Turkey Mountain Master PlanNovember 14, 2019

MVVAInc.

Around Tulsa, grasslands mix with post oak-hickory forest, creating a rich mosaic of prairies, savannas, woodlands, and forests known as the Cross Timbers.

Where Midwestern Prairie and Ozark Forest Meet

TULSA

OZARK NATIONALFOREST

MIDWESTERNPRAIRIES

50 Years Ago

Today

TULSA

A Unique, Disappearing Landscape That Can Be Preserved50,000,000 acres of Midwest oak savanna once extended in a continuous band from Minnesota to Texas. Today, only

30,000 acres remain in degraded patches of 100 acres and less—a “globally imperiled” landscape.

At 600 acres, and with a high point that is 300 feet above the elevation of the Arkansas River, Turkey Mountain is one of Tulsa’s largest undeveloped spaces and its most visible natural landmark.

DowntownTulsa

TurkeyMountain

Something You Can’t Buy or Build

We used fitness app data from Strava to to see where users are biking and running. If you’re an outdoors enthusiast in Tulsa, this is your #1 destination.

We’ve Seen the Data—We Know Tulsans Love Turkey Mountain

Turkey Mountain is positioned to be a defining part of Tulsa’s identity.

Urban Wilderness Within the City Limits

Access to the Wild Without Travel Time or CostThis is a special place that could offer outdoors experiences on par with some of our most popular national parks.

A Local Destination Any Tulsan Can Escape ToTurkey Mountain belongs to Tulsa, and it offers both the space and resources to serve the entire community.

Site Challenges

Trails were made by users and though they are well-loved, they are not sustainably constructed. As Turkey Mountain gains in popularity, it runs the risk of being loved to death.

Eroding Trails Are a Problem

Users widen or cut new trails to avoid wet areas, causing furher damage to the surrounding landscape and the trails themselves.

Poor Drainage Prevents the Full Use and Enjoyment of Trails

Natural disturbances such as grazing and frequent fires that once kept this Cross TImbers landscape healthy are no longer present, which has allowed the understory to become so thick it’s choking out the big trees, and it’s easy to get lost.

The Declining Landscape Will Continue To Get Worse

The large, open-grown oaks of the Cross Timbers’s post-oak-hickory savanna are adapted to grow best when spread out. Invasives and the dense unmanaged understory are crowded these large trees out.

Invasives and Understory Trees are Outcompeting Old Native Oaks

Already-Disturbed Areas Have Potential for Restoration and Better Uses

We hiked the creek in waders with our wetlands restoration experts from Inter-Fluve, and there is great potential to restore the creek as animal habitat and for recreation, but currently it is inaccessible.

Mooser Creek Is Inaccessible and Struggling Ecologically

Turkey Mountain Users are currently parking or trespassing on private property in order to get into the wilderness from the north. A new entrance for users approaching form the north would solve this problem.

The Only Northern Access to Site Today Is Through Private Pepsi Property

MVVA and GKFF have hosted public meetings to bring the community together to craft a vision for the future of Turkey Mountain.

Users Told Us: “Keep Turkey Wild” and “Everyone Should Have Access”

Adding new territory to the Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderness will improve access and enable Tulsans to enjoy new programs, while preserving the area’s wild character.

BIG IDEA: Added Sites Allow Places for Improved Access and New Experiences

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

W 71st St S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

Johnson ParkCore Site

Bike Park

NortheastAccess

Water Tank Trails

Hinterlands

Existing Proposed

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HABITAT RESTORATION IN PROCESSHABITAT RESTORATION IN PROCESSCEDAR GLADE UNDER DEVELOPMENTCEDAR GLADE UNDER DEVELOPMENT

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PRIVATE LAND EASEMENTPRIVATE LAND EASEMENTPLEASE STAY ON THE TRAILSPLEASE STAY ON THE TRAILS

PRIVATE LAND EASEMENTPRIVATE LAND EASEMENTPLEASE STAY ON THE TRAILSPLEASE STAY ON THE TRAILS

THE PERIMETER TRAIL - DEFINED ASTHE WILL SKELTON GREENWAY,WHALEY TRAIL, AND WESTPERIMETER TRAIL - IS OPEN YEARROUND. ALL OTHER TRAILS OPEN TOALL USERS ONLY FROM JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31.

