Post on 26-Sep-2020
Types of Memory
pp 247-255, 266, 271-273
Information processing model
Senso
ry m
em
ory
Sensory memory
Senses
Vision: iconic memory
Auditory: echoic memory
Purpose?
Persistence: beyond physical duration
Record until further processing
Provides stability for senses
Photography: shutter speed
1/30 1/500
Sensory memory
Task: You will see a grid of 12 letters very
quickly. I will ask you to write down as many of
the letters as you can after they are flashed.
T B W C
P K S H
D M R L
Iconic memory: Sperling (1960)
Presentation time: 50ms
Whole report: 4 out of 12 (37%)
Auditory cue AFTER display
Partial report: 3 out of 4 (75%)
Rapidly decaying image!
T B W C
P K S H
D M R L
Short-term memory and Long-term memory
STM & LTM
Memory performance depends on three stages Encoding Storage Retrieval
Form of information Verbal (acoustic) Visual (picture)
Storage: What is capacity of STM? STM -> LTM
Rehearsal: use “inner voice” or“inner eye” Examine how we RETRIEVE information
Recall Recognition
Working Memory (WM)
WM: Short-term processing and storage of information
Phonological loop: verbal rehearsal
Visuospatial sketch pad: visuo-spatial rehearsal
Central executive: controls processing and allocates resources
Logie, Zucco, & Baddeley, 1990
Episodic vs. Semantic memory
Semantic memory
Memory for knowledge
What do people eat for breakfast?
Recall facts and knowledge
Episodic memory
Memory of events
What did you have for breakfast?
Recall a list of words
Distinguishes type of info learned, not when learned
Explicit vs. Implicit memory
Type of retrieval question
Explicit memory
Effortful, conscious recollection
Recall or recognition
Implicit memory
Remembering without awareness
Word fragment or identification
Procedural memory
Distinguishes how info is retrieved
Implicit memory tests
Picture: What do you see?
Word: Fill in the fragment.
Memory & Amnesia
Implicit vs Explicit memory
5
10
15
20
Free recall Recog PID Frag-Compl
Control
Amnesia
Warrington & Weiskrantz (1970)
Implicit vs explicit memory tests (fig above)
Jacoby & Witherspoon (1982) (text: pp 287)
Anterograde amnesia & homophones
Study: Hear “book-read” or “saxophone-reed”
Test: Asked to spell 2nd word in pair
Amnesia & Movies
Memento (2000)
Regarding Henry (1991)
Fifty First Dates (2004)
The Bourne Identity (2002)
Case study approach to study memory:
Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Can’t remember events prior to point of injury
“Soap opera amnesia”
Rare – and most can recover memory loss
Anterograde amnesia
Memory loss after point of damage
Cannot form new memories
E.g. H.M.; Korsakoff’s syndrome; viral encephalitis
Clive Wearing
Dense retrograde and anterograde amnesia patient
Born in 1938, contracted viral encephalitis in 1985
Previously a very successful musician
Husband to 2nd wife; has children from 1st marriage
BBC 2005 – “Man with the 7s memory” 20 yrs post injury – 67 yrs old http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDNDRDJy-vo&feature=related
1998 documentary 13 yrs post injury – 60 years old http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu9UY8Zqg-Q&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCyvzI2aVUo&fea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BrCBq2FY_U&feature=related
Thought paper
What is Clive Wearing capable of and not capable
of doing?
Provide examples for the below vocabulary in
your answer
Short-term memory vs. long-term memory
Explicit vs. implicit memory
Episodic vs. semantic memory