Transcript of Unit 1. Where to begin? < 1000 A.D. - The slow collapse of the Roman Empire As Rome collapses, a...
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- Unit 1
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- Where to begin? < 1000 A.D. - The slow collapse of the Roman
Empire As Rome collapses, a power vacuum forms in Europe Threats
from Vikings and other barbarian tribes force people to seek
protection This leads to
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- Feudalism Vassals are protected by their lords whom they have
to fight for Leads to the creation of local kingdoms loosely allied
as nations Supports the building of castles for defense Also leads
to the system of
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- Nobility Sharp distinction between nobles and peasants Nobles:
Lords, ladies, dukes, duchesses, counts, barons, etc. Kings were
the most powerful of the noble class Passed on by birth line Only
way to be noble is to be born noble Peasants: Everyone else 90% of
the population
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- Sources of power for the nobles Titular power from the Church
Effective power from wealth Wealth comes from LAND! The feudal
economy is based on agriculture Nobles own the land, which means
they own everything produced on it Peasants are required to work,
and are allowed to keep a portion of what they make
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- Land = Money = Power
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- This is the paradigm for this course, know this formula! This
formula no longer applies today why? The Industrial Revolution has
rendered this obsolete But thats 1302
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- One other class The Church In all of Europe until 1054 A.D.
this is simply the Catholic Church Post 1054 A.D. Roman Catholic
Church in the West Eastern Orthodox Church in the East
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- Church Power Church has immense power Partly this is because of
QUIZ! Land ownership! Also, the Church holds the eternal destiny of
everyone in Europe in their hands
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- Church Power Most importantly, the Church is the kingmaker
Nobility and kingship is conferred by the Church Who crowns the
king at the coronation? Some representative of the church! From
God, through the Church, to the king The term for this is
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- Divine Right Romans 13 1 Every person is to be in subjection to
the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from
God, and those which exist are established by God. 2 Therefore
whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and
they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. 3
For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil.
Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good and you
will have praise from the same; 4 for it is a minister of God to
you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does
not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an
avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil. 5 Therefore
it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but
also for conscience sake. 6 For because of this you also pay taxes,
for rulers are servants of God, devoting themselves to this very
thing. 7 Render to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due;
custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor.
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- What this means God King / Nobles Peasants
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- Consequences Practically, this gave the peasants no power
Technically not slaves, but very few rights Nobles were considered
a different breed, literally No mobility between classes No ability
of peasants to rebel without risking eternal damnation
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- Napoleon Bonaparte Rose to power in France following the French
Revolution Of minor nobility, but very little wealth After early
victories becomes the dictator of France In 1804 he desires to
become king and emperor
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- The Coronation
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- The Crusades In 1099 A.D. Crusaders sacked Jerusalem Despite
the temporary success, the Crusades were a disaster for the
Europeans Most who went on the Crusades never returned Two major
effects of the Crusades Consolidation of power for the remaining
nobles Discovery of new trade goods from the Far East
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- The Problem Trade with the Far East was difficult Two routes of
trade Over land via the Silk Road from China to the Middle East
Over sea by sailing around the continent of Africa Both took a long
time, were expensive, and were dangerous
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- The Solution? Europeans begin looking for a new way to trade
with the Far East This leads to Columbus! Sails west to get to the
east Leaves Spain in 1492 on an experimental voyage Why 1492?
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- The Reconquista In 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
finally defeated Muslim occupants of the Iberian Peninsula Spanish
power was consolidated, and land was seized by the monarchy from
the Muslim and Jewish populations Land = ? Spain now has money to
burn on crazy Italian sailors
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- Spain and the Church Ferdinand and Isabella are devoutly
Catholic, even prior to the Reformation Spain is one of the biggest
supporters of the Pope and the Church Columbus is charged with
spreading Christianity in whatever lands he reaches In order to
prevent conflict between two Catholic nations, Spain and
Portugal
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- The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
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- Spanish Exploration Spain sent explorers Conquistadors Three
goals: God Glory Gold
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- The Spanish Empire by 1800
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- Interaction with Native Americans Native Americans were a mix
of advanced civilizations and barbarians Advanced Native American
civilizations: Maya Aztec Inca Iroquois
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- The Columbian Exchange A BIOLOGICAL exchange Plants: To Europe:
Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkins, rubber, tobacco To America:
Wheat, coffee, tea, rice Animals: To Europe: Turkey To America:
Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken, bees, geese, cockroaches
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- The Columbian Exchange Disease To America: Smallpox, malaria,
measels, bubonic plague, cholera, influenza, scarlet fever, yellow
fever, typhoid, typhus, leprosy To Europe: Syphilis Disease wiped
out up to 90% of the Native American population Over 20 million
killed in Mexico alone
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- Spain Prospers Between the Columbian Exchange, the lands
gained, and the treasure from conquered civilizations Spain gains
an enormous amount of wealth Other European countries want in on
the action Spain has established an
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- Empire! Callons definition Empire: One group exerting
political, economic, or military control over another Two reasons
for an empire: Barbarian hordes who have nothing better to do To
make money
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- Trade = Money
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- Trade Trade takes something that is less valuable and turns it
into something more valuable Remember, trade was the reason for
Columbus Hence, generation of wealth Provides an alternative to
LAND = MONEY = POWER, but only slightly at first Allows for the
development of the middle class Distinctions between nobility and
peasant slowly begin to break down
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- Empires and Trade Empires are all about trade What makes for a
successful empire? Colonies Provide resources Provide a market for
goods Strong Navy Whoever has the strongest navy has the strongest
empire
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- One missing ingredient There was one problem in the New World
Great climate for crops, plenty of land to grow them on What was
missing? A source of labor Indians died too easily or ran away The
solution?
