Post on 04-Dec-2014
description
Tobacco – a special briefing for journalists
In association with the National Press Foundation
Professor Bill Bellew The Union
Acknowledgments: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney Anne Jones OAM: ASH Australia
Firstly – what do we know already?• For 3-5 minutes• Talk to person next to you (2s or 3s)• What ‘facts’ do you already know about Tobacco
Use / Tobacco Control?• For example, could be
– health effects, nature of the product– efforts to prevent/ control tobacco– issues about the tobacco industry– typical media stories/ representation of the issue – other
Secondly – what’s your opportunity?
• What are the potential THEMES and STORYLINES around tobacco?
• For 3-5 minutes• Talk in small groups (4s or 5s)• We’ll hear your ideas in the whole group
Overview•History•Health impact•Tobacco control•The tobacco industry
history
The only legal consumer product that kills half of its users when used as directed by the manufacturer.
TOBACCO IN HISTORY
• TOBACCO USE IS THOUSANDS OF YEARS OLD• 3500 BC, people in Peru and Mexico used tobacco (both
chewed or smoked) and there are records indicating that they regarded it as a valuable, tradable substance.
• 600-1000 CE: UAXACTUN, GUATEMALA. First pictorial record of smoking
• A pottery vessel found here dates from before the 11th century. On it a Mayan is depicted smoking a roll of tobacco leaves tied with a string.
• The Mayan term for smoking was sik'arRead more: http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/19/Smokelesstobacco.html#ixzz14eySSSie
Sir Walter Raleigh1552 – 1618
www.luminarium.org
Often credited with ‘discovering Tobacco and introducing it to theEuropeans
In fact it was introduced earlier, by the Spanish
1492-11 Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres Discover Smoking
Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, in Cuba searching for the Khan of Cathay (China), are credited with first observing smoking. They reported that the natives wrapped dried tobacco leaves in palm or maize "in the manner of a musket formed of paper." After lighting one end, they commenced "drinking" the smoke through the other. Jerez became a confirmed smoker, and is thought to be the first outside of the Americas. - became the First European Smoker http://logicophilosophicus.org
Jean Nicot 1530-1600
• French diplomat who introduced tobacco to the French court. • 1560, while serving as ambassador in Portugal, he was shown
a tobacco plant in the garden of Lisbon botanist Damião de Goes, who claimed it had healing properties.
• Nicot sent home seeds and leaves of tobacco, recommending its therapeutic value. Nicot also sent snuff to Catherine de Medici, the Queen of France to treat her migraine headaches.
• She was impressed with its results. The tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, and its active substance, nicotine, derive their names from him. http://www.britannica.com
Nicotiana tabacum
http://www.scientificamerican.com http://www.britannica.com
Tobacco – all pervasive!
Tobacco – industry exposed
health impact
More than 4000 chemicals have been identified in cigarette smoke – some of them are shown)
Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing affected cells from carrying a full load of oxygen.
Carcinogens in tobacco smoke damage important genes that control the growth of cells, causing them to grow abnormally or to reproduce too rapidly.
Smoking affects the working of the immune system and may increase the risk for respiratory and other infections.
Source: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2009: implementing smoke-free environments (2009
http://drugabuse.gov/NIDA_notes/NNVol22N2/Imaging.html
2008 Study
42nd
Nicotine Receptors in the Brain
42nd
NIDA Vol. 20, No. 2 (August 2005)
http://archives.drugabuse.gov/NIDA_notes/NNvol20N2/Site.html
42nd
A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Lopez AD, Collishaw NE, Piha T. Tobacco Control, 1994; 3: 242-247.
Four Stages of the Tobacco Epidemic
Stage one: steep rise of smoking prevalence among male population
A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Lopez AD, Collishaw NE, Piha T. Tobacco Control, 1994; 3: 242-247.
Four Stages of the Tobacco Epidemic
Stage two: increase of female smokers, 50 % or more increase of male smokers
Four Stages of the Tobacco Epidemic
Stage three: a plateau and a slow decrease in smoking among males, plateau in female smokers
Four Stages of the Tobacco Epidemic
Stage four: a plateau and decrease of prevalence among females, further decrease among males.
India - 10 lakh (1 million) victims study
How Times of India reported the
‘10 lakh victims’ landmark study; March 2008
Conclusions of the study:• In 2010, smoking estimated to cause about 930,000 adult deaths in India; of the dead, about 70% (90,000 women and 580,000 men) will be between the ages of 30 and 69 years.• Because of population growth, the absolute number of deaths in this age group is rising by about 3% per year.• Among 30-69 year-olds studied, smoking doubled the risk of death from any medical cause among women and increased this risk by 70% among men;• Tobacco was responsible for 1 in 5 of all male deaths and 1 in 20 of all female deaths in middle age (30-69 years);• Daily smoking of even a small amount of tobacco was associated with an increased death rate.
