Post on 25-Dec-2015
1. Militarism & Arms Race1. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] in millions of £s (pounds).
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance System2. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:Triple Alliance:
Britain, France and Russia
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe• Brinkmanship – the practice of threatening to go to war to achieve one’s goals
• Conscription – a military draft
• Mobilization – the process of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war.
SpiesSpies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margaretha Gertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margaretha Gertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
In order to ensure that enough was produced for the war, governments increased their powers, even taking over industries
Free speech was curtailed to prevent dissention that could harm war effort
Used propaganda to sway public opinion
Governments Increase Powers
Governments Increase Powers
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
Britain Joins the WarBritain Joins the War
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Hungarians
Austro-Hungarians
A German Soldier Says
Farewell to His Mother
A German Soldier Says
Farewell to His Mother
A 2 War Front War *Germany had to fight from
both the East (Russia) & West (France)
A 2 War Front War *Germany had to fight from
both the East (Russia) & West (France)
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Trench Warfare – fighting from ditches, protected by barbed wire, led to stalemate
War of attrition – a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attack and heavy losses.
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
“No Man’s Land” = the area of land
between your trench and the enemy trench
“No Man’s Land” = the area of land
between your trench and the enemy trench
Russia experienced a revolution in 1917 and quits the war, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia Drops Out
Russia Drops Out
Other than Europe, the Middle East saw the biggest battles as the Ottomans (Turks) fought Britain, Russia, and France
The Middle EastThe Middle East
Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
G.B. promised the land of Palestine to Arabs if they helped fight the Ottomans
Balfour Declaration
Jews promised a homeland in Palestine if they helped the Allies fight
The Middle East – A Dual Promise
The Middle East – A Dual Promise
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Major reason Allies fighting war was nationalism, and to gain independence for eastern Europe
So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts of world thought that in return for their assistance they would gain independence
This did not happen
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
Japan had alliance with Britain, so entered WW1 on side of Allies
Japan able to take more land (especially from China) during the war
Following the war, Japan was mostly ignored at the peace conference
The Japanese were angry and continued to expand
Japan’s Continued RiseJapan’s Continued Rise
Neutrality Helps
As Europe became embroiled in war, the U.S. benefitted economically
Sold war supplies and, along with Japan, became major exporter, replacing Europeans in many parts of world
This would remain after the war
The War of the
Industrial Revolution:
NewTechnology
The War of the
Industrial Revolution:
NewTechnology
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Versailles Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and
disarmament
Leads to social and economic problems in Germany
Wilson’s self-determination not granted around the world, only eastern Europe (see map)
Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
15,000,000 Dead from WWI
15,000,000 Dead from WWI
Another 20 million wounded
Another 20 million wounded