Post on 05-Apr-2018
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Chapter VI
Prenatal and Infant Growth
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The normal process of prenatal and infant
growth is crucial to motor development of
the child. The lenght, weight, physique, and
maturational level of the child plays an
important role in his or her acquistion and
performance of rudimentary movement
patterns.
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Female Anatomy - Fertilization
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Fertilization and Implantation
Batshaw, M.L. et al (2007) Pg 24
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Prenatal Development: The Germinal
Stage
The one-celled zygotecreated at conceptiondivides by mitosis into 2genetically identical cellswithin 12 to 15 hours...and then another divisionto make 4 cells within thenext 12-15 hours... and soforth. By the third dayfollowing conception thecells have divided to form
a small ball that is knownas a morula. Themorula /blastocyst entersthe uterus and begins toimplant in the blood richlining of the uterus
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Embryo and Placental Formation
At one end of the blastocyst are cells that make upthe inner cell mass, which is destined to produce the
embryo
At the other end of the blastocyst is a mass of cells
that become the trophoblasts that progressively formthe placenta.
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Germinal Stage: Implantation
Implantation occurs when theblastocyst sinks into theendometrium.
Through the action ofhormones produced by theblastocyst, an intensivechemical exchange occursbetween the blastocyst and themother's tissue to signal itspresence in the uterus.
This exchange temporarilyimpairs the mother's immunesystem to prevent antibodiesfrom attacking the blastocystas foreign matter.
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Germinal Layers During the 2nd week after
conception, the inner cell
mass of the blastocyststructure separates into threedistinct layers
The outer layer or theectoderm ultimately forms the
skin, hair, sweat glands, theteeth, salivary glands, and thespinal cord (including thebrain). The middle layer, ormesoderm, will form themuscle, connective tissue,
bone, and blood vessels. The inner layer orendoderm,
will form most of the internalorgans (lungs, cardiac,digestive, and urinary
systems)
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Germinal Layers
These three layers are differentiated by the thirdweek following conception. They will continue toproliferate into the various organ system tissuesduring the embryonic period of prenatal
development.
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Embryonic Stage
From week three to week8 after ovulation and
fertilization
First trimester: Period of
prenatal development
when the most
permanent damage to
the embryo can take
place
Exposure to teratogenscan lead to structural
abnormalities and even
fetal death;
spontaneous abortionvs. no affect
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Prenatal Development: The Fetal Stage
Embryonic development: The primary organ
structures for all
internal/external structures
are present by the 15th day
after implantation
Fetal Stage: Months 3-9 Second & Third Trimesters
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During the childs first year there are rapid
gains in both weight and lenght.
Birth weight is doubled by the fifth month,
almost tripled by the end of the first year.
Length increasess to around 30 inches by
the first birthday.
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By age 2 boy have attained about 50
percent of their adult height and girls about
53 percent (Bayley, 1954)