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UNIT I – UNITY & DIVERSITY OF LIFE
Hillis ~ Ch 1, 19, 20, 22Big Campbell ~ Ch 1, 19, 27, 28, 31Baby Campbell ~ Ch 1, 10, 16, 17
Biology is . . .
I. “THE STUDY OF . . . “ – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Inquiry-based
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont• Types of Experiments
o Comparativeo Observationalo Controlled
• Setting up a Controlled Experimento Valid, clear hypothesis
Testable statement or predictionDo not use “I think …”, “My hypothesis is …”, etc!Often written in “If …, then …” format but not a requirement
o Control Group Benchmark or standard for comparison
o Experimental or Test Group(s) Only one factor can be changed in each test Independent (Manipulated) VariableDependent (Responding) Variable
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont• Setting up a Controlled Experiment, cont
o Controlled variables (aka control variables, constants) must be monitoredAdditional factors that could change from one set-up to another
o Sample Sizeo Minimize potential sources of erroro Importance of Repeatable Results
• Presentation of Datao Concise & Organized
Tableso Graphs
Descriptive titleKey Units must be evenly spaced (line break) and labeledUse at least half of available space
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, conto Graphs, cont
DRY MIX
Continuous Independent Variable (time) → ____________ GraphDiscrete Independent Variable → _________________ GraphPart of a Whole → _________________ Graph
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, conto Graphs, cont
For Height Lab …MeanMedianModeRangeHistogram
Normal Distribution?
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont
• Normal Distribution o Bell Curveo Standard Deviation
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, conto Data Analysis
Null Hypothesis“Statement of No Effect”For example,
There are no significant differences between predicted and observed data.
There are no significant differences between control group data and test group data.
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, contStatistical Analysis – Supports or refutes null hypothesis
T Test Allows for comparison of the means between 2 data sets In other words, is there a significance difference in the means
or can they be considered the same? Most often used to analyze continuous data
Chi Square Analysis Measures variation of observed test results from expected
results to determine if differences are significant Most often used for categorical data
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, contChi Square Analysis
• Use the Chi Square formula to find the sum of the variation in the data. This value is Chi Square.
• The Chi Square value is then compared to the critical value in the Probability Table for 0.05 with the correct degrees of freedom. By convention, this is the accepted probability value in science.
• Degrees of freedom = n – 1 where n represents # categories, possible outcomes
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, contChi Square Analysis
If the Chi Square value is less than the value listed under 0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted. Interpretation → The probability that the differences are due to chance is
greater than 0.05; therefore the differences between the data are considered random and statistically insignificant.
If the Chi Square value is equal to or greater than the value listed, the null hypothesis is rejected. Interpretation → The probability that the differences are due to chance is less
than or equal to 0.05; therefore the differences between the data are statistically significant and cannot be considered due to random error.
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont• A poker-dealing machine is supposed to deal cards at random, as if from
an infinite deck. In a test, you counted 1600 cards and observed the following:o Spades = 404o Hearts = 420o Diamonds = 400o Clubs = 376
• Is the machine dealing randomly?
• Null Hypothesis:
• Chi Square Formula:
• Expected =
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont
• Chi Square =
• Degrees of Freedom =
• P Value
• Interpretation:
I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont
• Conclusiono Evaluate hypothesis
Was it supported, refuted, or were results inconclusive?o Assess experimental design
Was there only one independent variable? Were sources of error minimized? Controlled variables/constants Repeatable?
• Theory
II. UNITY OF LIFE
• Form vs. Function
• Characteristics of Life
o All living things are made of
____________.
II. UNITY OF LIFE, cont.• Characteristics of Life, cont
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
III. HIERARCHY OF LIFEo Organization of Life
III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont• Classification of Life
III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont
• A Closer Look at Classification Domain ________________
Kingdom ________________________
Domain ________________ Kingdom ________________________
Domain ___________________ Kingdom ________________________ Kingdom ________________________ Kingdom ________________________ Kingdom ________________________
IV. CHALLENGING THE BOUNDARIES OF LIFE
• Viruses . . . Living or Non-living? Discovery of Viruses
First isolated by Ivanowsky in 1890s from infected tobacco leaves
Crystallized by Stanley in 1935 – proved viruses were not cells
Not capable of carrying out life processes without a host cell
Parasites
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont• Viruses, cont
Structures found in all viruses: Viral genome
DNA or RNA.May be single-stranded or double-stranded
Protein coat Known as a capsid Made up of protein subunits called capsomeres.
