Post on 17-Jan-2016
The SESAME* Story
*Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East
Chris Llewellyn SmithDirector of Energy Research, Oxford University
President SESAME Council
‘Science for Peace’Two organisations created under the umbrella of UNESCO:
CERN
Conceived late 1940s - two aims:
•Enable construction of a facility beyond means of individual members
•Foster cooperation between peoples recently in conflict
SESAME
Conceived late 1990s with the same aims:
•Members: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey
•Hope start commissioning mid 2016
It will work politically provided science is first class
Location of SESAME
Observers:Observers: Brazil, China, EU, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA
SESAME is a 3rd generation light-source (‘very powerful flash lamp → microscope’) under construction near Amman
BAHRAIN
SESAME will foster- science and technology in the Middle East and neighbouring countries (from biology and medical sciences through materials science, chemistry, and physics to archaeology)- cooperation across political divides
Buildings can be used for high-quality Middle East Scientific meetings
There are some 60 synchrotron-light sources in the world
None in the Middle East International Collaboration is the obvious way for countries with relatively small scientific communities and/or limited science budgets to build a synchrotron-light source
Broad programmes make synchrotron-light sources ideal facilities for building scientific capacity
SESAME will be a user facility: scientists will typically go to SESAME two or three times a year for a week or two to carry out experiments, in collaboration with scientists from other institutions/countries
The electromagnetic field surrounding the electrons is unable to respond instantaneously when the electrons are deflected; some of the energy in the field keeps going, producing a tangential cone of synchrotron radiation. As the electrons’ energy increases, the cone of radiation narrows, and the radiated power goes up dramatically.
In third generation sources, devices in straight sections (wigglers, undulators) put magnetic ‘bumps in the road’ – radiation from successive bumps adds to make much a more intense beam
Synchrotron RadiationSynchrotron Radiation
Inside the SESAME Experimental Hall -Schematic
Shielding houses electron accelerator and storage ring
Intense beams of light (infra-red to X-rays) generated by circulating electrons exit through ports in the shielding
Shielding houses electron source, pre-accelerator and booster synchrotron
Experimental Hall May 2012
Booster November 2013Beam stored & brought to full energy (800 MeV) September 2014
The highest energy accelerator in the Middle East
Spain : quadrupoles
UK : dipoles
Italy : Dipoles power supply
France : sextupole
coils
Israel : power supplies for quadrupole sand sextupoles
In Addition
Turkey : quadrupole
coils
Germany: vacuum
chambers
Pakistan : sextupoles
Spain girders
Cyprus : sextupoles
Collaboration between CERN, SESAME Members and Observers
Switzerland: controllers + correctors power supplies
First of 16 sectors of the main storage ring at CERN 31 March 2015
X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTUREAND FLUORESCENCE BEAMLINE
VFMVCM
DCMM-SltBPM
Picture of the pre-aligned Beamline Components in the Test Area
VCM: Vertical Collimating MirrorBPM: Beam Position MonitorDCM: Double crystal MonochromatorM-Slt: Monochromatic SlitsVFM : Vertical Focusing Miroor
Science Beginning with Infra-Red Microscope11 proposals approved. First experiments in 2014
e.g. Study of breast cancer by
Fatemeh Elmi, Assistant Professor,
University of Mazandaran, North Iran
+ Randa Mansour and Nisreen
Dahshan, PhD students in the Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Jordan.
Programme with synchrotron-radiation will begin in 2017
Very Brief History of SESAMEVery Brief History of SESAME• Convergence of two ideas – build a light source in the Middle East
(Abdus Salam – early 1980s) + foster projects that cross divides
• Original proposal (1997) - rebuild old 0.8 GeV Berlin Synchrotron (BESSY 1) in the Middle East, as basis for a new international organisation, modelled on CERN
• 1999 - (Interim) Council established under auspices of UNESCO, followed by international advisory committees
• 2002 - decision to build a new 2.5 GeV ring (still using BESSY booster) competitive 3rd generation facility
• Ground breaking (2003); completion of building (2008)
• Commissioning should start mid 2016
SESAME GROUND BREAKING CEREMONY - 6 JANUARY 2003
Training Programme (thanks to external support listed later) Users’ Meetings, Schools, Workshops, Fellowships, visits to operating light-sources,.. . are building technical and scientific capacity in the region
1st Users’ Meeting Amman 2002
SESAME-JSPS School Cairo 2008
10th Users’ Meeting Amman 2012
Began training accelerator expertswho returned to the Middle East
Members of SESAME Accelerator Group, 2007
Now Training ScientistsLeft @ Advanced Light Source Users’ Meeting, Right @ NSLS
SESAME SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
SESAME People’s ThoughtsEngin Ozdas, Hacettepe University, Ankara: “SESAME has created trust and personal friendships between researchers in the member countries and developed countries, which may help solve regional and global political problems”.
“SESAME will provide me a great opportunity to access a synchrotron light source near home. I expect SESAME to support a broad range of science and technology in the Middle East and bring together bright scientific minds”.
Azadeh Shahsavar, pictured at the 8th SESAME Users’ Meeting at Petra (Jordan) in 2009, Iranian PhD student, University of Copenhagen:
Eliezer Rabinovici, Hebrew University and Israeli representative on the SESAME Council: “As a string theorist, I work on parallel universes. I was always curious about what a parallel universe was like, and now I know. I'm living in one when I go to SESAME meetings working hand in hand with our neighbours on a common goal, bringing advanced knowledge to our region”.
