Post on 18-Mar-2018
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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
II B.Tech II Semester (ME)
Academic Year 2016-17
Academic Plan
1. Computational Methods
2. Business Economics and Financial Analysis
3. Kinematics of Machinery
4. Thermal Engineering
5. Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
2
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Sem-II, II- B.Tech – 2016-17
Course Code No. : 5BS13
Course Name : COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
Instructor – in – charge : Dr. G.Sireesha & G.Jithender Reddy
Instructors : Dr. G.Sireesha & G.Jithender Reddy
1. Scope and objective of the course (one paragraph):
This course includes solution of linear and Transcendental equations, solution of
a system of linear and non-linear large systems by direct and Iterative methods.
In Interpolation estimation of function values and rate of change of functions will
be found using various methods of estimation of functions including highly
accurate, interpolation, Spline methods. When analytical methods of
mathematics fail to solve Ordinary Differential Equations of Initial value and
Boundary value Problems type, it may be solved by various Numerical Methods
based on nature of problem. In the last two units, Linear Algebra involving
Computational Methods for solving linear and non-linear problems are done.
Course objectives:
Understand the numerical methods for non linear systems, evaluating
definite integrals and solving Ordinary Differential Equations.
Understand various methods of interpolation and application.
Understand the Echelon form and Normal form of a matrix and its
applications in solving linear system of equations.
Solving system of linear equations using Jacobi and Gauss-Seidal methods.
Learning outcomes:
Student will be able to
Apply the numerical methods to find a root of algebraic and transcendental
equations.
3
Apply the numerical methods to find the solutions of ordinary differential
quations.
Find the rank using Echelon form, Normal form and compute eigen values.
Solve linear equations using Jacobi method and Gauss-Seidal method
Text Books :
1. Numerical Methods for science and engineering – Dr B. S. Grewal
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics -Erwin Kreyszig ,(2002), 8th Edition,
John Wiley and Sons
2. Elementary Numerical Analysis an Algorithmic Approach-Samuel D.Conte
and Carl de Boor,(2006),3rd Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Numerical Analysis – R.L Burden and J. L. Faires, (2007) Thomson (Indian
Edition)
http://www.powershow.com/view/11b458-
MDVmM/Finding_Roots_of_Nonlinear_Equations_powerpoint_ppt_presentati
on#.Vtw4DWYyOv8.gmail
Unit: 1 course plan
Lecture Schedule:
Lecture 1: Introduction and importance of numerical methods
Lecture 2: Mathematical Preliminaries
Lecture 3: Methods of solution and Bisection method
Lecture 4: Regula Falsi/ False position method and application
Lecture 5: Iterative methods: fixed point iterative method
Lecture 6: Newton-Raphson method and rate of convergence
Lecture 7 : Problems by iterative methods
Lecture 8: Solving problems
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Assignment:
1. Find the root of 5 25 with 5th decimal accuracy.
2. Find the least positive real root of: tan x =1, using Newton‘s Raphson
method with 6th decimal accuracy.
3. Write the fixed point algorithm for .0cos xex x and check whether
solution converges.
Unit: 2 Course plan:
Lecture Schedule:
Lecture 1: Introduction and importance of Interpolation &applications
Lecture 2: Un-equally spaced data & Lagrange‘s formula
Lecture 4: Different operators and relations among them
Lecture 5: Newton Divided Difference Formula and application
Lecture 6: Equally spaced data and interpolation formulae
Lecture 7: Newton forward and Backward interpolation formulae
Lecture 6: Gauss fwd and bwd difference formulae
Lecture7 : Problems
Lecture8 : Applications
Assignment:
1. Write the best interpolation method and write the advantages and
disadvantages of it. Find the missing values in the following table
x 0 5 10 15 20 25
y 6 10 -- 17 -- 31
3. Prove that 2222 )2
11(1
4. Find y(25) , given that .40,35,32,24 32282420 yyyy by using Gauss
forward interpolation formula.
5. Using the following table find f(x) as a polynomial in x and using it,
estimate function value at x = 1.
5
x -1 0 3 6 7
f(x) 3 -6 39 822 1611
6. Estimate the function at x=0.5 using Gauss formula
x -1 0 1 2 3
y -6 -1 4 12 15
Unit: 3
Numerical Differentiation & Integration, Numerical Solution of Ordinary
Differential Equations :
Lecture Schedule:
Lecture 1: Introduction & importance of Numerical differentiation and
Integration
Lecture 2: Differentiation formulae for equ., Uneq. spaced data
Lecture 3: Numerical Integration and Newton-Cotes formula
Lecture 4: Trapezoidal and Simpson‘s 1/3, 3/8 Rules
Lecture 5: Quadrature 2, 3 point formula
Lecture6: Numerical solution of IVP by Taylor‘s series
Lecture 7: Picards‘ method and problems
Lecture 8: Euler‘s and modified Euler‘s method
Lecture 9: Runge-kutta method for IVP
Lecture10: Adams-Bashforth Multistep methods
Lecture 11: Problems
Assignment:
1. Estimate the approximate value of the integral
d2/
0
cos with step size
h=
using ⅓ Simpson‘s rule and Quadrature 2 , 3 point formulae
2. (a) Using Taylor‘s series method find an approximate value of = xy such
that y(0)=1 at x = 0.1 upto 3rd decimal accuracy.
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(b) Find an approximate solution of
such that y(0)=1 at x=0.1using 4th
order Runge-Kutta method.
Unit: 4
Matrices
Lecture Schedule:
Lecture 1: Elementary Transformations, Rank of matrix,
Lecture 2: Echelon and Normal forms,
Lecture 3: Consistency of linear simultaneous equations
Lecture 4: Homog. And non-homog. systems
Lecture 5: Eigen values and eigen vectors
Lecture6: and its properties
Lecture 7: Cayley – Hamilton theorem (without proof),
Lecture 8: Quadratic forms
Lecture 9: Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form
Lecture10: By linear(congruent) and orthogonal transforms..
