Transcript of Understanding Wide Area Networks Lesson 7. Objectives Skills/ConceptsObjective Domain Description...
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- Understanding Wide Area Networks Lesson 7
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- Objectives Skills/ConceptsObjective Domain Description
Objective Domain Number Understanding routingUnderstanding
routers2.2 Defining common WAN technologies and connections
Understanding wide area networks (wans) 1.3
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- Routing is the process of managing the flow of data between
network segments and between hosts or routers Data is sent along a
path according to the IP networks and individual IP addresses of
the hosts A router is a network device that maintains tables of
information about other routers on the network or internetwork
Routing
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- A static route is a path that is manually configured and
remains constant throughout the routers operation A dynamic route
is a path that is generated dynamically by using special routing
protocols Static and Dynamic Routing Static Dynamic
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- Dynamic routing method has two conceptual parts: Routing
protocol used to convey information about the network environment
Routing Algorithm that determines paths through the network Common
Dynamic routing protocols: Distance vector routing protocols:
Advertise the number of hops to a network destination (distance)
and the direction a packet can reach a network destination
(vector). Sends updates at regularly scheduled intervals, and can
take time for route changes to be updated Link state routing
protocols: Provide updates only when a network link changes state
Distance Vector Routing Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Link
State Routing Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Dynamic Routing
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- Routing protocols that enable elements that comprise an
autonomous system (AS) to exchange routing information For very
large networks it is necessary to divide the internetwork into
entities known as autonomous systems (AS) IGPs exchange routing
information within a single AS that operates common routing
protocols RIP and OSPF are examples of IGPs Interior Gateway
Protocols (IGPs) AS RIP OSPF RIP OSPF
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- Distance vector routing protocol that enables the exchange of
IP routing information Calculates the direction or interface that
packets should be forwarded to, as well as the distance from the
destination Each router maintains a database of the number of hops
to a network destination (distance) and the direction a packet can
reach a network destination (vector) RIP is easy to implement and
has a large installed base Updates are sent periodically Routing
Information Protocol (RIP and RIPv2)
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- A link-state protocol that monitors the network for routers
that have a change in their link state Each router maintains a
database of router advertisements called Link State Advertisements
(LSAs) An LSA consist of a router, attached networks and their
configured costs Updates are sent when the status of a route is
updated Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
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- A routing protocol that was designed and intended for use
between autonomous systems Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an EGP
that enables autonomous systems (AS) to exchange routing
information BGP is used to enable routing on the Internet Exterior
Gateway Protocols (EGPs) AS RIP OSPF RIP OSPF BGP
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- DEMO: Configuring RRAS Server (verify RIP)
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- Wide area networks (WANs) connect multiple local area networks
together WANs connect multiple LANs that can include a home,
school, or buildings WANs enable network to function without
concern to a location WAN technologies can include: Packet
Switching: Devices transport packets via shared links Leased Line:
Dedicated point to point connection Circuit Switching: Dedicated
circuit path is created between end points (dial up) Cell Relay:
Similar to packet switching but uses fixed packet lengths Wide Area
Network
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- WANs utilize some type of packet switching technology Packet
switching services include X.25 and Frame Relay Before packet
switching, technology such as direct dial-up connections was used
Packet Switching
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- X.25 communications protocol was one of the first
implementations of packet switching Data Terminal Equipment (DTEs)
or a network device, connect to Data Communications Equipment
(DCEs), a modem is a DCE enabling communication to the X.25 network
Dummy terminals can connect to the network using Packet
Assembler/Disassembler (PADs) which connect to the DCE X.25 Modem
(DCE) DTE X.25 Network
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- Telecommunication companies have thousands of shared circuits /
connections from which to select a path These are known as a
circuit set The chances of the entire message of packets taking one
circuit are slim Multiple circuits are being used, and not just
one, the entire circuit set is known as the virtual circuit This
method of data transmission is the core technology for the Internet
and most LANs Virtual Circuits
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- There could be several PSE stops along the way These PSEs
disassemble and reassemble the packets These stops are also known
as hops At the receiving office, the packet is reassembled and the
overhead (header and trailer) is discarded Hops
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- If data fails, X.25 automatically recovers and sends it again
X.25 allows shared access among multiple users on the LAN X.25 has
full error and flow control There is also protection from
intermediate link failure X.25 is not completely fault tolerant,
but it is 70% effective Pricing is per shared packet sent, not per
minute X.25 is a synchronous, digital transmission. There is less
overhead per file X.25 Advantages
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- Frame Relay is the advancement of X.25 packet switching A
standardized wide are network protocol using a form of packet
switching designed for faster connections It also uses a virtual
