U. SAIDI

2013

Academic Referencing

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

By the end of this lecture you should be able to

Identify information used in referencing.Carry out intext referencing using Harvard

styleDraw up a typical reference list (endtext)

using Harvard.

OBJECTIVES

A system which allows academics to acknowledge sources used in coming up with an academic write-up.

Reasons1. To avoid plagiarism2. To authenticate one’s work3. To allow reader/marker to verify or trace

where one has taken his/her information from

4. To demonstrate academic maturity and professionalism

Definition

Intext referencingthis is citation within the body of the essay.

i. Realised as either paraphrasing (presenting a scholar’s idea in your own words—makes up 80% of the intext referencing (Sinfield and Burns, 2004)

ii. Or as a direct quotation (presenting scholarly ideas, points verbatim). Direct quotations are presented in quotation marks “ ” or ‘ ’ for short (1-3 lines) quotations. And Indented (Indention/indentation –where justified space if left on both margins when directly quoting a long quotation 3+ lines)

Forms of academic referencing

EndtextThe list of references at the end of the essay. It should reflect all referenced sources as used in the essay. This is a comprehensive list contain full details of a source.Details of an authentic sourceNames of authors ( Surnames and Initials)Year of publication (of that particular copy)Titles (Book, article, album, show,

documentary…)Publisher (e.g. Mambo Press, Jongwe

Printers)Place/City of publication (Harare, Gweru)Websites (for online sources)Dates (in case of newspapers)Volumes, Issue Number, (journals, magazines)

Book Title (BT)

Key

Et. al (and other scholars)

Year of Publication (Yr)

Surname (Sur)

Place of Publication (Place/City)

Title of Article (TT)

Volume (Vol.)

Initial (I)

When we are paraphrasing?

What does Harvard say?

A source by ONE authorSur (Yr) (Arrow representing information presented)e.g. Moyo (2010) argues that…

A source by TWO authorsSur and Sur (Yr) e.g. Moyo and Hunzvi (2010) disagree by saying…

A source by THREE authorsSur, Sur and Sur (Yr) e.g. Clark, Moyo and Hunzvi (2010) disagree by saying…

A source by ONE editorSur (ed.) (Yr) e.g. Moyo (ed.) (2000) argues that…

EDITED SOURCES

A source by THREE/FOUR + authorsSur et al. (Yr) e.g. Moyo et al. (2013) argue that…

A source by TWO editorsSur and Sur (eds.) (Yr) e.g. Moyo and Ncube (eds.) (2001) argues that…

A source by THREE editorsSur, Sur and Sur (eds.) (Yr) e.g. Moyo, Ncube and Sur (eds.) (2001) argues that…

A source by THREE/FOUR + editorsSur et al. (eds.) (Yr) e.g. Clark et al. (eds.) (2001) argue that…

When direct quoting

A source by ONE authorSur (Yr:10) “ ” or indented.e.g. Moyo (2010:10) argues that…A source by TWO authorsSur and Sur (Yr:18) “ ”e.g. Moyo and Hunzvi (2010:18) disagree by saying…

A source by THREE authorsSur, Sur and Sur (Yr:87) “ ”e.g. Clark, Moyo and Hunzvi (2010:87) disagree by saying…

By factoring PAGE NUMBERS in the Yr. bracket separated by colon [:] (where information is presented with quotation marks or indented) allows you to account for direct quotations.

Nothing changes for edited sources; factor PAGE NUMBERS.

NB

ANY QUESTIONS?

The Harvard Calls its endtext REFERENCE LIST

ENDTEXT

RULES TO BE FOLLOWED WHEN DRAWING UP A REFERENCE LIST

1. Sources should be presented on a fresh page

2. Do not NUMBER Sources instead arrange them in alphabetical order

3. All sources cited in the INTEXT should make a re-comeback.

4. Be Neat

Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

REFERENCE LIST

Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I. et al. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. et al. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (eds.)(Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (eds.) (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I. and Sur, I. (eds.) (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (eds.) (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I. (ed.) (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. (ed.)(2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’ in Sur, I. (ed.) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. 2010) ‘Computers’ in Dube, K. (ed.) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Edited books

Sur, I. et al. (eds.)(Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. et al. (eds.)(2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Journal Name Vol. No., Place: Publisher.Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) ‘My Information’, Journal of Computers Vol.7. No.5, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Articles (From Journals, Newspapers etc

Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Name of Newspaper, DatesMoyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) ‘My Information’, The Herald, 8 March 2013.

Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Journal Name Vol. No., Place: Publisher.Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, Journal of Information Vol.6. No. 8, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I. et al. (Yr) ‘TT’, Name of Magazine Volume Number: Publisher.Moyo, P. et al. (2010) ‘My Information’, Parade Issue 6 No. 8, Gweru: Mambo Press.

Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [Online] Journal Name Vol. No., Web Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) ‘My Information’, [Online] Journal of Computers 7(5) Available at www.sagepub.com Accessed on 3 February 2013.

ONLINE SOURCES

Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’,[Online] Name of Newspaper, Dates, Web add, Date Accessed.Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) ‘My Information’, [Online] The Herald, 8 March 2013, Available at www.theherald.co.zw Accessed on 7 March 2013.

Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [online] Journal Name Vol. No., Web address, date accessed.Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, [online] Journal of Information 6 (8) Available at www.sagepub.com Accessed on 8 March 2013.

Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [online] Journal Name Vol. No., doi.Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, [online] Journal of Information 6 (8) doi: 10.1177/1538192712441798.

ANY QUESTIONS?

TaskDraw up a TYPICAL reference list of the following sources using a reference system recommended in your area of study. (Indicate which reference system you have used). Patrick, Redman, book, Good Essay Writing. Published by Sage in the British Capital, 2006.

[2] Reverend Edgar Keen edited a book called Natural Language. Published in 1988 by CUP, Cambridge.

[2]  Prof. John Smith’s chapter called ‘One Hundred’ which appeared in Wil Jones’ edited book called Information about health. It is a brown book published by Oxford UP in Oxford whose address is 24356 Baker Street, Oxford.

[2] Mr. Gabriel Wringe’s article ‘How Students Fail’ appeared in the RELC JOURNAL Vol. 6. No. 8. Pages 120 to 230.

[2]

We are to carry referencing USING APA (American Psychological Association) and (MLA) Modern Languages Association )

Please research in advance.

NEXT LECTURE

Go into the library and look for the following sources1. A book by one author2. A book by four authors3. A book edited by two scholars4. A journal article by two scholars5. A newspaper article by one author6. A newsletter article by one author7. One online source8. A dissertation 9. A television programme 10. A song Q: DRAW UP A REFERENCE LIST USING HARVARD

HOMEWORK

Have you signed today’s register?

NB

Until next time

Welcome to Varsity & Happy studying