Archaeology
Medicine
Environmental Science
Energy Science
Materials Science
Arts
Chemistry
Physics
Synchrotron Radiation
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Cross-Talk Among Disciplines
Life Sciences
• Drug design: common pathogens and diseases in the region
• Natural products
Materials Science
• New materials; semiconductors
• Energy• Catalysis• Extreme conditions (P/T)
EnvironmentalScience
• Air, soil and water pollution
Cultural Heriatge
• Non-destructive analyses of objects
• Chemical composition• Imaging
SESAME Light
SESAME’s SCIENCE: Regional Relevance
Beamline Energy RangeEnergy Range SourceSourceX-ray Absorption Fine Structure/X ray ‐Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XAFS/XRF)
3-30 keV Bending magnet
Infrared spectromicroscopy (IR) 0.01-1 eV Bending magnet
Materials Science (MS) 3-25 keV Multi-pole wigglerMacromolecular Crystallography (MX) 4-14 keV Bending magnet
Small Angle and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS)
8-12 keV Bending magnet
Extreme Ultraviolet spectroscopy (EUV) 10-200 eV Bending magnetSoft X-ray/Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) 0.05-2 keV Elliptically
polarized undulator
PHASE 1 BEAMLINES
SESAME Beamlines Chosen by Users (Users’ Meeting 2003)
Energy range: 3-30 keV. Main components from ROBL-ESRF
X-RAY ABSORPTION BEAMLINE (BASEMA)
Applications: in basic materials science, life sciences and environmental science on the nano-and micro-meter scale. Examples: designing new materials and improving catalysts , e.g. for the petrochemical industries, determining bonding structure and identification of the chemical composition of fossils and of valuable paintings in a non-invasive mannerNote: IAEA CRP on: “Absorption and Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soils in Vicinity of Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers” + “Synchrotron Based XRF/XAFS Techniques in Tracking Pollution (Air/Soil) in some Arab Countries” – involves SESAME, Egypt & Jordan; provides access to ELETTRA synchrotron in Italy.
INFRARED BEAMLINE (EMIRA)Energy range: 0.01-1 eV. New beamline built from scratch
Applications: in molecular biology, environmental studies, materials and archaeological sciences.
Examples: studies on cells and tissues without the need for chemical fixing, mapping breast cancer cells; characterization of mineral distribution in plant tissues.
MATERIALS SCIENCE BEAMLINE (SUSAM)Energy range: 3-25 KeV. Main components from Swiss Light Source
This beamline is used for collecting powder diffraction (PD) data. PD is a powerful tool for studying disordered/amorphous material on the atomic scale and the evolution of nano-scale structures and materials in extreme conditions of pressure and temperatureExamples: development and characterization of new smart materials, characterization of new organo-metalic materials for energy storage
SAXS analysis of proteins involved in Cd tolerance
I. Cakmak
Aydin M. 2011, Bilecen et al., 2005
Studies on proteins involved in metal homeostasis in wheat
XRF analyses for enhancement of Zn content of seeds
Control 2μM 5μM 10μM 20μM
SAXS/WAXS PROJECTS
Courtesy I. Cakmak
Increasing Cd concentration→
Support from: SESAME Members• Provide operating budget – manpower, consumables, electricity…• Capital funding – special contributions from Iran, Israel, Jordan,
Turkey – hoping others will join• Jordan – provided land and building + cash from Royal Court
External:
• Advice – from members of Advisory Committees; visits
• Equipment – many donations of equipment surplus to requirements
• Training – support from Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, EU, IAEA, UNESCO
Plus• Cash – from the EU, Italy, ….
SESAME benefits from the advice of leading scientists from around the world who serve on the Scientific & Beamlines Advisory Committee (seen here in November 2010) and the Technical
Advisory Committee
1
7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 162 3
46
5
1- SESAME (Jordan) 2- CLS (Canada) 3- Stanford Univ. (USA) 4- ALBA (Spain) 5- Soleil (France) 6- Sabanci Univ. (Turkey) 7- Elettra (Italy) 8- ALS (USA) 9- Soleil (France) 10- SESAME (Jordan) 11- Oxford Univ. (UK) 12- CERN (Switzerland) 13- Al-Quds Univ. (Palestinian Authority) 14- LBNL (USA) 15- PSI (Switzerland) 16- Hacettepe Univ. (Turkey)
Nobel Laureates visit SESAME site in June 2008
45 Laureates have endorsed SESAME “as a beacon, demonstrating how shared scientific initiatives can help light
the way towards peace”
There are challenges
• Solving problems involving travel restrictions, sanctions on Iran,…• Finding funding for provision of conference centre, full suite of Phase 1 beamlines,….
But thanks to Iran, Israel, Jordan and Turkey each providing $5 million, $11.3 million from the EU, €2.35 million from Italy, the Members’ Annual contributions, etc…the funding gap is now relatively small and an enormous amount has been achieved:
STATUSSTATUS
• Construction is progressing well – on track for commissioning to start in mid 2016
• Experimental programme (in molecular biology, environmental studies, materials, archaeology sciences,…..) on track to begin in 2017
• The training program is building capacity in the region
Beyond SESAME?
SESAME is planning to build a guest house to be available on day one:
This will be followed by a Conference Centre:
When SESAME is not in operation, SESAME will be able to house meetings on other topics (food, water, archaeology, ...) in secure/easily accessible surroundings
Dream: this will lead to other joint facilities & collaborations
SESAME is:
A working example of Arab-Israeli-Iranian-Turkish-Cypriot-Pakistani collaboration
o Senior scientists and administrators from the region are working together to govern SESAME through the Council, with input from scientists from around the world through its Advisory Committees
o Young and senior scientists from the region are collaborating in preparing the scientific programme (Users’ Meetings, Workshops)
Already building scientific and technical capacity in the region through the extensive training programme (Fellowships, Visits, Schools)
SESAME
Will soon be producing science
Would welcome new Members
For further information see www.sesame.org.jo and CERN Courier July 2015