circuit, but one that is more advanced. Frame Relay created the
virtual network that resides in the cloud Frame Relay
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- A permanent virtual circuit is a virtual circuit established
for repeated use Frame Relay enables multiple sessions to be run
simultaneously on the same link These connections to the cloud are
known as permanent logical links or permanent virtual circuits
(PVCs) The PVC links the sites together in the cloud, and this is
accomplished by using the PSE (packet switching exchange) Permanent
Virtual Circuits
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- Leased lines are a connection contract between a provider and a
customer Frame Relay service must be purchased from an Internet
services or telecommunications provider With Frame Relay, you must
commit to a certain amount of information over time This is the CIR
(committed information rate). The CIR is assigned to each PVC that
services the organizations account Because this transmission is
full duplex, there can be two CIRs for each PVC Leased Lines
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- A T-carrier or telecommunications carrier system is a cabling
and interface system designed to carry data at high speeds The
basic data transfer rate of the T-carrier system is 64 Kbps, which
is known as DS0, which is the digital signaling scheme DS1 is the
digital signaling scheme for the T1-carrier T-Carrier Overview
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- Countries and their associated T-carrier systems T-Carrier
Systems Comparison T-CarrierNorth AmericaJapanEurope Level 0 DS064
Kbps Level 1 DS11.544 Mbps (T1: 24 user Channels) 1.544 Mbps (J1:
24 user Channels) 1.544 Mbps (E1: 24 user Channels) Level 3
DS344.736 Mbps (T3: 672 user channels) 32.064 Mbps (J3: 480 user
channels) 34.368 Mbps (E3: 512 user channels) Level 4 DS4274.176
Mbps (T4: 4032 user channels) 97.728 Mbps (J4: 1440 user channels)
139.264 Mbps (E4: 2048 user channels)
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- A digital technology developed to offer faster communication
speed than an analog telephone line Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards enabling
simultaneous digital transmission of data, fax, voice and video
ISDN can be broken down into two major categories: Basic rate ISDN
(BRI): 128 Kbps - two equal B channels at 64 Kbps each Generally,
devices that connect to BRI lines can handle eight simultaneous
connections to the Internet. Primary rate ISDN (PRI): 1.536 Mbps -
runs on a T-1 circuit 24 equal 64 Kbps B channels for data
ISDN
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- Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a cell-based switching
technology as opposed to a packet switching technology ATM is a
high-speed networking technology used to transmit data in cells of
a fixed length containing 53 bytes of information ATM is a native
connection-oriented protocol comprised of a number of related
technologies for software, hardware and connection-oriented matter
ATM
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- Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) is a standardized
protocol allowing for the transmissions of signals over optical
fiber in North America Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is the
standard in Europe The standard represents a transport vehicle
capable of supporting data rates in the gigabit range, optical
interfaces, network management and testing methods Before the
standard was released, each manufacturer designed its fiber
terminal device to its own optical signal interface SONET
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- SONET Signal Hierarchy LevelLine RateDS3 Channels OC-151.84
Mbps1 OC-3155.52 Mbps3 OC-12622.08 Mbps12 OC-241.244 Gbps18
OC-482.488 Gbps48 OC-1929.953 Gbps192
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- Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is a standard for
transmitting data on fiber optic cables at a rate of around 100
Mbps Supports transmission distances beyond 50 miles The original
FDDI standard called for a physical double ring topology FDDI is
primarily a protocol used on backbone networks FDDI
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- Digital subscriber line (DSL) is a family of technologies that
provides data transmissions over local telephone networks DSL
allows for voice and data to be run over the same line DSL uses
higher frequency bands to transmit data xDSL is the standard for
the various digital subscriber lines ADSL (asymmetric digital
subscriber lines) The upload and download speed are the different
or asymmetrical SDSL (symmetrical digital subscriber line) The
upload and download speed are the same or symmetrical DSL
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- Broadband cable is used for cable Internet and cable television
using the cable television network It operates at a higher speed
than DSL and rates can range from 384 kbps to 20 Mbps + Broadband
Cable
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- POTS/PSTN stands for plain old telephone system/public switched
telephone network. This is what we use now for regular phone lines,
and it has been around since the 1940s. POTS/PSTN is now digital at
the switching office and some central offices, but there analog
lines run to peoples homes. POTS/PSTN
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- The differences between static and dynamic routing. How to
install and configure RRAS to function as a network router and how
to install the Routing Information Protocol. How to define packet
switching types, such as X.25 and Frame Relay. What T-carrier lines
are, the different types of lines, and their Japanese and European
counterparts. The basics about various other wide area networking
technologies, such as ATM, SONET, FDDI, and so on. An introduction
to different personal and small business Internet connectivity
types. Summary
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- Additional Resources & Next Steps Books Exam 98-366: MTA
Networking Fundamentals (Microsoft Official Academic Course)
Instructor-Led Courses 40033A: Windows Operating System and Windows
Server Fundamentals: Training 2-Pack for MTA Exams 98-349 and
98-365 (5 Days) 40349A: Windows Operating System Fundamentals: MTA
Exam 98-349 (3 Days) 40032A: Networking and Security Fundamentals:
Training 2-Pack for MTA Exams 98-366 and 98- 367 (5 Days) 40366A:
Networking Fundamentals: MTA Exam 98-366 Exams & Certifications
Exam 98-366: Networking Fundamentals
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