Lecture 11: Problems
Assignment:
Unit: 5
Complex Matrices and Iterative methods
Lecture Schedule:
Lecture 1: Hermitian , skew – Hermitian & Unitary matrices.
Lecture 2: Iterative methods for solving linear system
Lecture 3: Jacobi method
Lecture 4: Gauss-Seidal algorithm
Lecture 5: Power method
Lecture 6: finding largest and smallest eigen values
Lecture 7: Problems
Assignment:
4. Evaluation Scheme:
(a) Assignment Test Weightage: 10 marks, average of 1st and 2nd
Assignments
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(b) MID Exams Weightage: 30 marks with best for 80% and next for 20%
1) ..I MID forenoon
2) II MID forenoon
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VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (VNRVJIET)
BACHUPALLY, NIZAMPET (SO),(VIA) KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD – 500 090
Academic Plan
for
BUSINESS ECONOMICS & FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (BEFA) Subject Code : (5BS41)
II Year B.Tech II Semester Academic Year (2016-2017)
Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME)
Prepared by
Dr.S.V.S.S.SRINIVASA RAJU
Professor (MED)
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R15
Course Objectives:
To explain different forms of organizing private and public sector business
enterprises and to analyze the significance of Business Economics in
solving the problems of business enterprise. Also to define and analyze the
concepts of Demand, Elasticity of Demand and Demand Forecasting
Methods.
To analyze the various types of costs and to determine the level of output at
which there is neither profit nor loss. To estimate capital requirements and
to describe various sources of mobilizing funds. Also to identify least cost
combinations of inputs produce desired quantity of output.
To describe the features of different market structure and pricing
strategies.
To explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions. To elaborate the
importance of finance function for evaluating the economic status of a
business unit.
Course Outcomes
Students will be able to:
Select the suitable form of business organization which meets the
requirement of selected business also perform decision – making function
effectively in an uncertain frame work by applying concepts of Managerial
Economics. Meet and manipulate the demand efficiently and plan the
future course of action.
Apply right kind cost to reduce cost by paying attention towards the costs
which can be reduced. Take decision whether to buy or produce? Reduce
the cost of capital by selecting best source of fund mobilization and select
best investment opportunity which yields higher rate of return.
Fix the right price which can best meets the predetermined objectives of the
business firm under different market conditions. Able to select best
combination of inputs to produce required quantity of output.
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Prepare books of accounts and know over all financial position of the
business enterprise which enables the concerned to take appropriate
measures to improve the situation. Also interpret the financial position
from difference angles and initiates the measures/ efforts in that
direction.
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VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology
II Year B. Tech ME II Sem L T /P/D C
4 0 4
(5BS41) BUSINESS ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
UNIT I
BUSINESS AND NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Characteristic features of business; Features and evaluation of sole
proprietorship; Partnership; Joint stock company; Public enterprises and their
types; Changing business environment in post- liberalization scenario.
UNIT II
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ECONOMICS, AND DEMAND ANALYSIS
Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics - demand analysis
determinants; Law of demand and its exceptions.
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND DEMAND FORECASTING
Definition; Types; Measurement and significance of elasticity of demand; Demand
forecasting; Factors governing demand forecasting; Methods of demand
forecasting - survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test
marketing, controlled experiments, and judgmental approach to demand
forecasting.
UNIT III
COST ANALYSIS
Cost concepts - opportunity cost, fixed vs. variable costs, explicit costs vs. implicit
costs, and out of pocket costs vs. imputed costs; Break-even analysis (BEA) -
determination of break-even point (simple problems), managerial significance,
and limitations of BEA.
CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING
Capital and its significance; Types of capital; Estimation of fixed and working
capital requirements; Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope
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of capital budgeting; Features of capital budgeting proposals; Methods of capital
budgeting - payback method, accounting rate of return (ARR), and net present
value method (simple problems)
UNIT IV
THEORY OF PRODUCTION
Production function - isoquants and isocosts, least cost combination of inputs,
and laws of returns; Internal and external economics of scale.
MARKET STRUCTURES
Types of competition; Features of perfect competition, monopoly, and
monopolistic competition; Price-output determination in case of perfect
competition and monopoly.
PRICING POLICIES AND METHODS
Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing,
Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing,
Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization.
UNI T V
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Double-entry book keeping; Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; Final accounts -
trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet with simple
adjustments.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS
Computation; Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios - current ratio, and
quick ratio; Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio;
Capital structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio;
Profitability ratios - gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, P/E ratio,
and EPS.
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TEXT BOOKS:
1. Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis by Aryasri, 2009; Publisher:
Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Managerial Economics by Varshney and Maheswari, 2009; Publisher: Sultan
Chand.
REFERENCES:
1. Financial Accounting for Management: An analytical perspective by Ambrish
Gupta, 2010; Publisher: Pearson Education.
2. Managerial Economics by H. Craig Peterson and W. Cris Lewis; Publisher:
Prentice Hall of India.
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TEACHING PLAN
for
Business Economics & Financial Analysis
UNIT I
Business & New–Economic environment:
Characteristic features of Business, features and evaluation of sole
proprietorship, partnership, Joint Stock Company, Public enterprises and their
types. Changing Business Environment in post–liberalization scenario.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, you should be able to :
Define the term Business and explain feature of Business.
Explain the forms of organizing business enterprises.
Determine the factors which help in identifying suitable form of
organization.
Pin–point the rationale of the present large-scale presence of public
enterprises in our economy.
Outline economic and non-economic objectives of public enterprises.