• Compared with non-smokers, smokers had greater rates of deaths that were chiefly due to tuberculosis (women three times the risk, men 2.3 times the risk of dying from TB); excess deaths also resulted from respiratory and vascular diseases, as well as from cancers.
Tobacco use is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death in the world
Source: WHO MPOWER: a policy package to reverse the tobacco epidemic (2008)
Second-hand tobacco smoke KILLS
• Combination of smoke emitted from the burning end of a tobacco product and smoke exhaled by the smoker
• Contains thousands of known chemicals
• 250 toxins or known carcinogens
No safe level of exposure
Exposure to second-hand smoke causes death and disease
Source: Office of the U.S. Surgeon General. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon General, 2006
Globally, SHS exposure is high
• Most workers are not protected from SHS exposure
• Worldwide, for children in school aged 13-15, – 44% are exposed to smoke in the home, and – 56% are exposed in public places (data from 132 countries)
tobacco control
What is the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)?
– A legally-binding international treaty to which 171 countries are Parties. This means those countries have agreed to be bound by the FCTC’s obligations.
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
176
WHO FCTC and MPOWER are tools to implement the most effective tobacco
control interventions
• Each measure can be powerful on its own• Comprehensive implementation is best:
Individual effects of policies + synchronistic impacts of combination of policies
WHO MPOWER Package
monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
protect people from tobacco smoke
offer help to quit tobacco usewarn about the dangers of
tobaccoenforce bans on tobacco
advertising, promotion and sponsorship
raise taxes on tobacco
MPOWER and FCTC are “two sides of the same coin” (most effective tobacco control strategies)
WHO FCTC
• All Parties to the FCTC are required to submit regular reports on progress (every 2-3 years)
• The Framework Convention Secretariat provides regular summary reports on progress
Protection from second-hand smoke
WHO FCTC 2009 Summary Report on global progress in th implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. FCS. http://www.who.int/fctc/secretariat/en/
A recommended package
Cigarette sm
oke contains 60 cancer causing chem
icals
Shocking picture
Warning on top part of pack
Non-misleading ingredient information Clear text warning,
quitting encouragement
PLAIN PACKAGING: No branding, standard background, no misleading descriptors
Warning is 80% of main surface
LONGBEACH4 0 C igarett e s
Parallel to the top of the principal display
surfaces
Parallel to the top of and as close as possible to the top edge of the principal
display surfaces
http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/internet/yourhealth/publishing.nsf/content/ictstpa
Japan, October 2010 – POS advertising at vending machine
Camel Smoking Room
Frankfurt Airport 10 November 2010
tobacco industry
Tobacco’s global epidemic5.4 m deaths every year
175m deaths by 2030 with vast majority in LMICs
Of the 1 billion smokers alive today, 500m will be killed by tobacco
Spread not by a virus but by marketing tactics of a powerful global tobacco industry (TI).
Acknowledgment: ASH Australia; Anne Jones
The Tobacco Industry is different
“Tobacco is the only legally available consumer product which kills people when used entirely as intended”
(The Oxford Medical Companion, 1994)
“No sir, nicotine is not addictive” Tobacco Executives 1994
Acknowledgment: ASH Australia; Anne Jones
The Tobacco IndustryWho are they?
Tobacco companies: Philip Morris, BATA, Imperial plus several smaller companies Many other names/ identities depending on the country Sometimes owned by the government
Shareholders, interrelated companies High profile individuals Associated interests: retail, hospitality, gaming Front groups Lobbyists, legal advisers, consultants, think tanks Charities accepting TI funding Governments and politicians accepting donations,
hospitality
Acknowledgment: ASH Australia; Anne Jones
ChinaVietnamPDR KoreaThailandMyanmarLaos
EgyptLibyaIranIraqYemenSyriaTunisiaAlgeria
BulgariaMoldovaBosnia
Source: Tobacco Atlas 2011
State OwnedMonopolies
TI – your sources of information?• The industry itself – company websites• TI documents• TI and related industry publications• Court records• Freedom of Information requests• Mandatory filings with governments under
FCTC• Monitoring of marketing tactics and activites
Acknowledgment: ASH Australia; Anne Jones
Industry secrets reveal ‘true colours’
Industry documents, now reviewed and cited in many reports and publications provide evidence of how the tobacco corporations:• knew their products were harmful;• knew that nicotine was highly addictive;• publicly denied the dangers of tobacco use and
exposure to second-hand smoke and the addictiveness of tobacco use; and
• continued to target young people with advertising and promotions to perpetuate the use of their products
Evidence shows… The Tobacco Industry spends billions each year
- misinforming governments, politicians, businesses, public
- hiding health harm, duping smokers- targeting young people and users with advertising, promotions and sponsorships- opposing tobacco control legislation and policies
If these tactics are not countered they will succeed in further blocking and delaying reforms leading to more preventable loss of life, chronic diseases and costs
Reinvent Image
Intimidate & harass
Keep product
affordable
Influence Politicians
Lobby, influence legislationTAPS
Undermine Science
Manipulate Media
Create illusion of support?
