VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Produced by

Kelly Somerlot, M.S.

Terry L. Derting, Ph.D.

I.VIRUSES

I.VIRUSES

A. INTRODUCTION The Common Cold: What causes

it?

A common cold is A common cold is an illness caused an illness caused

by a virus infection by a virus infection located in the located in the

nose.nose.

B. Virus Characteristics

Human Influenza

Rabies Virus HIV

DNA inside Chicken Pox

1. STRUCTURE

2. Two Types of Viruses

a. Virulent

Lytic Cycle of a Virulent Virus

Infectious Diseases:Viral InfectionInfectious Diseases:Viral Infection

--Causes disease immediately--Causes disease immediately

b. Temperate

Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate VirusRemains in cell Activated to produce

new viruses

--Does not cause disease --Does not cause disease immediatelyimmediately

3. Are viruses living?

What are all living things made What are all living things made of?of?

What do all living things need?What do all living things need?

How does environment affect living How does environment affect living things?things?

How do living things How do living things reproduce?reproduce?

How do characteristics of viruses How do characteristics of viruses compare to that of living compare to that of living

organisms?organisms?

4. Virus Reproduction Process

a.a.AbsorptionAbsorption

b.b.EntryEntry

c.c.ReplicationReplication

d.d.ReleaseReleaseView Animation

C. Virologist

1. Growing cells in a controlled medium: ________________2. Serology

3. _____________is used to separate fragments of molecules based on charge and size.

d. Studies bacteriophages.

Tissue culture

- study of biological fluids used to determine antibody response

Electrophoresis

D. Diseases

1. ___________________

* 200 kinds of Viruses

Symptoms include nasal discharge, obstruction of nasal breathing, swelling of the sinus membranes, sneezing, sore

throat, cough, and headache.

Common Cold

2. ________________

•Poliomyelitis is a crippling disease of spinal nerve cells caused by poliovirus infection.

•The disease can strike non-immune persons of any age but affects mainly children under the age of three, and causes paralysis in one case of every 200 to 1000 infections.   

•Preventable by vaccination. 

Polio

3. ______________________

Symptoms induced can include mosaic, mottling, necrosis, stunting, leaf curling, and

yellowing of plant tissues.

Tobacco Mosaic

4. ___________

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.

HIV destroys the body's ability to fight infections by attacking cells of the immune system.

STDSTD

AIDS

5. ______________

The vast majority of cases reported to the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each

year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks,

bats, and foxes.

Infects the central nervous system, causing

encephalopathy and ultimately death.

Rabies

6. ______________

(Herpes simplex )

Between 50 - 80% of all people possess this virus and is spread through direct contact with an infected individual.

Once the virus has entered the body, it cannot be removed.

Only 10% of HSV1 infected people ever develop a sore.

                    

Cold Sore

7. _____________

It usually occurs during adulthood after exposure to chicken pox in childhood. The chicken pox virus

remains dormant in the body.

An acute infection caused by a reactivation

of the varicella zoster virus, which also causes

chicken pox.

Shingles

8. _____________

Most infected children will have a rash, high fever, cough, runny

nose, and watery eyes.

For every 1,000 children who get it, 1 or 2 will die from it

Spreads so easily that any child who is not immunized will

probably get it, either now or later in life.

Measles

9. ___________

Non-cancerous skin growths caused by a

viral infection in the top layer of the skin. Viruses

that cause them are called human

papillomavirus (HPV).

STDSTD

Warts

10. _______________

HSV-2 usually produces only mild symptoms or signs or no symptoms at

all.

However, HSV-2 can cause recurrent painful genital sores in many adults, and HSV-2 infection can be severe in people

with suppressed immune systems.

Regardless of severity of symptoms, genital herpes frequently causes

psychological distress in people who know they are infected.

STDSTD

Herpes

11. _____________

The most common serious liver infection in the world.

It is caused by the HBV virus that attacks the liver.

HBV is 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus. Yet, can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine.

Hepatitis B

E. Treatment/Prevention

1. Vaccine

2. Interferon

Vaccine Given

Anitbodies Produced

Guard/Fight Real Disease

II. Bacteria

II. Bacteria

A. Bacteria Characteristics

1. Kingdom _________________MONERA

2. Prokaryotic2. Prokaryotic

What is absent in this cell?

3. ________________ How big are bacteria?

4. Where do they live?

Microscopic

5. What shape are they?

a._______________

b._______________

c._______________

a. b.

c.

