pairs match up

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

Homologous Chromosomes

• Match up forming a Tetrad –(4 sets of sister

chromatids)

Crossing over occurs

CROSSING OVER

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I

• Chromosomes line up in middle

• Spindle fibers attach to center

Chromosomes line up in middle (along equator)Spindle fibers attach to center

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

with homologous partnerAnimation

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c13x9independent-assortment.jpg

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I

Chromatids split

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

Chromatids stay togetherHomologous pairs split

(segregation)

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I

See TWO nucleiNuclear membrane/ nucleolus returnDNA spreads out as chromatinSpindle/centrioles disappear

SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I

Cytoplasm splits

into 2 cells

SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II

• DNA is spread out as chromatin• Nuclear membrane/

nucleolus visible• DNA is copied during S phase

SKIP INTERPHASE IIDNA NOT COPIED

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE II

• DNA scrunches into chromosomes

• Nuclear membrane/nucleolus disappear

• Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear

SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II

• Chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE II

Chromatids split and move apart

SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II

Two nucleiNuclear

membrane/nucleolus returns

Centrioles/spindle fibersdisappear

DNA spreads out as chromatin

SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II

Cytoplasm splits

SAME AS MITOSIS

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

End result of meiosis: 4 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes

We look different from our family members because of Genetic Recombination: Crossing over and Independent Assortment

Meiosis Videos

Meiosis Videos - scroll to bottom of page

MAKING SPERM & EGGS

If you are female:Produce 1 Egg, 3 Polar

Bodies

The cytoplasm divides unevenly resulting in 1 good egg and the 3 smaller bodies which are consumed by the lysosmes

If you are male:

Meiosis produces 4 sperm cells

Development of a Baby

1 sperm + 1 egg = fertilization = conception

Conception Zygote Fetus Baby

Warm Up

1. Which is exactly the same as mitosis? (Meiosis 1 or Meiosis 2)

2. Why do we not have interphase 2 in meiosis?

3. What is the purpose of crossing over in meiosis?

4. How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell in humans?

Genetics

We inherit our genes from our parents.

This is called heredity.

The science that studies this is called genetics.

Gregor Mendel was a monk who worked with pea plants and created the principles of genetics.

Generation abbreviations:

• P1 = Parental• F1 = Children• F2 = Grandchildren

Mendel started by crossing 2 pea plants with contrasting traits.

Ex: Tall plant crossed with short.

He noticed in the F1 generation that all the peas were Tall.

He then mated two of the F1s and found that the missing trait always returned in a 3:1 ratio.

This is how Mendel discovered that we have pairs of genes that control what we look like.

We now know that these genes are carried on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Allele = different gene choices for a trait. Found on the same place on a chromosome.

REMEMBER

_____________ chromosomes________________during ANAPHASE I= _________________SEGREGATION

Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

HOMOLOGOUS

SEPARATE

This slide not in notes

Alleles segregate (separate) randomly just like a coin flip…so you can use probability to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.

With probabilities the past outcomes do not affect the future ones.

Just because a couple has had 5 boys, does not mean the next child will also be a boy.

Since the alleles segregate randomly, there is a 50% chance of a boy and a 50% chance of a girl.

It can be written as a:Fraction ____

Percent ____Ratio ____

1/4

25%

1:3

Genetic Vocabulary Dominant = hides (overpowers) the other allele. Capital letter (T)

Recessive = is hidden by the other allele. Lower case letter (t)

Homozygous/Purebred = same allele

Heterozygous /Hybrid = different, mixed alleles

Genotype = what is in our genes, always letters

Phenotype =

what we actually can see –what is expressedEX: eye color, hair color, height, etc

Punnett Squares are used to predict a one gene trait

Let’s Practice!

IN PEA PLANTS

Tall is dominant over short

TALL = ____ SHORT = ____

Tt

LET’S MAKE A CROSS!

PURE TALL PURE SHORTX

PURE TALL parentWhat are the parent

alleles?T T _________

T T

HOMOZYGOUS

What gametes can it make?

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles?

t t _________

t t

HOMOZYGOUS

What gametes can it make?

GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

_____ of the offspring

____ % ___/4 will be

T T

t

t

T t T t

T t T t

Tt TALL

ALL

1004

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles?

T t _________

T t

HETEROZYGOUS

What gametes can it make?

GENOTYPES¼ = _____½ = _____¼ = _____

T t

T

t

T T T t

T t t t

PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________

TT

75

Tt

tt

3/4

1/4 SHORTTALL

25

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS

Tall = ____

Short = ____Tt

A.

Homozygous Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

T T

T T

B.

Hybrid Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

Tt

T t

C.

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS

Round seeds = ___

Wrinkled seeds =

R

r

D.

Heterozygous Round parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

R r

R r

E.

PURE wrinkled parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

rr

r r

F.

WHAT GENES DO YOU HAVE?

