Post on 03-Feb-2022
Underground Space Development : Underground Space Development : Setting Modern StrategiesSetting Modern Strategies
D. KaliampakosAssociate Professor,
School of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens
Underground Spaces 2008
Underground Spaces 2008
“…evidence of tunnel construction works reflects the cultural developments of civilizations and particularly the growth of technical and economic strength”
G.E. Sandstrom
The Eupalinos aqueduct
Underground Spaces 2008
Excavations for the underground extension of the first Athens Metro line
The first Athens metro lineThe first Athens metro line
Underground Spaces 2008
Annual passenger trips in major metro systems
Metro Passengers Tokyo Subway 2.646 billion Moscow Metro 2.475 billion New York City Subway 1.850 billion Seoul Subway 1.654 billion Mexico City Metro 1.442 billion Paris Métro 1.336 billion London Underground 1.094 billion Osaka Municipal Subway 912 million Hong Kong MTR 867 million São Paulo Metro 774 million Beijing Metro 765 million Cairo Metro 750 million Santiago Metro 680 million Shanghai Metro 649 million Madrid Metro 647 million Saint Petersburg Metro 602 million Prague Metro 531 million Buenos Aires Metro 476 million Berlin U-Bahn 475 million Vienna U-Bahn 427.4 million
Underground Spaces 2008
Lidabashi Station: a major interchange station in Tokyo, connecting four major underground lines and one above ground line.
TokyoTokyo
Underground Spaces 2008
Natural lighting, even at the fourth level underground
Minato Mirai: The harbour of the futureMinato Mirai: The harbour of the future
Underground Spaces 2008
Total excavation: Total excavation: 12.5 million m12.5 million m33
Total cost: 14.6 Total cost: 14.6 billion U.S. $billion U.S. $
10 underground 10 underground lanes lanes
The “BigThe “Big--Dig” Project, Boston, USADig” Project, Boston, USA
““Big Dig”: The biggest Big Dig”: The biggest underground project:underground project:
Underground Spaces 2008
A motorway used, also, as a flood discharging system
Total Storage Capacity: 3 million m3
The SMART PROJECT-Kuala Lumpur:
Underground Spaces 2008
Barcelona, SpainBarcelona, Spain
Designed by
Antoni Gaudí
and built in the years
1905–1907
La La PedreraPedrera
Underground Spaces 2008
SubtropolisSubtropolis complex complex
More than450.000 m2 of used underground space.
More than 50 companies, with 1300 employees
Underground Spaces 2008
SubtropolisSubtropolis complexcomplex
Low lease rates:30-50% less than above ground facilitiesLow utility costs:50-70% savings in total energy costsAlmost constanttemperature
Underground Spaces 2008
ItakeskusItakeskus underground swimming pool, Helsinkiunderground swimming pool, Helsinki
More than 400,000 visitors every year
Underground Spaces 2008
ZhongguancunZhongguancun center: center: The The ““Silicon Valley of ChinaSilicon Valley of China””
Underground Spaces 2008
T h e S u p e r K a m i o n k a d e U n d e r g r o u n d T h e S u p e r K a m i o n k a d e U n d e r g r o u n d O b s e r v a t o r yO b s e r v a t o r y
The Super K, located 1000 m underground in the Mozumi Mine, Japan
Underground Spaces 200811th ACUUS International Conference11th ACUUS International Conference 10-13 September 2007, Athens, GREECE
Underground Space: Expanding the FrontiersUnderground Space: Expanding the Frontiers
Underground Spaces 200811th ACUUS International Conference11th ACUUS International Conference 10-13 September 2007, Athens, GREECE
Underground Space: Expanding the FrontiersUnderground Space: Expanding the Frontiers
Why are Why are wewe involved involved in underground in underground development?development?
Underground Spaces 200811th ACUUS International Conference11th ACUUS International Conference 10-13 September 2007, Athens, GREECE
Underground Space: Expanding the FrontiersUnderground Space: Expanding the Frontiers
AthensAthens: a Metropolis of : a Metropolis of 4,5 million inhabitants 4,5 million inhabitants in 3,500 sq. kmin 3,500 sq. km
Underground Spaces 2008
PeramaPeramaYmittosYmittos
Ag. Ag. ParaskeviParaskevi
KipseliKipseli
KolonakiKolonaki
The contribution of LMET in underground developmentThe contribution of LMET in underground development
Underground Spaces 2008
The contribution of LMET in underground developmentThe contribution of LMET in underground development
PeramaPerama
Underground Spaces 2008
PeramaPerama
Ag. Ag. ParaskeviParaskevi
KipseliKipseli
KolonakiKolonaki
The contribution of LMET in underground developmentThe contribution of LMET in underground development
Underground Spaces 2008
YmittosYmittos
The contribution of LMET in underground developmentThe contribution of LMET in underground development
Underground Spaces 2008
Can the IT revolution change the current trend ?Can the IT revolution change the current trend ?