SphericalSpherical

SpiralSpiral

RodRod

6. Groups6. Groups

a. _________________: a. _________________: forms clustersforms clusters

b. _________________: b. _________________: forms filaments or forms filaments or chainschains

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

StaphyloStaphylo

StreptoStrepto

7. Have Cell Walls7. Have Cell Walls

8. Form Endospores in Harsh 8. Form Endospores in Harsh ConditionsConditions

-Some are rigid, Some flexible-Some are rigid, Some flexible

10. Nutrition10. Nutrition

9. Movement9. Movement

HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS VS. VS. AUTOTROPHSAUTOTROPHS

_____________: Take nutrition

from other living

organisms

____________: feed on dead

and/or decaying matter

_____________: use the

sunlight as a source of energy

_____________: use energy that results from a

chemical reaction

ParasiticParasitic SaprophyteSaprophytePhoto-Photo-

Autotrophs Autotrophs

Chemo-Chemo-Autotrophs Autotrophs

flagella

11. Respiration in Bacteria

a. ____________- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

b. ____________- can live with or without oxygen.

c. ____________- cannot survive without the presence of oxygen.

Obligate Anaerobes

Facultative Anaerobes

Obligate Aerobes

12. Reproduction

a. __________________: (asexual a. __________________: (asexual reproduction) one cell splits into reproduction) one cell splits into two cells.two cells.

b. __________________: (sexual b. __________________: (sexual reproduction) exchange of genetic reproduction) exchange of genetic material between two bacteria.material between two bacteria.

Binary FissionBinary Fission

ConjugationConjugation

B. Harmful BacteriaB. Harmful Bacteria

1. _________________:an organism that causes disease

2. _________________:poisonous substance that disrupts the metabolism of the infected organism

a. Endotoxin

b. Exotoxin

PATHOGEN

TOXIN

3. Disease3. Disease

a. Anthrax

Cutaneous

Inhalation

b. Tuberculosis

c. Typhoid fever

d. Diphtheria

e. Botulism

f. Tetanus

g. Gonorrhea

STDSTD

h. Syphilis

STDSTD

i. Chlamydia

STDSTD

a.a. Inhibit growth of some bacteriaInhibit growth of some bacteria

b.b. ________________________ - product of fungus________________________ - product of fungus

c.c. Bacteria can _______________to become Bacteria can _______________to become resistant to antibioticsresistant to antibiotics

4. TreatmentsA

NT

IBIO

TIC

SA

NT

IBIO

TIC

S

Penicillium

mutate

C. Helpful Bacteria

Make milk into yogurt!Make milk into yogurt!

Make antibiotics!Make antibiotics!

Treat Wastewater!Treat Wastewater!

Aid Digestion!Aid Digestion!

Pesticide Control!Pesticide Control!

© Eric MacDicken

Also--Also--Decomposers/ Natural Decomposers/ Natural

Cycle!Cycle!

                        

              

Bioremediation!Bioremediation!

Food/Preservatives!Food/Preservatives!

D. Bacteriology

III. Infectious Diseases

A.A. PathogensPathogens

2. Virus2. Virus

4. Bacteria4. Bacteria

1.1. FungusFungus

Athletes Foot

5. Invertebrates5. Invertebrates

Trichonosis

3. Protozoan3. Protozoan Malaria

Malaria 3 Malaria 4

B. ToxinsB. Toxins

1.1. Chemical substances harmful to the normal Chemical substances harmful to the normal functioning of cellsfunctioning of cells

2.2. _______________- disrupt the transmission of _______________- disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses.nerve impulses.

Neurotoxins

1.1. AirAir

2.2. WaterWater

3.3. Human ContactHuman Contact

4.4. ArthropodsArthropods

C. TransmissionC. Transmission

D. DefenseD. Defense

1. First Level of Response:1. First Level of Response:

2. Phagocytosis2. Phagocytosis

3. Fever3. Fever

4. Interferon4. Interferon

5. Antigen5. Antigen

6. Immunity6. Immunity

E. AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1. Caused 1. Caused a.a. Virus: HIV (human Virus: HIV (human

immunodeficiency virus )immunodeficiency virus )b.b. Disruption of the proper Disruption of the proper

functioning of immune systemfunctioning of immune system

HIV

2. Transmissiona. Sexual Contact b. Needles/Syringes c. Mother to Infant •blood

•semen

•vaginal fluid

•breast milk

•other body fluids containing blood

3. Viral Action

4. Effects on Immune Disruption

a. Virus enters bloodstream

b. Phagocytes try to destroy virus

c. T4 cells attack virus but virus enters T4 cell unharmed

d. Antibodies attack virus but virus is unharmed

e. May remain dormant up to 10 Years in T4 cells

f. Becomes Active—Lytic Cycle and spreads to other T4 cells

5. Risk and Prevention

http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/hivaids/test/quiz_qu1.htm

““Who is at risk?”Who is at risk?”

““What can be done to prevent What can be done to prevent the spread of the disease?”the spread of the disease?”