Analysis various forms of organizing public enterprises.
Explain problems of PEs and also suggest measures to solve the same.
Analyze the changes in business environment ( Recent trends in Business
sector )
LECTURE PLAN: Total no_ of classes: 17
NO.OF
CLASSES TOPIC COVERED
2 Business, characteristics of business, types
1 Types of business organizations-sole proprietorship
1 Partnership-features, advantages & Demerits
1 Joint stock company-features, merits, demerits
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1 Formation a company
2 Differences between private limited & public Limited Company.
1 Public enterprises-features, advantages and demerits
1 Forms of organizing PEs
1 Objectives, problems and solutions of PEs
1 New Industrial Policy 1991 and its critical evaluation
2 Public Sector and financial sector reforms
2 Privatization & Globalization
1 Changing business environment after 1991
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. What are the characteristics of a business unit?
2. Explain the features of sole trader form of organization. Discuss the
advantages and limitations of sole trader form of organization?
3. Evaluate the partnership form of business organization. How does it
overcome the limitation of proprietary form of business?
4. What qualities do you expect in persons to become good partners in
business?
5. What do you understand by Joint Stock Company? What are its salient
features?
6. What are the reasons for joint stock Company being popular as a form of
organization?
7. Discuss the factors affecting the choice of forms of business organization?
8. Distinguish between public limited and private limited company?
9. What is need for public enterprises? Explain the recent achievements of
public enterprises.
10. Explain briefly various steps involved in formation of a company?
11. Distinguish between public corporation and Government Company?
12. Examine the impact of changes that have taken place in business
environment on business enterprise functioning.
13. What do you understand by privatization & Globalization?
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14. Vertically evaluate new industrial policy 1991.
UNIT II
Introduction to business economics, and demand analysis
Definition; Nature and scope of managerial economics - demand analysis
determinants; Law of demand and its exceptions.
Elasticity of demand and demand forecasting
Definition; Types; Measurement and significance of elasticity of demand; Demand
forecasting; Factors governing demand forecasting; Methods of demand
forecasting - survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test
marketing, controlled experiments, and judgmental approach to demand
forecasting.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, Student should be able to :
Define ―Managerial Economics‖
Identify the factors that constitute scope of Managerial Economics.
Explain significance of Managerial Economics and how it helps business
managers in performing decision – making function.
Define what is Demand
Analyze the important factors determining demand for a commodity.
List out the conditions or situation under which law of demand does not
hold good.
Explain assumptions of Law of Demand.
Suggest the appropriate measure to accelerate the product demand.
Measurement of change in Quantity demanded as a result of change in
demand determinant.
How Elasticity of Demand helps businessman in fixing right price for his
product.
Factors determining nature of Demand for a product.
Types of Elasticity of Demand and measurement of the same.
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Importance of estimating demand for commodities.
Factors to be taken into account while undertaking demand forecasting
activity.
Possible approaches to forecast demand of new and established products
LECTURE PLAN: Total no_ of classes: 16
NO.OF
CLASSES TOPIC COVERED
1 Introduction to Economics
1 Introduction to Managerial Economics
1 Scope & significance of Managerial Economics
1 Relation of Managerial Economics with others subjects
1 Introduction to Demand & Types
1 Demand Determinants
1 Law of Demand – Def , Assumptions & Exceptions
1 Discussion of old Question papers
1 Elasticity of demand, its definitions, types
1 Types of price Elasticities
1 Factors determining elasticity of demand
1 Significance of Elasticity of demand
1 Meaning of demand forecasting & its significance
1 Criteria for good forecasting
1 Factors involved in demand forecasting
1 Methods of demand forecasting
1 Discussion on old question papers
ASSIGNEMNTS:
1. ―Managerial Economics is the discipline which deals with the application of
economic theory to business management‖. explain
2. Managerial Economics is the study of the allocation of resources available
to a firm. Explain
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3. Managerial Economics is prescriptive rather than descriptive in character.
Explain this statement.
4. Discuss in detail the role of economics in Engineering Industry and its
influence on the technical decisions.
5. Define Managerial Economics. Explain its relationship with other branches
and also explain the role of managerial economist in running business
enterprise on prudent commercial practice.
6. What is demand analysis ? Explains the factors influencing the demand for
a product.
7. What is meant by demand ? Everyone desires for an Ambassador CAR –
does this mean that the demand for Ambassador CAR is large ?
8. State and explain the law of demand. Are there any exceptions to the law ?
9. What is meant by elasticity of demand ? Explain by giving suitable
examples, how elasticity of demand determines the price policy of a firm.
10. Explain the concepts and kinds of elasticity of demand that are relevant to
the managers of a firm.
11. What is cross – elasticity of demand ? Is it positive for substitutes or for
complements? Show in a diagram the curve relating the demand for coffee
to the price of tea
12. Define income – elasticity of demand and distinguish it‘s various types ?
How does income elasticity differ from price elasticity of demand ?
13. Explain the factors determining Elasticity of demand ?
14. What do you mean by demand forecasting ? Explain briefly various
methods of demand forecasting ?
15. What criteria should be adopted to choose a good forecasting Method to
estimate product demand?
16. What are the factors that are considered while estimating a firms sales ?
Enumerate the difficulties in forecasting sale of consumer durables?
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UNIT III
Cost analysis
Cost concepts - opportunity cost, fixed vs. variable costs, explicit costs vs. implicit
costs, and out of pocket costs vs. imputed costs; Break-even analysis (BEA) -
determination of break-even point (simple problems), managerial significance,
and limitations of BEA.
Capital and capital budgeting
Capital and its significance; Types of capital; Estimation of fixed and working
capital requirements; Methods and sources of raising finance.