TOBACCO INDUSTRY INTERFERENCE
STRATEGIES
Electronic Cigarettes
Further trials are necessary to confirm these results and especially, to try electronic cigarettes as a strategy for smoking cessation among smokers who are motivated to quit. Nevertheless, the results of this initial clinical trial are encouraging
Subliminal and not-so-subliminal advertising in moviesJohnny Depp smokes an e-cigarette in “the Tourist” and later reverts to real cigarettes (2011)
E cigarettes do not help one quit.
Busting Tobacco Industry Myths
Simon ChapmanProfessor of Public Health
University of Sydney
Courtesy of:
3 areas where myths abound
• Health effects• Marketing targets (“we don’t want kids to
smoke)• Economic impacts (“tobacco control will ruin
business & the economy”)
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
The scream test
• What does the tobacco industry complain about & lobby against?
• What does the tobacco industry support?
• What should the answers to these questions tell us?
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
From sales data, the tobaccoindustry knows the immediate, medium & long term impact of every marketing & tobacco controlvariable
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
What does the tobacco industry “scream” about?
• Tax rises• Smoking restrictions/denormalisation• Advertising bans• Big, hard-hitting TV campaigns• Picture-warnings on packs• Plain “generic” packs
The ‘Scream Test’
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
What does the tobacco industry support?
• Voluntary codes of advertising control• Small, general pack warnings• Separate smoking areas• Signage in shops re not selling to kids• Pamphlets, advice on quitting
Industry Tactic – False cooperation
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
Industry lines on Health effects
• For decades, tobacco industry denied tobacco caused disease
• Availability of millions of internal industry documents (1998) showed they knew dangers for many years
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
Economic myths1. Tobacco control will:• reduce tax receipts to government• put 1000s out of work
2. Smokefree restaurants, bars will:• not work (people will ignore .. Smoking “police”
needed)• cause major economic losses
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
No loss of revenue to governments
Smoke-Free Workplace Laws Do Not Harm Businesses
Source: Philip Morris Internal Document
Acknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Sal
es i
n $
Bil
lio
ns
Smoke-Free Workplace Laws Aren’t Bad for Business – Sales
Smoke-free Restaurants
Smoke-free Bars
Taxable sales in CaliforniaSource: California Board of Equalization.
Bars/Restaurants Serving Beer\Wine Only
Bars/Restaurants Serving All Alcohol
770000790000810000830000850000870000890000910000930000950000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Nu
mb
er
of
Em
plo
ye
es
Smoke-free Restaurants
Smoke-free Bars
Source: State of California, Employment Development Department, Labor Force Statistics, April 2001
Smoke-Free Workplace Laws Aren’t Bad for Business – Jobs
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Per
cent
age NYC
LA
SF
Miami
Source: Office of Tourism, International Trade Association, US Department of Commerce, ITA Survey of International Air Travel.
Smoke-free restaurants in NYC, LA, & SF
Smoke-free bars in LA & SF
There is No Relationship between Smoke-Free Policies and International Travel
US Cities Visited by International Travelers: 1993-2000
Industry Strategies to Stop Smoke-free Workplace Laws
• Create front groups including smokers and restaurant/bar owners
• Manufacture economic impact “studies”• Intensely lobby elected officials• Offer counter proposals and delay tactics• Launch advertising campaigns• Encourage law-breaking and try to overturn
statute after passedAcknowledgment: Prof Simon Chapman: University of Sydney
Reprise• History• Health impact• Tobacco control• The tobacco industry (busting
tobacco industry myths)
42nd
Reprise – what’s in your power?
• What’s your role and responsibility as a journalist re TOBACCO?
• What are the questions your public would like to see addressed ?
• What issues are in the PUBLIC INTEREST that people should read/see/hear about?
SELCECTION OF THE BEST WEBSITES
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION AND RESEARCH
100 articles that every journalist should read about journalism
http://www.upstart.net.au/2010/04/28/100-articles/?mid=5000285
http://www.tobaccofreeunion.org/
http://www.worldlungfoundation.org/
http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/