UNIT I (A)

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT

What is Management?

CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT

The term management is used in three alternative ways:

1. Management as a discipline2. Management as a group of people3. Management as a process

Management defined…

“Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups”

- Harold Koontz

“To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and control” - Henry Fayol

“ Management is concerned with the systematic organization of economic resources and its task to make these resources productive” - Peter F Drucker

Nature of Management

Nature of Management

☺ Multidisciplinary☺ Dynamic Nature of Principles☺ Relative, not Absolute Principles☺ Management: Science or Art☺ Management as Profession☺ Universality of Management

IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT

Effective Utilization of Resources Development of Resources To incorporate Innovations Integrating various Interest Groups Stability in the Society Handling Difficulties Economy and Efficiency

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

WRITERS FUNCTIONS .Henry Fayol Planning, Organizing,

Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling.

Luther Gulick POSDCORBLyndall Urwick Planning, Organizing, Commanding,

Coordinating, Communicating, forecasting, investigating.

Ralph Davis Planning, Organizing, ControllingE.F.L Brech Planning, Organizing, Motivating,

Coordinating, controllingKoontz and O’Donnell Planning, Organizing, staffing,

leading, controlling.

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

TAYLOR’S SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

Scientific Management concept was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in USA in the beginning of 20th century.

“ Scientific Management is concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way.”

ELEMENTS AND TOOLS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

1. Separation of Planning and Doing.2. Functional Foremanship.3. Job Analysis.4. Standardization.5. Scientific Selection and Training of Workers.6. Financial Incentives.7. Economy.8. Mental Revolution.

Separation of Planning and Doing

Functional Foremanship

Job Analysis

Standardization.

Scientific Selection and Training of Workers

Financial Incentives.

Economy &Mental Revolution

PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

1. Replacing Rule of Thumb with Science2. Harmony in Group Action3. Co-operation4. Maximum Output5. Development of Workers

Harmony in Group Action

Co-operation

Maximum Output

FAYOL’S PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

1. Division of Work2. Authority and Responsibility3. Discipline4. Unity of Command5. Unity of Direction6. Subordination of Individual to General

Interest7. Remuneration of Personnel

FAYOL’S PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (contd.)

8. Centralization9. Scalar Chain10. Order11. Equity12. Stability of Tenure13. Initiative14. Esprit de Corps

MAYO’S HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS

The Hawthorne plant of Generic Electric Company, Chicago, was manufacturing telephone system bell.

It employed about 30,000 employees at the time of experiments.

A team was constituted led by Elton Mayo (Psychologist) to investigate the causes of dissatisfaction among the employees.

FOUR PHASES OF HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS

1. Illumination Experiments (1924-27)2. Relay Assembly test room

experiments (1927-28)3. Mass interviewing programme (1928-

30)4. Bank Wiring Observation Room

Experiments (1931-32)

IMPLICATIONS OF HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS

1. Social Factors in Output2. Group Influence3. Conflicts4. Leadership5. Supervision6. Communication

CRITICISMS

The Hawthorne researchers did not give sufficient attention to the attitudes that people bring with them to the work place.

The Hawthorne plant was not a typical plant because it was a thoroughly unpleasant place to work.

They assume acceptance of management’s goals and look on the worker as someone to be manipulated by management.

MASLOW’S THEORY OF HUMAN NEEDS

The behavior of an individual at a particular moment is usually determined by his strongest need.

MASLOW’S THEORY OF HUMAN NEEDS

MASLOW’S THEORY OF HUMAN NEEDS

Physiological Needs

• Food

• Air

• Water

• Clothing

Basic Human Needs

Safety Needs

• Protection

• Stability

• Pain Avoidance

• Routine/Order

Safety and Security

Social Needs

• Affection

• Acceptance

• Inclusion

Love and Belonging

Esteem Needs• Self-Respect

• Self-Esteem

• Respected by Others

Esteem

Self-Actualization

• Achieve full potential• Fulfillment

Esteem

Self-Actualization

Safety

Belonging

Physiological

Summary