EYE COLOR

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

HAIR COLOR/TEXTURE

http://faculty.washington.edu/~chudler/gif/hairch.gif

FEMALE OR MALE?

http://www.angelbabygifts.com/

WIDOW’S PEAKDominant

http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/geneticsfeb02.html

TONGUE ROLLING

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/tongroll.html

Homozygous recessives- non rollers

FRECKLES

http://chantelsimmons.blogspot.com/2007/07/tuesday-tuck-shop.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Freckled.jpg

DIMPLES/CLEFT CHINDominantImages from: http://www.uni.edu/walsh/cleft.jpg

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Kirk-douglas-big-trees02.jpg

http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1270258944/nm0000237

https://kyberia.sk/id/3591050/3

Bend finger at top joint?

http://toadandmo.blogspot.com/2007/08/mos-hidden-talent.html

HITCHHIKER’S THUMB=homozygous recessive

Images from: http://www.ncrtec.org/tl/camp/gene/thumbs.htm

LONG 2nd TOEDominant

http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html

WIGGLE JUST YOUR LITTLE TOE?

ATTACHED EAR LOBES

homozygous recessive = attached

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/genetics_puzzle.html

Touch your nose with your tongue?

Images from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/252/526385891_643b1b1420.jpg?v=0http://picasaweb.google.com/angelinachristalpina/ChristmasClothes02#5146686361494213122

COLOR BLINDNESSRED-green colorblindness most

common8% of males & 0.5% females

Everyone should see the circle, star, and square

Everyone should see a square. Normal should see a brown circle

Normal should see a boat. Colorblind will not see anything.

THUMB FOLDINGRight over left -44%Left over right-55%

http://www3.baylor.edu/Science_Leadership/Spring01/CSMS/Summary/genetics.html

http://extension.usu.edu/aitc/teachers/pdf/heredity/traits.pdf#search='human%20genetic%20traits'

Warm Up 3/131. Give one trait that can be passed on to

you from your parents.2. Give one trait that would not be passed

on to you from your parents.3. What is the equation for respiration?4. What are the products of photosynthesis?5. Identify which are homozygous

recessive, which are heterozygous, and which are homozygous dominant

FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv

Warm Up1.What is the process shown in the picture

below?2. Identify which of the following are

homozygous recessive in the group below:(FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv)3. Blue (B) flower color is dominant to red

(b). If a flower is genotype Bb what color would it be?

4. Which process (meiosis 1 or meiosis 2) is identical to mitosis?

5. What phase is skipped in meiosis 2? Why?

Incomplete Dominance:

The blending of alleles

Ex: Red Flower + White Flower = Pink Flower

Incomplete Dominance• For a trait, the “dominant” is not

completely masking the recessive • No lower case letters• Get blending in heterozygous

Incomplete Dominance

Normally:• R = red, r = white• RR = red, • Rr = red• rr = white

Incomplete Dominance:• R = red, W = white• RR = red• RW = pink• WW = white

Incomplete Dominance

• One red and one white flower are cross pollinated (mated), draw the punnett square of their offspring:

R RWW

RW RW

RW RW

Incomplete Dominance

• One red and one pink flower are cross pollinated (mated), draw the punnett square of their offspring:

R RRW

RR RR

RW RW

Co-Dominance

Both are dominant so both show

Co-Dominance• For a trait, you can have 2 dominant

options and 1 recessive• Can’t use regular upper and

lowercase

Co-dominanceNormally

• R = red, r = white• RR = red, • Rr = red• rr = white

Co-dominance• R= red, W = white,

recessive = yellow• IRIR or IRi= red• IWIW or IWi= white• IRIW – red and white• ii = yellow

Practice problem…do somewhere in your notes

A flower with red and white stripes mates with a homozygous white flower. What is the phenotypic ratio?

Co-dominance

Example: Blood types• A and B are co-dominant – AB• O is recessive

Genotypes:• A -> IAIA and IAi *AB -> IAIB

• B -> IBIB and IBi *O -> ii

Co-dominanceBlood transfusions:• Must receive blood

type you are OR recessive (__O__)

• O is universal donor

• AB is universal receptor

Do #1-4 in your notes

Warm Up

1. In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

2. What is the purpose of crossing over?

3. Identify which are homozygous recessive, which are heterozygous, and which are homozygous dominant

FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv

Karyotypes• Karyotype – map of our chromosomes

Normal Human karyotypes have 23 pairs of chromosomes – 46 total chromosomes

Karyotypes

• Pairs 1-22 “autosomes” code for body features

• Pair 23 “sex chromosomes” determine gender– XX female– XY male

Who decides?

Mom can give X

Dad can give X or ySO ____ determines sex of the baby.

