Post on 23-Oct-2020
Use of Pheromones and Kairomones
in Pest management
& Standard experimental designs
Oscar E. Liburd, Ph.D
Professor of Entomology
Department of Entomology
University of Florida
Uses of pheromones in pest management
1) To monitor populations of insect pests
2) They are used in attract-kill-programs
3) To prevent mating in orchards
pestmortem.com/pherotrap.html
Sex pheromones - Usually produced by females to attract males
for mating, but they may also be produced by males to
attract females
Aggregation pheromones – responsible for the aggregation /
congregation of insects at food sites or reproductive habitats.
They are very common in bark beetles
Trail-marking pheromones – These chemicals are produced by
ants and termites which allow other members of the colony
to follow or locate their position
Alarm pheromones – Common in social insects such as ants and
bees. They stimulate attack or retreat behaviors
Types of Pheromones
Sex pheromones
Detection of sex pheromones
Antennae
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8qyuSFMBq8ilLM&tbnid=XZtDb5c6VCLc7M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-53025/Like-other-insects-moths-and-butterflies-have-four-wings-six&ei=P9T-UZr1Bo_Y9QTMnIAw&psig=AFQjCNEKOWRO7iThEAadycOMPloVU9V4XQ&ust=1375741375183919
Pheromone versus non-pheromone trap
How does mating disruption works?
Washington State Univ
1) Hand-applied dispensers
Rate: 200-500 / acre
2) Aerosol emitters
Rate: 1-2 / acre
3) Sprayable microencapsulated formulations
Commercially available disruption techniques
Greatly magnified
Photo credit: ISCA Tech.
Stelinski 2007
Grape root borer study using different deployment techniques
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
15-Jun 29-Jun 13-Jul 27-Jul 10-Aug 24-Aug
Tota
l G
RB
Male
s
Sample date
Control Plot A Plot B Plot C
Grape root borer study using different deployment tech
Rubber septum
release device
Baited sticky
trap
Methods to evaluate pheromone efficacy
Trap-shut down
Fruit injury counts
Counting of pupal skins
Dissecting females to
determine whether or not
they have mated
Mechanisms in mating disruption
Sensory fatigue
unresponsive receptors on antennae
habituation in central nervous system
False trail-following – male moths follow synthetic pheromone
plume as opposed to the plume from a
female moth
LastCallGRB®
Newly applied versus 6 wk
Attract-and-kill systems with pheromone
A pest control device consisting mainly of an attractant and a toxicant
3 droplets per vine
Contained 0.16% of
the GRB pheromone
and 6% Pyrocide
Mating disruption control techniques
Advantages
Disadvantages
Specific
Long Lasting
Difficult for insects to
develop resistance
Non-toxic
Mostly effective for low to
moderate pest populations
Can be costly
Does not kill pest (immigration)
Not a stand alone control
method
Conducting an Experiment
Hypothesis
Reduced-risk pesticides can effectively suppress populations of
cranberry tipworm in blueberries
Specific Objectives
• Evaluate conventional and reduced-risk insecticides for their
effectiveness in controlling cranberry tipworm / blueberry gall
midge
• To identify potential reduced-risk insecticides that can be used in
an IPM program for controlling cranberry tipworm / blueberry
gall midge
4
2
3
5
6
E
AF
BD
C
1 7
9
8
12
11
10
E
DB
CA
F
18
17
16
15
14
13
EC
BD
AF
Block I Block II Block III Block IV
19
21
2320
22
24
BD
FC
AE
Plot Treatment
Randomized Complete Block Design
19
18
4
2
3
5
6
7
17
9
8
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
A
21
2320
22
24
FA
ED
FE
EF
BA
BB
DA
1
FC
CB
EC
DC
D
1
Experimental Field
Plot Treatment
Completely Randomized Design
Split Plot Design
Whole plot treatment (two insecticides) and subplot (4 varieties)
Malathion Bt
Rep 1 Rep 3 Rep 2
vrty1
vrty2
vrty3
vrty4