NOTICE

OPEN FROM JUNE 1TO AUGUST 31 ONLY

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We visited The Knoxville Urban Wilderness, which was created using easements though state, city and private property.Building an Urban Wilderness Relies on Cooperation

Four Key Components of the Turkey Mountain Master Plan

New Access

Exciting Program

Restored Nature

Sustainable Trails

Restored Nature

Turkey Mountain used to have a range of prairie to forest that is typical of the Cross Timbers ecoregion. Current practices and a fundamental lack of care have resulted in a uniformly dense forest.

A Restored Turkey Mountain Opens a Window Back in Time

20181967

Prescribed burning is a practice that European settlers learned from Native Americans. Periodic fire is an important contributor to maintaining the partially dense/partially open mosaic of the Cross Timbers landscape.

Fire Management Is Traditionally the Way This Has Been Achieved

Without Fire Management With Fire Management

Lack of fire management allows fuels to accumulate, creating a real risk of wildfires.Reinstituing regular controlled burns that benefit the ecology will also reduce reduce these risks.

Turkey Mountain Is Already Experiencing Uncontrolled Burns

Practicing Fire Manager, Prescribed Fire Researcher and Educator

John Weir, OSU Natural Resources and Environmental Management

Wildfire

vs

Prescribed Fire

All fire is not wildfire!

Wildfire- Any non-structure fire, other than prescribed fire, that occurs in the wildland.• What causes them?• When do they occur?• Under what conditions?• Have you been exposed to

any other type of fire?

Do we burn in Oklahoma?• Prescribed Fire in OK

• 1-2 million acres annually• Wildfire in OK

• 2000-2007 85,432 acres annually• 2006-2017 208,000 acres annually

Prescribed Fire• Planned application of fire under

specific conditions to achieve specific goals and objectives

• Based on science, fact, and experience

From Guyette et al. Ecosystems 2012

Benefits of Fire• Healthy forests and grasslands• Plant and animal diversity• Wildfire control• Cedar control • Improve wildlife habitat• Water quality and quantity

How do we burn?• First, determine goals and

objectives. • Develop a fire plan and

prescription based on the unit of land in question.

• Determine needs: training, personnel, equipment, and firebreaks.

• Consultation with a fire management specialist to develop to develop plans and training

• Conduct burns when conditions are proper to achieve goals and reduce impact on the public

Burn units, the amount of land burned at a time, utilize existing trails and other natural fire breaks as boundaries. The plan begins with many smaller units to safely burn high fuel loads accumulated over year of fire suppression.

Turkey Mountain Burn Plan - Year 1 - 120 Units

By year 5 burn units would begin to shift, using newly constructed trails as fire breaks, and coul begin to be grouped into larger units as fuel loads decrease.

Turkey Mountain Burn Plan - Year 5 - 90 Units

By year 10 the burn crews conducting burns will shift from restoring the landscape to a maintaining it. Larger burn units means fewer burns need to be conducted each year, further lowering the cost and labor associated with maintenance.

Turkey Mountain Burn Plan - Year 10 - 60 Units

Mooser Creek is dangerous and inaccessible today, but it’s ideally positioned to provid e northeast access to Turkey Mountain. Reintroducing the creek’s meander and stabilizing its eroding banks facilitates fishing and interacting with the water.

Wetland Restoration and Bioengineering the Creek Channel

Mooser Creek Today Restored Creek Channel Precedent

Founding Principal and Fisheries Biologist

Greg Koonce, Inter-Fluve Wetlands Restoration and Bioengineering

The new channel flows along a natural meandering path with pools and riffles.

Squalicum Creek - Bellingham, Washington

BEFORE - 2014

The new channel flows along a natural meandering path with pools and riffles.

Squalicum Creek - Bellingham, Washington

PHASE I - 2019

The wood adjacent to the floodplain supports riparian forest and wetland. Squalicum Creek - Bellingham, Washington

The restored channel flows along a walking path (right), and interstate highway (left).Squalicum Creek - Bellingham, Washington

The existing riverbed was dry with stagnant pooling water most of the year and occasional flooding.