Nature and scope of capital budgeting; Features of capital budgeting proposals;
Methods of capital budgeting - payback method, accounting rate of return (ARR),
and net present value method (simple problems)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, you should be able to :
Define various types of costs
Distinguish between one type of cost and the others.
Analyze the nature of various costs and how they influence the total cost.
Explain the significance of cost analyses in taking right decisions in
business enterprises.
Determine the level of output at which there is neither profit nor loss.
Calculate / Identify the volume of sales at which a desired amount of profit
can be earned.
Estimate capital requirements of business enterprises.
Describe the sources of mobilization of long-term & short-term capital.
Explain factors determining working capital and fixed capital requirements.
Evaluate the investment opportunities in terms of cost and benefit.
Identify the best investment opportunity which yields higher rate of return.
Explain importance of capital budgeting and also explain basic procedure
involved in selection of best investment proposal.
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LECTURE PLAN: Total no_ of classes: 11
NO.OF
CLASSES TOPIC COVERED
2 Cost concepts, Cost classifications
1 Break – Even – Analysis, Assumption, Significance & Limitations
2 Problems of BEA
1 Arithmetical & Graphical presentation of BEA
2 Capital budgeting- definition, feature, importance, steps involved
1 Methods of capital budgeting; payback methods
1 Accounting rate of return, merits demerits
1 Net present value method, merits, demerits
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. Explain the relationship between marginal cost, average cost and total cost,
assuming a short run non – linear cost function ?
2. What is opportunity cost ? Give some examples of opportunity cost. How
are these costs relevant for managerial decisions ?
3. Write short notes on
a. Fixed cost and variable cost
b. Out of pocket costs and imputed cost
c. Explicit cost and Implicit cost.
d. Shutdown cost and Abandonment cost
4. What is meant by break even Analysis ? Explain the uses and limitation of
BEP
5. Describe the Break – Even point with the help of diagram and its uses in
business decision – making ?
6. How do you determine BEP in terms of Physical units and sales value ?
7. If sales is 10,000 units and selling price Rs.20 per units, variable cost
Rs.10 per unit and fixed cost is Rs.80000, find out BEP in units and in
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sales revenue. What is profit earned ? What should be the sales for earning
a profit of Rs. 60,000 ?
8. The PV ratio of VNRVJIET Ltd. Is 40% and the margin of safety is 30% you
are required to work out the BEP and net profit, if the sales volume is
Rs.14000.
9. Sales are Rs.110000 producing a project of Rs.4000 in period – I sales are
Rs. 150000 producing a project of Rs,12000 in period – II. Determine BEP
and fixed expenses.
10. Describe the institutions providing long term finance.
11. What are the major sources of short term finance?
12. What are the components of working capital? Explain each of them?
13. Explain the following with respect to working capital management
a. Kinds of working capital
b. Significance of maintaining adequate working capital.
c. Estimation of working capital requirements.
14. What do you understand by working capital cycle and what is its
importance?
15. What is importance of capital budgeting? Explain the basic steps involved
in evaluating capital budget proposals?
16. What are the merits and limitations of payback period ? How does
discounting approach overcome the limitations of payback method?
17. What is meant by discounting and time value of money? How is it useful in
capital budgeting?
18. A business firm is thinking of choosing the right machines for their
purpose after financial evaluation of the proposal. The initial cost and the
net cash flow over years. ( Income less running expenses but not
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depreciation ) to the business firm have been calculated for each machine
as follows
Machine X
Rs.
Machine Y
Rs.
Initial Cost 20000 28000
Net cash flow 1 year 8000 10000
2 year 12000 12000
3 year 9000 12000
4 year 7000 6000
5 year 6000 6000
Choose the machine based on a. Payback period
b. Accounting rate of return
19. A company has at hand two proposals for consideration ( M and N ). The
cost of the proposals in both the cases is Rs. 5,00,000 each. A discount
factor of 12% may be used to evaluate the proposals. Cash inflows after tax
are as under.
Proposal M
Rs.
Proposal N
Rs.
1 year 150000 50000
2 year 200000 150000
3 year 250000 200000
4 year 150000 300000
5 year 100000 200000
Which one will you recommend under present value method.
UNIT-IV
Theory of production
Production function - isoquants and isocosts, least cost combination of inputs,
and laws of returns; Internal and external economics of scale.
Market structures
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Types of competition; Features of perfect competition, monopoly, and
monopolistic competition; Price-output determination in case of perfect
competition and monopoly.
Pricing policies and methods
Cost plus pricing; Marginal cost pricing; Sealed bid pricing; Going rate pricing,
Limit pricing, Market skimming pricing, Penetration pricing, Two-part pricing,
Block pricing, Bundling pricing, Peak load pricing, Cross subsidization.
Learning Objectives:
Define ―Production Function‖
Classify various production Functions.
Explain Input – Output relationship in the short – run and in the long – run
Identify least cost combination of inputs.
Find out the different combinations of inputs which yields a desired
amount of output.
Explain the economies and diseconomies of large scale production /
business operations.
Classify the markets based on type of completion prevailing for a product
Explain the role of time factor in the determination of price.
Also explain price – out determination in different market situation.
Describe the features of different markets.
Explain different pricing strategies.
Analysis the situations under which what type of price strategy must be
adopted in pricing the products.
LECTURE PLAN: Total no_ of classes: 13
NO.OF
CLASSES TOPIC COVERED
1 Production & Production function, Assumptions
1 Types of production Functions, their utility
1 Laws of production Function
1 Economies & Diseconomies of scale
2 Market , its types, their features
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1 Price – output determination in monopoly
1 Price – output determination in perfect competition
1 Price – output determination in monopolistic competition
2 Pricing function, its objectives and functions.
2 Different price strategies
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. Define production function, Discuss in detail the different types of
production function.