Structures/adaptations that may be present: Viral envelope
Typically derived from host cell membraneo Exception is Herpes virus, synthesized from nuclear
envelope of host cellAid in attachment. Envelope glycoproteins bind to receptor
molecules on host cellMost viruses that infect animals have envelope
Tail – Found in some viruses to aid in attachment
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont
• Viruses, cont. Bacteriophage
Infect bacteria Bacterial Defense Mechanisms
Restriction Enzymes
Coexistence
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – Viral Replication
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – Viral Replication
Viral Entrance into Host Cell
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – Viral Replication
1. Lytic Cycle – Results in death of host cell.
LYTIC CYCLE
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – Viral ReplicationLYSOGENIC CYCLE
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – Human Viruses• DNA Viruses
o No envelope Papilloma Virus
o With envelope Smallpox Virus
Herpesvirus Herpes simplex I and II
Epstein-Barr virus
Varicella zoster
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – Human Viruses• RNA Viruses
o No envelope Rhinovirus
o Envelope Coronavirus
Influenza virus
Filovirus
HIV Belongs to a group of viruses known as _____________________ Contain RNA, reverse transcriptase
Converts ________ to __________
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont – HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infects WBCs known as Helper T cells Can reside in lysogenic-like cycle for years Active, symptomatic = AIDS
IV. BOUNDARIES, cont• Viroids
o Single, circular RNA molecule; lack proteino Parasitize plants
• Prionso Infectious proteins; lack nucleic acido Cause Mad Cow Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseaseo Very long incubation periodo No treatment
V. THE DIVERSITY OF LIFEKingdom Type of Cell Cell Structures Nutrition Description
Archaebacteria • •
Cell wall not made of _____________
Mostly _______________
“______________ bacteria”; require ______ conditions
Eubacteria • •
Cell wall made of _______________
Mostly _______________
Ubiquitous; __________; may be pathogenic
Protista • •Mostly ________
May have cell wall, chloroplasts, flagella
Auto or hetero “_______________________”; very diverse “kingdom”
Fungi • •Mostly ________
Cell wall made of ____________; no ______________!
Strictly _______________ (______________)
All non-motile; _______________
Plantae • •
Cell wall made of ____________; all have chloroplasts
Strictly _______________(______________)
All non-motile
Animalia • •
Never have _____ ____________; chloroplasts
Strictly _______________(______________)
All ___________ during life cycle; most complex
VI. PROKARYOTES, cont• Archaebacteria
Examples include methanogens, thermoacidophiles, halophiles Taq DNA polymerase
VI. PROKARYOTES, contEubacteria
Ubiquitous May be pathogenic Most are _________________
• Classification Shape
Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla
Gram Stain Reaction Positive
Negative
VI. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont• Nucleoid region • Plasmids• Asexual reproduction
Binary fission
VI. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont
• Adaptations Capsule
Adherence Protection Associated with
virulence Pili
Adherence Conjugation
Endospore Bacterial hibernation”
Motility
VI. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont
• Adaptations, cont Quorum Sensing/Biofilms
Fairly recent discovery Bacteria exchange chemical
communication signals Multicellularity???
“Sexual Reproduction”
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
VI. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont• Metabolism
o Nitrogen fixationConversion of atmospheric
nitrogen (N2) to ammonium (NH4+)
o Metabolic CooperationBiofilms
o Oxygen relationshipsObligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
VI. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont• Bacterial Pathogenesis
“Normal Flora” Some bacteria are opportunistic pathogens
Toxin Production
Exotoxins Bacterial proteins that can produce disease w/o the prokaryote present Examples include botulism, cholera
Endotoxins Components of gram negative membranes Examples include typhoid fever, Salmonella food poisoning
VI. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont
• Bacterial Pathogenesis, cont Examples
Clostridium sp.
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Neisseria sp.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
EUKARYOTES
VII. KINGDOM PROTISTA• Very diverse• All __________________• Mostly _________________• Classified according to eukaryotic
kingdom protist is most like, nutrition Animal-like
Ingestive Protozoans
Plant-like Photosynthetic Algae
Fungus-like Absorptive Slime Molds
VII. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont
Protist Phylogeny . . . For now!
VII. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont• Important Protozoans
Zooplankton Important component of aquatic food
chains Euglena
o Protozoan or Algae??o Autotrophic/heterotrophico Pellicle
Entamoeba o Intestinal pathogeno Associated with dirty, stagnant watero Moves, feeds using pseudopods
Giardia o Lack mitochondria, cell wallso Live in fresh water; flagellatedo Intestinal pathogens
VII. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont
• Important Protozoans, cont Trypanosoma
Tse-tse fly vector Blood pathogen; flagellated Causes sleeping sickness
Plasmodium Belong to Apicomplexa
All parasitic, non-motile Cause malaria Vector = Anopheles mosquito Resistance seen in _________ ________________________
VII. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont• Algae
Very important aquatic producers Phytoplankton Include
Dinoflagellates Red Tides
Diatoms Make up most of Earth’s phytoplankton Have glass-like silicon shells
Brown Algae Kelp
Rhodophyta ______ Algae Seaweed Also found in coral reefs
Chlorophyta ________ Algae
VIII. KINGDOM FUNGI
VIII. KINGDOM FUNGI, cont• Absorptive heterotrophs; release
exoenzymes Decomposers (saprobes) Parasites Mutualistic symbionts (lichens)
• Primarily reproduce asexually • Classified according to reproductive
structures• Include mushrooms, bracket fungi,
puffballs• Yeast
Unicellular Reproduce asexually; budding May be pathogenic
VIII. KINGDOM FUNGI, cont• Specialized Fungi
Molds Used to be classified as
Deuteromycota or “Imperfect Fungi”
No known sexual stage Penicillium
Lichens Mutualistic relationship with
algae or cyanobacterium Sensitive to air pollution
Mycorrhizae Mutualistic relationship found in
95% of all plants