If dad gives X with mom’s X = girlIf dad give y with mom’s X = boy

X X

X

y

X X X X

X y X y

Dad

SEX DETERMINATIONXX = female

SEX DETERMINATION

Xy = male

Karyotypes

• Chromosome disorders – when total number of chromosomes doesn’t = 46

• Part/whole chromosome is missing or extra

Karyotypes• Trisomy – Having 3 chromosomes in

a pair because of a nondisjunction

• Nondisjunction - occurs when sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase

Down syndrome ____________TRISOMY 21, nondisjunction

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)• 1 in 800 births

• Similar facial features

• Slanted eyes

• Protruding tongue

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)• Most common

chromosomal abnormality

• 50% have heart defects that need surgery to repair

• Mild to severe mental retardation

• Increases susceptibility to many diseases

• Risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with age of mom

Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome ____

• 1 in 5000 births• Females have only one X

chromosome• Small size• Slightly lower IQ ~80-90• 35% have heart abnormalities• Hearing loss common• Broad chest• Reproductive organs don’t

develop at puberty• Can’t have children

http://medgen.genetics.utah.edu/photographs/diseases/high/611.gif

XO

Klinefelter syndrome XXy

Klinefelter syndrome

• 1 in 1000 births• Males have extra X chromosomes

(Can be XXy, XXXy, or XXXXy)• Average to slight lower IQ• Small testes/can’t have children• Usually not discovered until puberty

when don’t mature like peers

Karyotypes

What is the gender?

Any chromosomal disorders?

Karyotypes

What is the gender?

Any chromosomal disorders?

Karyotypes

What is the gender?

Any chromosomal disorders?

Karyotypes

What is the gender?

Any chromosomal disorders?

Warm Up

1. A father has type O blood. The mother is heterozygous for type A blood. What type of blood is the child?

2. Blue (B) and Yellow (Y) flowers exhibit incomplete dominance and can produce a green flower color when both alleles are present. What cross would produce a green flower color every single time (100%)?

Genetic Disorders

2 Types of genetic disorders:

Autosomal (Body) disorders

Sex-linked (Gamete) Disorders

Cystic Fibrosis Colorblindness

Sickle Cell Hemophilia

Huntington’s Disease

Autosomal (Body) Disorders

Genetic Disorders

Cystic Fibrosis

Inheritance pattern: autosomal recessive

Chromosome 7

Symptoms: thick, sticky mucus in lungs

•Leads to respiratory and digestive problems •More common in Caucasians, but affects all races•30,000 people in the USA have cystic fibrosis

Genetic Disorders

Sickle cell Anemia• Inheritance pattern –

autosomal recessive• Chromosome: 11• Symptoms - Misshaped

red blood cell• Relationship to malaria:

carriers of sickle cell are immune to malaria

Genetic disorders

Huntington’s Disease• Inheritance pattern – autosomal

dominant• Chromosome 4• Symptoms – damage to nerve cells,

loss of body movement control

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

Causes progressive _____ of ________________ and ___________function

lossmuscle control

mental

1 in 10,000 people in U.S. have Huntington’s disease

http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/bjmbr/v39n8/html/6233i01.htm

Huntington’s brain

Normal brain

A person with Huntington’s disease has a _____ chance of passing the disorder on totheir offspring.

50%

Review:

• Huntington’s Disease, Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell are disorders of your body cells – it doesn’t matter if you are male or female

• Now lets talk about disorders that are sex-linked: the chances of giving the disorder to your children are different if the child is a boy or a girl

Sex-linked traits

• Found on X chromosome, always recessive

• Who can get it? Everyone• More likely for males…they only have

one X (if it’s recessive, they have no chance of hiding it)

Males ONLY HAVE ONE X

They eitherhave the disorder

DEFECTIVE NORMAL

They are normal

Or

FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES

Females have one normalgene that works.

NORMAL DEFECTIVEDEFECTIVE

Females __________defective recessivealleles to show the disorder

need 2

Sex-linked traits

• Females can be carriers• Genotypes:

– Male XAY - healthy , XaY – sick– Females: XAXA healthy, XAXa Carrier, XaXa

-sick

Genetic disorders

Colorblindness• Inheritance pattern – sex-linked

recessive• Chromosome X• Symptoms – trouble distinguishing

between some colors

8% of males; 0.5% of females

Genetic disorders

Hemophilia• Inheritance pattern – sex-linked

recessive• Chromosome X• Symptoms – blood does not clot

How to do a sex-linked problem: Hemophilia is X-linked recessive (so hh is needed to have hemophilia)PROBLEM: cross a carrier mom with an afflicted dad

Xh

Y

XHXh XhXh

XHyXhY

XH Xh

How many girls will have it? Boys? Who are carriers?

Pedigrees

• Family tree that shows the heredity of a specific trait (usually a disorder)

• = male • = female

Pedigrees• If the is filled in = someone with

the trait• If the is empty = someone

without the trait

http://www.beavton.k12.or.us/sunset/academics/genetics.htm

I

II

III

IV

1 2

http://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Hemophilia/hemophiliaeurope.html

Warm UpCross a man who is colorblind with a woman

who is a carrier for colorblindness. Answer the following questions:

1. What percentage of their children will be colorblind?

2. What percentage of the males are colorblind?3. What percentage of the females are carriers?4. What percentage of the children are not

affected and are also not carriers?