2. What is meant by internal and external economies of scale ? what are its
sources ? And what are various types of internal economies available to a
firm ?
3. Explain and illustrate the ― Law of Diminishing Returns ― and ―Law of
Returns to scale?
4. What is optimum combination ? Explain the principles of least cost
combination of factors
5. Distinguish between Law of Diminishing returns and law of returns to
scale?
6. What are isocosts and Isoquants ? Do they intersect each others ?
7. Explain the following with reference to production function ?
a. Marginal rate of technical substitution ( MRTS )
b. Variable proportions of factors
8. Compare between monopoly and perfect competition or Distinguish
between perfect and Imperfect markets?
9. What is price discrimination? What are the essential conditions for price
discrimination?
10. What are the causes for the emergence of monopoly?
11. Explain the objectives of pricing and determinants of price of a product?
12. What are the features of monopolistic competition? How is it different from
monopoly?
13. Explain how the price is determined under conditions of perfect
competition. Illustrate this with help of diagram?
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14. Define monopoly. How is price under monopoly determined?
15. What are the various popular pricing practices? Which of them are most
suitable for a firm facing competition?
UNIT V
Introduction to financial accounting
Double-entry book keeping; Journal; Ledger; Trial balance; Final accounts -
trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet with simple
adjustments.
Financial analysis through ratios
Computation; Analysis and interpretation of liquidity ratios - current ratio, and
quick ratio; Activity ratios - inventory turnover ratio, and debtor turnover ratio;
Capital structure ratios – debt-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio;
Profitability ratios - gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, operating ratio, P/E ratio,
and EPs.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After studying this unit, you should be able to :
Record the business transaction systematically in the books of accounts.
Post journal entries into concerned accounts in the ledger book.
Find out the gross and net results of business operations.
Prepare balance sheet at the end of business year.
Distinguish between fixed assets and current assets, Deft and equity, Gross
profit and net profit, Debtors and creditors.
Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions and also give
examples.
Analyze the liquidity, solvency, profitability of the business organization.
Calculate liquidity ratios, activities ratio, solvency ratios and profitability
ratios
Elaborate the importance of finance function for evaluating the economic
status of a business unit.
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Explain how different ratios help concerned parties in interpreting financial
position of business in general and interested financial aspect of business
in particular.
LECTURE PLAN: Total no_ of classes: 21
NO.OF
CLASSES TOPIC COVERED
1 Introduction to accounting
1 Double entry book keeping
2 Rules of debit & credits & types accounts
2 Recording business transactions in ‗Journal‘
1 Posting Journal entries into concerned accounts
2 Balancing accounts & preparations of trial balance
1 Rules of preparing final accounts
2 Preparation of trading & profit and loss account
2 Preparation of balance sheet with simple examples
1 Analysis & Interpretation of financial statements, methods
2 Ratio analyses, types of ratios-Liquidity ratios, calculation
1 Activity ratio-significance, calculation
1 Capital structure ratios-significance, calculation
2 Profitability ratios, significance, calculation
ASSIGNEMNTS :
1. Explain the basic accounting concepts and conventions. Give examples.
2. What do you understand by double entry book keeping ? What are its
advantages?
3. What is Journal ? How is it ruled?
4. Define ledger ? state what is meant by sub division ledger
5. What is three column cash book? What is contra entry? Illustrate
6. What ―Trial Balance‖? State the main objectives of preparing the Trial
Balance. Explain the rules of preparing the trial balance.
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7. What do you mean by final accounts? What are its constituents? Name
them and briefly explain the purpose of each of them.
8. What are financial statements ? Why they needed? How are they prepared?
9. Pass Journal entries for the following transactions in the books of M/s.
Raghu on 1st August,2003 commenced business with Rs.100000
Rs.
4.8.2003 Purchased goods 25000
5.8.2003 Purchased furniture 4000
6.8.2003 Opened bank account
with
50000
10.8.2003 Sold goods 15000
11.8.2003 Sold goods to srihari 10000
15.8.2003 Purchased goods from
kalyan
5000
16.8.2003 Paid commission 100
20.8.2003 Printing & stationery 250
25.8.2003 Purchased typewriter 2500
21.8.2003 Drawn money from bank 6000
27.8.2003 Received interest 150
30.8.2003 Paid rent 1500 and salary 800
10. Journalize the following transactions and post them to the ledger.
a. Ram invests Rs.10000 in cash
b. He bought goods worth Rs.2000 from shyam
c. He bought a machine for Rs.5000 from Lakshman on account
d. He paid to Lakshman Rs.2000
e. He sold goods for cash Rs.3000
f. He sold goods to ‗A‘ on account Rs.4000
g. He paid to Shyam Rs.1000
h. He received amount from ‗A‘ Rs.2000
28
11. In the books of Vani prepare trading, profit & loss account and balance
sheet for the year endings 31st March 2003 from the following particulars.
Rs.
1 Opening stock 5000
2 Salaries 500
3 Sales 70400
4 Motor car 25000
5 Traveling expenses 700
6 Cash in hand 5000
7 Capital 30000
8 Interest 1800
9 Bills receivables 4000
10 Wages 2000
11 Furniture & Fixtures 3600
12 Sundry debtors 14000
13 Lighting 350
14 Printing & Stationery 100
15 Postage 50
16 Returns inwards 6000
17 Purchase 25000
18 Commission 1500
19 Bank balance 10000
20 Advertisement 1000
21 Sundry creditors 5200
Adjustments
1. Closing stock Rs.40000
2. Write off bad debts Rs.100
3. Prepaid commission Rs.200
4. Outstanding salaries Rs.150
29
12. What are the types of financial statements of a business unit and explain
how differently they interpret the financial data
13. Explain the concept of ‗Liquidity‘ and narrate its importance through
suitable examples with some assured data.