Underground Spaces 2008
In the last 50 years the world population has grown by 256%, In the last 50 years the world population has grown by 256%, while the while the urban populationurban population has grown has grown threefoldthreefoldAlmost Almost 50%50% of the world population resides in of the world population resides in urban areasurban areasToday there are Today there are 21 21 megacitiesmegacities with more than 10 million with more than 10 million inhabitants in the worldinhabitants in the world
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Popu
latio
n (x
106 )
1950:1950:Global pop: 2.5 billionsGlobal pop: 2.5 billions
83 cities > 1 million83 cities > 1 million2 cities >10 millions2 cities >10 millions
2006:2006:Global pop: 6.5 billionsGlobal pop: 6.5 billions387 cities > 1 million387 cities > 1 million21 cities >10 millions21 cities >10 millions
Underground Spaces 2008
The global population will exceed 8 billion peopleThe global population will exceed 8 billion people
More than 60% will be urban population. This percentage will be More than 60% will be urban population. This percentage will be 80% for 80% for Europe and North AmericaEurope and North America
Forecasts Forecasts for urban population for urban population for 2030for 2030
Underground Spaces 2008
To maximize the utilization of To maximize the utilization of the urban surface land the urban surface land
(e.g. build skyscrapers)(e.g. build skyscrapers)
Space scarcity: two ways out:
To utilize the urban To utilize the urban underground spaceunderground spaceor
Underground Spaces 2008
Underground space: a “strange” commodity
A non-renewable resource …
Free or private good?
Need to implement
environmental economics
The “spaghetti subsurface problem”
Underground Spaces 2008
The mining sectorThe mining sector
7 billion tons/yearextracted by underground mining
35 million people working in mining
450 billion US $,the total value of annual mined production
Underground Spaces 2008
Hunt Midwest (Hunt Midwest (SubtropolisSubtropolis))
RoomRoom--andand--Pillar miningPillar miningUsing mining methods…Using mining methods…
Underground Spaces 2008
Total capacityTotal capacity::400.000 400.000 mm33
LaveraLavera oil storage facility (France)oil storage facility (France)
Underground Spaces 2008
Total capacityTotal capacity::
4.600.000 4.600.000 mm33 (1985)(1985)+ + 11..9900.00000.000 mm33 (1997)(1997)+ 800.000 m+ 800.000 m33 (2006)(2006)
Oil storage facility (S.Korea)Oil storage facility (S.Korea)
Underground Spaces 2008
ManosqueManosque (S. France)(S. France)Natural gasNatural gas: 300 x 10: 300 x 1066 mm33, Oil products, Oil products: 6,5 x 10: 6,5 x 1066 mm33
Natural gas storage in salt domesNatural gas storage in salt domes
Underground Spaces 2008
Typical DimensionsTypical Dimensions::500500--600 600 m heightm height
110000--15150 0 m diameterm diameterCapacity:Capacity:
500500x10x1033 mm33
Natural gas storage in salt domesNatural gas storage in salt domes
Underground Spaces 2008
Underground space in urban environment can be thought Underground space in urban environment can be thought as “as “the modern orethe modern ore””
Things to do:Things to do:
Modify typical mining techniques to adopt all modern Modify typical mining techniques to adopt all modern requirementsrequirements
Cultivate a new philosophy in the mining sector by first Cultivate a new philosophy in the mining sector by first changing the curricula of the mining schools changing the curricula of the mining schools
•• Bauxite: Bauxite: 70 $ per m70 $ per m3 3 of of extracted underground spaceextracted underground space
•• Underground parking space in Athens’ centre: 600Underground parking space in Athens’ centre: 600 $ per m$ per m3 3 of of extracted underground spaceextracted underground space
“Mining engineering”“Mining engineering” redefined…redefined…