Milo McIver State Park - Calackamas River, Oregon

BEFORE

The channel bed was lowered to create a low-flowing stream to provide cold-water rearing and refuge habitat for coho, Chinook, and steelhead.

Milo McIver State Park - Calackamas River, Oregon

AFTER (+4 Years)

During loods, submerged log jams help slow down water, reducing erosive forces on the landscape.

Milo McIver State Park - Calackamas River, Oregon

AFTER (At Time of Construction)

During loods, submerged log jams help slow down water, reducing erosive forces on the landscape.

Milo McIver State Park - Calackamas River, Oregon

AFTER (+4 Years)

New Access

Improving bike and pedestrian connectivity between urban and wild means crossing creeks, rivers, and highways. These bridges will help increase daily use, and be features themselves.

New Bike and Pedestrian Access Into Turkey Mountain

Mooser Bridge Provides New Northern Access

Mooser Bridge

Precedent: Jarrold Bridge - Norwich, England

Johnson Bridge Connects Over The Arkansas River

Johnson Bridge

Precedent: American River Bicycle Trail - Sacramento, CA

Bales Bridge Flies Over US-75

Bales Bridge

Precedent: Wing Tip Bridge at Summit Bechtel Reserve - Glen Jean, WV

Hinterlands Bridge Allows Access From The West

Hinterlands Bridge

Precedent: Log Bridge at Summit Bechtel Reserve - Glen Jean, WV

Four New Bike and Pedestrian Bridge Connections into Turkey Mountain

Johnson Bridge

Mooser BridgeBales Bridge

Hinterlands Bridge

Four New Bike and Pedestrian Bridge Connections into Turkey Mountain

Johnson Bridge

Mooser BridgeBales Bridge

Hinterlands Bridge

Existing Access and Parking

120

150

270Existing Spaces

Today Turkey Mountain is only accessible from two parking lots at its southwestern edge.

Limited Parking Only Accessible from the South

S Elwood Drive is a dangerous cut through that disconnects property on either side.

S Elwood Drive Closed to Thru Traffic and Upper Parking Lot Moved

Additional parking will be necessary as Turkey Mountain attracts more users, but by grouping the parking along the edges, the wild and remote character of Turkey Mountain will be preserved.

Expanded Parking At The Edge Retains Turkey Mountain’s Remoteness

120

120

420

170

160

120

150

130

400

90

130 2,010Proposed Spaces

By strategically connecting to large existing parking lots in Bales and Johnson Parks, and carefully placed new parking lots, Turkey Mountain users will be able to park closer to where they’re headed.

A Significant Increase in Parking

The curving park drives break with Tulsa’s street grid, signaling entry into Turkey Mountain.

Gravel Drives Provide Vehicular Access Within Turkey Mountain

Access to all the same parking lots is maintained but there is no access to thru traffic.

A Second Option for Gravel Drives Prevents Thru Traffic Altogether

A National Park-Inspired DriveGravel drives in keeping with Turkey Mountain’s wilderness allow those who don’t hike or bike to experience the rugged landscape.

Sustainable Trails

Some uses combine easily for shared multi-use trails. Other special types of trails must be kept separate so they can be enjoyed without undue risk.

Hiking

Horseback Riding

Adaptive Sports / Hand Cycling

Trail Running

Shared Multi-Use

ADA Accessible

Biking

Technical / Rock Garden

Contour Flow

A Range of Trail Types so Everyone’s Included

Beginner Trails That Are Still ExcitingTurkey Mountain needs more trails for beginners, but just because they’re easier doesn’t mean they have to be dull.

Most expert trails in Turkey Mountain today get their difficulty from the technical, rocky terrain. Other types of challenges for advanced riders can be introduced to provide a wider range of experiences.

Diversifying Challenges for Experts

Accessible and adaptive users also benefit from a range of difficulties and trail types.

Accessible and Adaptive Trails to Enable New Users

Inviting New Audiences of All Ages

Volunteer Trail Crews Have Done What They CanThe erosion and drainage issues Turkey Mountain’s trails show are a result of where and how they have been cut.

We can’t put a band-aid on the problem, it requires a fundamental fix.