14. What do you understand by ‗solvency‘ position of a manufacturing
organization? How is it evaluated? Illustrate with assumed data.
15. State the different types of turnover ratios and profitability ratios and
explain their significance.
16. As a financial analyst, what precautions would you take while interpreting
ratios meaning-fully?
17. Selected financial information about siri traders limited as given below :
2001 2002
Sales 600000 430000
Cost of goods sold 570000 325000
Debtors 72000 30000
Inventories 114000 55000
Cash 15000 8000
Other current assets 40000 27000
Current liabilities 160000 110000
Compute the Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt Collection Period and Inventory
Turnover Ratios for the above two years and comment on the result.
30
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Bachupally, Nizampet (SO), Hyderabad
(An Autonomous Institute under UGC)
II. B.Tech- II Semester Regular Examination
Sub: Business Economics and Financial Analysis (BEFA)
Common to: ME, AME
Model Question Paper
Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 70 Marks
Part – A is Compulsory
Part – B Answer any Four
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part – A( Compulsory ) 30 Marks
Answer the following in one sentence each (5X1= 5 M)
a) Define Partnership Deed.
b) Define Law of Demand
c) Give any four example of Fixed Cost.
d) Write the formula to calculate BEP in units and Sales in terms of
Rupees.
e) What is Ledger?
1. Answer the following in two sentence each (5X2 = 10M)
a) What is Joint Stock Company? Explain.
b) What are methods of Demand Forecasting?
c) What is Explicit Cost?
d) What is Monopolistic Competition?.
e) What is ‗Trail Balance‘?
2. Answer the following in brief (5X3=15 M)
a) Define the term Business and explain Feature of Business.
b) What is the nature of Managerial Economics?
c) Define various types of Costs
d) Explain Marginal Cost Pricing.
Code No: 5BS41 R15
31
e) What do you understand by double entry book keeping? What are its
advantages?
Part – B (40 Marks)
Answer any four of the following: (10X4= 40M)
3. What do you understand by Joint Stock Company? What are its important
features?
4. What are the possible approaches to forecast demand for new products?
5. If sales is 10,000 units and selling price Rs.20 per units, variable cost
Rs.10 per unit and fixed cost is Rs.80,000, find out BEP in units and in
sales revenue. What is profit earned? What should be the sales for earning
a profit of Rs. 60,000?
6. What is the importance of Capital Budgeting? Explain the basic steps
involved in evaluating capital budget proposals?
7. What is Pricing? Explain different Pricing Strategies with suitable
illustrations.
8. Selected financial information about M- Mart traders as given below :
2001 2002
Sales 6,00,000 4,30,000
Cost of goods sold 50,000 3,25,000
Debtors 72,000
30,000
Inventories 1,14,000
55,000
Cash 15,000
8,000
Other current assets 40,000
27,000
Current liabilities 1,60,000 1,10,000
32
Compute the Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt Collection Period and Inventory
Turnover Ratios for the above two years and comment on the result.
**********
33
VNR VIGNANAJYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Name of the staff: DR.G.S.GUPTA/ H NARESH
Subject: KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
Code: 5ME05
Course: B. TECH (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
Year & semester: II B.TECH. & II SEMESTER
Academic year: 2016-2017
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Course Prerequisites: Geometrical construction, Engineering Mechanics.
Course Objectives:
Understand mechanisms for motion transmission.
Understand the construction methods for drawing velocity and acceleration
diagrams.
Design engineering applications involving in selection, sizing of mechanism
to accomplish motion objectives.
Understand the mechanism involving cams, gears and gear trains
Course Outcomes:
After completion of the course the student is able to:
Draw velocity and acceleration diagrams of various parts of a machine along
with the transmission Mechanisms.
Design components of machine parts, structures, gears, cams, belts,
pulleys, etc. for kinematic analysis.
Understand the straight line motion mechanisms, Hooke‘s joint and
steering mechanisms.
Design the mechanisms after analysis for safety and efficient working.
34
TEXT BOOKS:
T1. Theory of Machines by Thomas Bevan.
T2. Theory of Machines by P. L. Ballaney.
REFERENCES:
R1. Theory of Machines by Ratan.
R2. Theory of Machines by R. S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta.
R3. Theory of Machines by Sadhu Singh.
R4. Theory of Machines by Shigley.
R5. Mechanism and Machine Theory by J. S. Rao and R. V. Dukkipati.
Academic Plan:
Topic
No. Topic Name
Referenc
e Books
Number of
Periods
Cumulative
Periods
UNIT-I
1
Introduction-Elements or links-
classification-rigid link, flexible
and fluid link-types of kinematic
pairs-sliding pairs, turning,
rolling, screw and spherical pairs
T3,R1 2 2
2
Lower and higher pairs-closed and
open pairs-constrained motion-
completely, partially or
successfully constrained and
incompletely constrained
T3,R1 2 4
3
Mechanisms, Machines -
classification of machines-
kinematic chain-inversion of
mechanism
T3,R1 2 6
4 Inversions of quadric cycle chain, T3,R1 2 8
35
single and double slider crank
chains, Intermittent motion
mechanisms.
5 Problems T3,R1 1 9
UNIT-II
6
KINEMATICS: Velocity and
acceleration-motion of link in
machine-Determination of velocity
and acceleration diagrams
T2,R2 2 11
7
Graphical method- Application of
relative velocity method- four bar
chain Application of relative
velocity method- four bar chain.
T2,R2 2 13
8
ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS:
Analysis of slider crank chain for
displacement, velocity and
acceleration of slider
T2,R2 2 15
9
Acceleration diagram for a given
mechanism, Klein‘s construction,
Coriolis acceleration,
determination of Coriolis
component of acceleration.