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- Importation from Africa The slave trade in Africa was millennia
old Europeans exploited an expanded this system, but slavery was
never popular in Europe itself The New World provided a new market
for slaves
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- Triangular Trade
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- The Middle Passage The route of slave ships from Africa to the
New World Estimated 10 million slaves imported to the New World
Between 2 and 4 million killed as a result
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- The Middle Passage
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- The Protestant Reformation During the 1400s the Church became
increasingly corrupt A monk named Martin Luther grew disgusted with
the abuses In 1517 Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of the
Wittenberg Church in Germany Not a deliberate attempt to split the
church This was an effort at reform
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- The Protestant Reformation Quickly spread across Europe Divided
regions and entire countries Often more political than religious Or
other reasons
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- King Henry VIII
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- The Church of England The official church in England The head
of the church was the king Little different that Catholicism at
first Unfortunately
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- Bloody Mary King Henry has no surviving male heir His crown
goes to Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine A devout Catholic who
tries to force England back to the Church earning her nickname
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- Queen Elizabeth Mary was deposed and Elizabeth made queen
Brings balance to the Church of England Leads England through a
golden age
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- The Turning Point In 1492 Spain had the strongest navy This
changed under Elizabeth with the Defeat of the Spanish Armada Spain
attempts a massive invasion of heretical England Bad weather
destroys virtually the entire fleet 1588 marks the turning point of
power in Europe from Spain to England
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- England Looks Outward After witnessing the success of the
Spanish, England looks to establish colonies in the New World The
first attempt at a colony was at Roanoke, 1587 The entire colony
disappeared without a trace The second attempt was better
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- Jamestown The first permanent English settlement, 1607 A
for-profit colony funded by the Virginia Company This was a
join-stock company, funded by a group of investors The key figure
was John Smith Short-lived peace with Indians Colony barely
survived, until
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- Tobacco The first cash crop in the English colonies Allowed the
development of plantation society Deliberate attempt to
re-establish the feudal system With large farms came the need for
workers Two options: Indentured Servants Slaves
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- Plymouth Second major colony established in 1620 Established by
Puritans fleeing religious persecution Also barely survived the
first years Ultimately Puritans flourished Established a precedent
for other persecuted groups
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- Massachusetts Bay Founded by Puritans Key figures were John
Winthrop and Roger Williams Winthrop a devout Puritan Wanted to
create a city on a hill Williams differed on Puritan restrictions
Left Massachusetts because of his ideas Founded Rhode Island
specifically for freedom of religion
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- Other colonies soon follow Pennsylvania Quakers Maryland
Catholics Georgia Convicts
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- British colonies prosper Northern colonies focus on trade and
manufacturing Southern colonies focus on agriculture Colonies
largely ruled themselves Huge population growth High education
levels Strong religious movements The Great Awakening
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- Other colonial powers
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- France in the New World France also colonizing North America
Focused primarily on trade, not colonization MUCH better relations
with Native Americans Indians typically allied with the French
against the British
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- Colonial Wars Series of four wars during the 17 th and 18 th
centuries Last and biggest of the four was the Seven Years War Aka
The French and Indian War Lasted from 1754-1763 Ended with the
climactic siege of Quebec France is defeated and loses all
territory in North America
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- 1763 Marks the end of the Seven Years War Britain heavily in
debt from the cost of the war The Proclamation of 1763 Prevented
colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mts. for fear of
another Indian War Chief Pontiacs Rebellion Colonists ignored the
Proclamation and the Indian War happened
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- Proclamation of 1763
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- Britain needs funding Britain heavily in debt from the war
Needs to raise money from the cost of defending the colonies The
solution? Taxes! Leads to the series of tax laws passed between
1763 and 1776
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- Tax Backgrounds The Navigation Acts, 1650 Establishes system of
mercantilism The colonies exist for the benefit of the motherland
Many taxes passed after this were never fully enforced
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- New Tax Laws The Sugar Act The Stamp Act The Townshend Acts The
Sons of Liberty and other groups formed to resist
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- Other Significant Events The Boston Massacre The Tea Act The
Boston Tea Party The Intolerable Acts
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- Boston Responds Colonists in and around Boston organize
resistance Paul Revere and Sam Adams are key figures Leads to
Lexington and Concord
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- Definitions Define the word chair Definition must include all
chairs and exclude all non- chairs What IS a chair? Definitions are
difficult
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- Philosophical Basis Basic philosophical questions Ex. Are
people basically good or evil? How you answer this determines your
view of govt.
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- John Locke Enlightenment thinker Believed people are basically
good Govt. therefore exists to protect peoples rights Inspiration
for Thomas Jefferson
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- Declaration of Independence When in the Course of human events
it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another and to assume among the
powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the
Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect
to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the
causes which impel them to the separation.
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- We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are
instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter
or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its
foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such
form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and
Happiness.
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- Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes;
and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under
absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw
off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;
and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their
former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations,
all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute
Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to
a candid world.
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- The Old System God King People
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- Jeffersons Change God People King
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- The Challenge of Definitions All? Men? Created? Equal? Creator?
Unalienable? Rights? Interpretation of these terms has changed over
time, and is still a challenge
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- The Challenge of Definitions How to handle: Abortion? Marriage?
Terri Shiavo?