Trails Will Need to Be Closed and Rebuilt to Be ImprovedMany of the existing trails in Turkey Mountain will need to be rebuilt in order to prevent erosion and

improve overall trail conditions, but the plan proposes to add XX miles of trail to the existing system.

Major Multi-use Trails Create a Framework for WayfindingExisting trails may need to be widened and realigned to prevent erosion. They will be connected to new

trails to create an intuitive system of loops that always bring you back to a parking lot.

Smaller Multi-Use Trails are Restored In-Place Where Possible Many existing trails will be restored and extended into added sites to extend the trails available to everyone.

Bike-Optimized Trails Connect To Multi-Use Without ConflictsTwo-directional trails that are optimized for bikes, but are also designed with trail runners in mind

connect to the major trails and expand the system of sustainable trails.

Bike-Specific Trails Expand the Quantity and Quality of Trails for RidersOne-directional dirt trails, downhill, and contour flow create an unprecedented density of bikes only

trails for riders that do not conflict with other uses.

The Master Plan Calls for A Net Increase in Trail Mileage, Variety, and Interest

Jason StouderVice President

Joel McCourtCreative Director

Trail Alignment on “Fall Line”example of severe erosion due to unsustainable trail alignment.

Trail Alignment on “Fall Line”trail will continue to erode and cup even with water bars and short reroutes

Sustainable Trail Alignmentexample of proper trail grade on side slope

Sustainable Trail Alignmenttrail is build into the existing environment and natural features while maintaining grade

Multi-Use Trailsexample of a decomposed granite surface trail - appropriate for shallow grades and wide trail

Rock Armoring rock is used for interface between hard and soft surface trails, armoring berms