T2,R2 2 17
10 Problems T2,R2 2 19
11
PLANE MOTION OF BODY:
Instantaneous center of rotation,
centroids and axodes
T2,R2 1 20
12
Relative motion between two
bodies-Three centers in line
theorem
T2,R2 2 22
13 Diagrams for simple mechanisms
and determination of angular T2,R2 2 24
36
velocity of points and links
14 Problems T2,R2 1 25
UNIT-III
15 Condition for correct steering –
Davis steering gear T3,R4 2 27
16
Ackerman‘s steering gear-velocity
-ratio - Single and double Hooke‘s
Joint
T3,R4 2 29
17 Universal coupling-applications-
problems. T3,R4 2 31
18
STRAIGHT LINE MOTION
MECHANISMS: Exact and
approximate-copied and generated
types- Peaucellier
T3,R4 2 33
19
Hart and Scott Russell-
Grasshopper- Watt-Tchebicheff
and Robert mechanism and
straight line motion, Pantograph
T3,R4 2 35
UNIT-IV
20
CAMS: Definition of cam and
followers-their uses-types of
followers and cams
T3,R5 1 36
21 Terminology-types of follower
motion-uniform velocity T3,R5 1 37
22
Simple harmonic motion and
uniform acceleration, maximum
velocity and acceleration during
outward and return strokes in the
above three cases
T3,R5 2 39
23
Overview of polynomial motions,
Analysis of motion of followers:
roller follower
T3,R5 2 41
37
24
Circular cam with straight,
concave and convex flanks.
T3,R5 1 42
25 problems T3,R5 2 44
UNIT-V
26
HIGHER PAIRS: Friction wheels
and toothed gears-types-law of
gearing
T1,R3 2 46
27
Condition for constant velocity
ratio for transmission of motion,
forms of teeth
T1,R3 1 47
28 Cycloidal and Involute profiles T1,R3 1 48
29
Velocity of sliding-phenomena of
interference-methods of
interference
T1,R3 2 50
30
Expression for arc of contact and
path of contact- introduction to
helical, bevel and worm gearing.
T1,R3 2 52
31 GEAR TRAINS: Introduction-train
value-types T1,R3 1 53
32 simple and reverted wheel trains –
epicyclic gear train T1,R3 2 55
33
Methods of finding train value or
velocity ratio-selection of gear box
differential gear for an automobile.
T1,R3 2 57
34 Problems T1,R3 2 59
38
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS UNDER JNTUH)
ACADEMIC PLAN
Subject : THERMAL ENGINEERING Code : 5ME06
Course : B. Tech. Year : 2016- 2017
Class : II Year Semester : II Sem
Branch : Mechanical Engineering Section : ME 1
Name of the Faculty: K Krishna Murthy
Designation : Assist. Professor
II Year B.Tech ME II Sem L T/P/ D C
4 0 4
(5ME06) THERMAL ENGINEERING
Course Objectives:
To Analyse the Actual cycles and systems of Internal Combustion Engine.
To analyse the combustion phenomena in Spark Ignition and Compression
ignition Engines.
To Evaluate the performance parameters of internal combustion engines
and reciprocating compressor
To Evaluate the COP of different refrigeration cycles and to measure the
psychrometric properties of air
.
Course Outcomes: Students will be able to
To Analyse the Actual cycles and compare it with the air standard cycle of
the given engine.
To Analyse the combustion phenomena in Spark Ignition and Compression
ignition Engines.
To Evaluate the performance parameters (Brake power, Friction power,
Torque, Efficiencies ). of internal combustion engines and (Isothermal
efficiency ,volumetric efficiency ) reciprocating compressor
To Evaluate the COP of different refrigeration cycles and to measure the
psychrometric properties of air
39
UNIT – I
ACTUAL CYCLES AND THEIR ANALYSIS
Introduction, Comparison of Air Standard and Actual Cycles, Time Loss
Factor, Heat Loss Factor, Exhaust blow down, Loss due to Gas exchange
process, Volumetric Efficiency, Loss due to Rubbing Friction, Actual and Fuel-Air
Cycles of I.C. Engines.
UNIT – II
I. C. ENGINES
Classification, Working principles, Valve and Port Timing Diagrams, Air Standard,
air-fuel and actual cycles, Engine systems, Fuel Systems, Simple Carburetor, Sole
carburetor, Fuel Injection Systems; Ignition systems, Battery ignition, Magneto
ignition, Electronic ignition; Cooling and Lubrication systems.
UNIT – III
COMBUSTION IN S. I. ENGINES
Normal combustion and abnormal combustion, Importance of flame speed and
effect of engine variables, Type of Abnormal combustion, Pre-ignition and
knocking, Fuel requirements and fuel rating, Anti knock additives, Combustion
chamber, Requirements, Types.
COMBUSTION IN C. I. ENGINES
Four stages of combustion, Delay period and its importance, Effect of engine
variables, Diesel Knock, Need for air movement, suction, Compression and
combustion induced turbulence, Open and divided combustion chambers and
nozzles used, Fuel requirements and fuel rating.
UNIT – IV
TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
Parameters of performance, Measurement of cylinder pressure, Fuel
consumption, Air intake, Exhaust gas composition, Brake power, Determination
of frictional losses and indicated power, Performance test, Heat balance sheet,
Volumetric efficiency.
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS
40
Classification; Reciprocating Compressor: Principle of operation, Work required,
Isothermal efficiency, Volumetric efficiency and effect of clearance, Multi stage
compression with inter cooling, Saving of work, Minimum work condition for
stage compression.
UNIT –V
INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND PSYCHROMETRIC
PROPERTIES
Refrigeration cycles - Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, Bell Colman
refrigeration cycle, Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
Psychrometric properties - Dry bulb temperature, Wet bulb temperature, Dew
point temperature, Specific humidity, Relative humidity, Degree of saturation,
Specific enthalpy, Psychrometric chart, Psychrometric processes.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. I. C. Engines by V. Ganesan; Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Thermal Engineering by Rathore; Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill.
REFERENCES:
1. Thermal Engineering by Rajput; Publisher: Lakshmi Publication
2. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning by C.P. Arora
3. I.C. Engines by Heywood; Publisher: McGraw Hill.
41
COURSE PLAN:
SR. No. Topic Name Mode Of
Teaching
Numb
er Of
Perio
ds
Cumulati
ve Periods
UNIT-I
Introduction:
1 Comparison Of Air Standard And Actual
Cycles, Time Loss Factor,Heat Loss
Factor,
Chalk And
Talk
1 1
2 Exhaust Slowdown- Loss Due To Gas
Exchange Process, Volumetric Efficiency.
Chalk And
Talk
1 2
3 Loss Due To Rubbing Friction, Actual And
Fuel-Air Cycles Of CI Engines
Chalk And
Talk
1 3
UNIT-II
I.C. Engines:
4 Classification PPT 1 4
5 Working Principles, Valve And P-V Timing
Diagrams PPT
1 5
6 Air — Standard, Air-Fuel And Actual
Cycles
Chalk And
Talk
1 6
7 Carburetor, Working Principle Description
Of Different Parts, Types Of Mixtures
Factors Affecting Carburetion
Video
1 7
8 Fuel Injection-Mechanical Injection
Systems, Functional Requirement Of An
Injection System, Or
Videos
1 8
9 Classification Of Injection System, Air
Injection Solid Injection, Jerk Type Pump,
Types Of Governor
Video
1 9
10 Batttery Ignition System-Description Of PPT 1 10
42
Parts
11 Battery Ignition System-Principle And
Working Video
1 11
12 Magneto Ignition System Video 1 12
13 Transistorized Capacitor Ignition System,
Capacitive Discharge Ignition (CDI) System
Video And
PPT
1 13
14 Need For Cooling System, Variation Of Gas
Temperature, Piston Temperature
Distribution, CylinderTypes Of Cooling
System-Liquid Cooling System, Forced
Circulation Cooling System Temperature
Distribution
Chalk And
Talk0/Vide
o And PPT
1 14
15 Evaporative Cooling System, Pressure
Cooling System, Air Cooling System,
Comparison Of Liquid And Air Cooling
Systems
Video And
PPT
1 15
16 Lubricating System-Parts To Be
Lubricated, Mist Lubricating System,
Splash Lubricating System, Pressure Feed
System, Splash And Pressure Feed System,
Crankcase Ventilation
PPT And
Video
1 16
UNIT-III
Combustion In S.I. Engines :
17 Normal Combustion And Abnormal
Combustion — Importance Of Flame Speed
And Effect Of Engine Variables
Chalk N
Talk
1 17
18 Type Of Abnormal Combustion, Pre-
Ignition And Knocking
Chalk N
Talk
1 18
19 Fuel Requirements And Fuel Rating, Anti
Knock Additives, Combustion Chamber,
Requirements,
Chalk N
Talk
1 19
43
Combustion In C.I. Engines :
20 Four Stages Of Combustion, Delay Period
And Its Importance
Chalk N
Talk
1 20
21 Effect Of Engine Variables , Diesel Knock,
Need For Air Movement, Suction,
Compression And Combustion Induced
Turbulence ,
Chalk N
Talk
1 21
22 Open And Divided Combustion Chambers
And Nozzles Used , Fuel Requirements
And Fuel Rating
Chalk N
Talk
1 22
UNIT-IV
Testing And Performance :
23 Parameters Of Performance -
Measurement Of Cylinder Pressure,
Fuel Consumption,
Chalk N
Talk
1 23
24 Air Intake, Brake Power
Chalk N
Talk
1 24
25 Determination Of Frictional Losses And
Indicated Power
Chalk N
Talk
1 25
26 Exhaust Gas Composition,Heat Balance
Sheet
Chalk N
Talk
1 26
27 Performance Test(Problems)
Chalk N
Talk
4 30
Reciprocating Air Compressors:
28 Classification, Positive Displacement And
Roto Dynamic Machinery ,Power Producing
And Power Absorbing Machines,
Chalk N
Talk
1 31
29 Fan, Blower And Compressor,Positive
Displacement And Dynamic Types,
Reciprocating And Rotary Types.
Chalk N
Talk
1 32
44
30 Reciprocating : Principle Of Operation,
Work Required,
Chalk N
Talk
1 33
31 Isothermal Efficiency Volumetric Efficiency
And Effect Of Clearance,
Chalk N
Talk
1 34
32 Stage Compression, Under Cooling,
Saving Of Work,
Chalk N
Talk
1 35
33 Minimum Work Condition For Stage
Compression.
Chalk N
Talk
1 36
34 Problems Of Reciprocating
Compresssor
Chalk N
Talk
3 39
UNIT-V
35 Refrigeration Cycles - Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle
Chalk N
Talk
1 40
36 Bell Colman Refrigeration Cycle
Chalk N
Talk
1 41
37 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System.
Chalk N
Talk
1 42
38 Problems
Chalk N
Talk
2 44
39 Psychometric Properties - Dry Bulb
Temperature, Wet Bulb Temperature, Dew
Point Temperature, Specific Humidity,
Relative Humidity,
Chart
Display
1 45
40 Degree Of Saturation, Specific Enthalpy,
Psychometric Chart,
Chart
Display
1 46
41 Psychometric Processes
Chart
Display
2 48
42 Problems
Chalk N
Talk
2 50