and wet trail locations to minimize maintenance

Exciting Program

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

US-75

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

W 61st StE 61st St

I-44

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

Forest

Precedent: Oak-Hickory Forest

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

Woodland

Precedent: Woodland

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

Savanna

Precedent: Oak Savanna

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

Prairie

Precedent: Prairie

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

Restored Trails

Precedent: Restored Trails

The Turkey Mountain Core

Forest

Woodland

Savanna

Prairie

Riparian Lowlands

Multi-Use Dirt Trails

Regional Ashpalt Trail

US-75

US-75

I-44

W 61st St

E 61st St

S Elwood Ave

Riverside Dr

S Peoria Ave

Prairie

SavannaForest

Woodland

Restored Trails

Looking South from Pepsi Lake

Turkey Mountain PeakWater Tank

Powerline Easement

Pepsi Lake

Prairie

Savanna

Sustainable Trails

Forest

Woodland

Lowlands

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

I-44

I-44

W Ske

lly D

r

US-75

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Parking Lot

Precedent: Parking Lot

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

New Entrance Under Rail

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Big Stairs

Precedent: Big Stairs

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Existing Shale Escarpment

Existing Shale Escarpment

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Restored Riparian Corridor

Precedent: Restored Creek Channel

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

Re-Introduced Creek Meander

Precedent: Re-Meandered Creek

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

Regional Trail Connection

Precedent: Regional Asphalt Trail

Precedent: Boardwalks Along Regional Trail

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Family Picknicking

Precedent: Family Picnicking Areas

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Boardwalk Islands

Northeast Access + Mooser Creek

US-75

I-44

W Skelly

Dr

I-44

Re-Introduced Creek Meander

Regional Trail Connection

Boardwalk Islands

Family Picknicking

New Entrance Under Rail

Restored Riparian Corridor

Big Stairs

Existing Shale Escarpment

Looking Southwest from I-44 Bridge

I-44

Pepsi Bottling Plant

Pepsi Lake

Bridge Over Mooser Creek

Northeast Access

New Entrance Under Rail

Regional Path Connection

North Access Along Rail

New Parking Lot

Existing ShaleEscarpment

Looking Southwest from W Skelly Drive

Rail Bridge Over Mooser Creek

Turkey Mountain

Lowland Habitat

Bridge Over Mooser Creek

New Entrance Under Rail

Existing Shale Escarpment

Regional Path Connection

Re-Meandered Creek Bed

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

E 61st St

Riverside Dr

Upper Parking Lot

Johnson Park

Arkansas River

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

Riverside Dr

E 61st St

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

Riverside Dr

E 61st St

Boardwalks over Ponds

Precedent: Boardwalk

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

Riverside Dr

E 61st St

Overlook to Downtown

Precedent: Cliffside Overlook

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

Riverside Dr

E 61st St

Rock Stair Scramble

Precedent: Rock Stair / Scramble

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

Riverside Dr

E 61st StJohnson Bridge Over

Arkansas River

Precedent: American River Bicycle Trail - Sacramento, CA

Boardwalk Overlook and Johnson Park

Riverside Dr

E 61st St

Overlook to Downtown

Johnson Bridge Over Arkansas River

Rock Stair Scramble

Boardwalks over Ponds

Looking West from Johnson Park

Turkey Mountain

Riverside Drive

Johnson Park

Overlook

New Parking Lot

Restored Trails

Johnson Bridge

Rock Stair Scramble

PotentialSports Park

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

71st St BridgeW 71st StS Elw

ood Ave

Riverside Dr

US-75

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Bike-Specific Trails

Precedent: Bike-Specific Trail

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Downhill Bike Trails

Precedent: Downhill Trails

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Contour Flow Trail

Precedent: Contour Flow Trails

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

North Shore Trails

Precedent: “North Shore” or Ladder Trails

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Skills Park

Precedent: Skills Area

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Jumps Park

Precedent: Jumps Course

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Outdoor Velodrome

Precedent: Outdoor Velodrome

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Spectator Pavilion

Precedent: Spectator Pavilion

Bike Park + Water Tank Trails

US-75

Riverside Dr

W 71st St

Jumps Park

Outdoor Velodrome

Contour Flow Trail

North Shore Trails

Skills Park

Spectator Pavilion

Bike-Specific Trails

Downhill Bike Trails

Looking North from the Red Trail

Peak of Turkey Mountain

Downtown Tulsa

Existing Asphalt Path

Jumps Park

Contour Flow Trail

North Shore Trail

Spectator Pavilion

Downhill Bike Trails

Existing Path

Bales ParkS U

nion Ave

US-75

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Event Space

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Gathering Lawn

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Swimming Hole

Precedent: Swimming Hole

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Tree House Village

Precedent: Tree Houses

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Archery Range

Precedent: Archery Range

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Group Picknicking

Precedent: Picnicking

Precedent: WPA-Era Pavilions in Mohawk Park

Bales Park

US-75

US-75

S Union Ave

S Union Ave

Gathering Lawn

Event Space

Swimming HoleTree House Village

Archery Range

Large Pavilion

Group Picknicking

The Hinterlands

I-44

S Union Ave

S 30th W

Ave

Lubell Park

Remington School

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union Ave

Group Camping

Precedent: Group Camping

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union Ave

Aerial Adventure

Precedent: Aerial Adventure

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union Ave

Agility Course

Precedent: Agility Course

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union Ave

Youth Equestrian Co-Op

Precedent: Youth Equestrian Co-op

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union AveMaker Space

Precedent: Maker Space / Trade School

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union Ave

Beginner Bike Trails

Beginner Bike Trails at Lubell Park

The Hinterlands

I-44

W Skelly Dr

W 53rd St

S 30th W

Ave

S Union Ave

Youth Equestrian Co-Op

Maker SpaceAgility Course

Aerial Adventure

Beginner Bike Trails

Group Camping

Looking East from Remington School

Turkey Mountain

Bales ParkUS-75

Aerial Adventure

Bike Trails

Group Camping

Bridge Over Creek

Treehouse Village

Bales Park Bridge

Gathering Lawn

Event SpacePicnic Pavilions

Taken together, the multiple elements that go into the Plan for Turkey Mountain (for instance, the creation of the longest downhill mountain bike trail in Oklahoma) can help increase the Wilderness Area’s role as a destination for Tulsans as well as outside visitors.

Turkey Mountain Has Potential to Make an Imprint on Tulsa’s Identity

A destination for nature recreation to draw outdoors enthusiasts to Tulsa and promote community health.

Restored Nature Can Stimulate Tulsa’s Growth

A Plan to Protect and Preserve Turkey Mountain For Generations to Come.

Turkey Mountain Master Plan