Post on 05-Oct-2020
The Role of Potable Reuse as a
Sustainable Water Supply
Alternative
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
California Nevada Section – Annual Fall ConferenceOctober 23, 2014 Reno, NV
NWRI:
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• 501c3 Nonprofit• Joint Powers Authority• Water and Wastewater Agency Members• Research and Education• Potable Reuse Independent Advisory Panels:
– OCWD/OCSD Goundwater Replenishment System– San Diego IPR/Surface Water Augmentation– LADWP/BOS Groundwater Recharge Project– Tucson, AZ – El Paso, TX (Direct Potable Reuse)– Olympia, WA– Pure Water Monterey GW Replenishment– Santa Clara Valley Water District Potable Reuse
• Direct Potable Reuse– DPR Expert Panel for SWRCB Division of Drinking Water
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
NWRI Independent Advisory Panels
Designed for:
• Water and wastewater agencies
• Local, county, and state government agencies
Panels can:
• Validate the project's objectives/approach/progress
• Assure the public and provide credibility
• Promote public policy decisions
NWRI’s Role:
• Administer the panel
• Organized/facilitated 25+ panel in the past 5 years
Current State of Urban Water
4http://www.globalchange.gov/
Challenges
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• Population
• Competing demands
• Infrastructure
• Groundwater overdraft
• Environment
• Climate change
• Fragmented governance
• Water scarcity
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Urban Water Sustainability
• Reliable, drought-proof water supplies
• Use of local water supplies
• Taking conservation to the next level
– Consumer water efficiency rebates
– Consumer plumbing and appliance retrofits
– Require businesses to reduce water footprint
• Designer Water: The right water for the right uses
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How to Think About Wastewater
in the 21st Century
Wastewater is a renewable
recoverable source of energy,
nutrients, and potable water
- George Tchobanoglous, Professor Emeritus, UC Davis
Urban Water Revolution
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David L. Sedlak, Ph.D.Professor, UC Berkeley
Water 3.0: Centralized Vision
WaterIn
Water Treatment
WastewaterTreatment
WaterOut
potablesewage
runoff
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley
Water 4.0: Centralized Vision
WaterIn
Water Treatment
ResourceRecovery
WaterOut
potablesewage
runoff
potable
non-potable
ManagedSurface Water
ManagedAquifer
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley
Distributed Tailored WaterIrrigation
Toilet FlushingGroundwater Recharge
Potable Reuse
Source: David Sedlak, Berkeley
Indirect Potable Reuse
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Solutions
National Research Council (2012)
“…the use of treated wastewater for
beneficial purposes including
irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking
water augmentation – could
significantly increase the nation’s total
available water resources.” NRC 2010
“The committee views the planned
use of reclaimed water to augment
potable water supplies as a
solution of last resort…”
National Research Council – 1998
Traditional Cycle:
Courtesy of Tom Richardson, RMC
De Facto Potable Reuse Courtesy City of San Diego
Indirect Potable Reuse:
Courtesy of Tom Richardson, RMC
IPR: Treatments – Proven
TertiaryWater
ReverseOsmosis(RO)
ConcentrateBackwash
UltravioletLight(UV)
Advanced Treated RecycledWater(ATRW)
H2O2
Micro/Ultrafiltration(MF/UF)
Advanced Oxidation
Courtesy of Tom Richardson, RMC
Implementing IPR
• Limitations with nonpotable water reuse– Cost, storage, dual system
• (Large) increases in water supply– Uses existing infrastructure
• Improves “reliability”– Drought proof and locally controlled
• Sustainable supply– Diversified water portfolio– Optimizes a water supply– Less energy than alternatives– Local resource– Not as susceptible to climate
Water Reuse vs. Ocean Discharge(Los Angeles)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
MGD
Year
Recycled and Discharged to River
Recycled and Beneficially Reused
Ocean Disposal
Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS)
► Orange County, CA
► New 70-MGD (265,000 m3/day or
265 MLD)
► Provides water for 600,000 people
► Treatment processes:
Microfiltration
Reverse osmosis
Advanced oxidation
► Operational since January 2008
Current IPR Projects
• California– Groundwater Replenishment System
– Montebello Forebay (Los Angeles)
– West Basin MWD (Los Angeles)
– Water Replenishment District
– Inland Empire Utilities Agency
• U.S.– Upper Occoquan Project (Virginia)
– Scottsdale (Arizona)
– El Paso (Texas)
– Aurora (Colorado)
• International– Singapore
– Australia
San Diego, California
IPR: San Diego – Reservoir Augmentation
Direct Potable Reuse
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Solutions
Direct Potable Reuse:
Courtesy of Tom Richardson, RMC
Direct Potable?
Lake E.V. Spence
3-24-11, 2.24% Full
8-20-12, 0.27% Full
8/29/2012 NWRI Workshop - Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse
Colorado River Municipal Water District (Big Spring, TX)
Big Spring (TX) Reclamation Project
8/29/2012 NWRI Workshop - Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse
Startup – 2013
8/29/2012 NWRI Workshop - Criteria for Direct Potable Reuse
DPR – Key Research Questions
• Treatment requirements – To protect public health
– Need for criteria for pathogen and chemical removals
• On-line monitoring– “Real-time” monitoring
• Treatment technologies– Failsafe approach
– Defining reliability
• Source water management (Source Control)
• Response time (respond to failure)
• Public perception
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
California Potable Reuse Legislation
SB 918* (2010) – Directed the following:– Adopt criteria for groundwater recharge (December 31, 2013)
– Adopt criteria for surface water augmentation (December 31, 2016)**
– Investigate the feasibility of developing criteria for DPR**
SB 322* (2013) – Directed the following:– Convene Expert Panel by February 15, 2014
– Identify research for DPR
– Convene an Advisory Panel for DPR “to advise the Expert Panel”
• Consists of Stakeholders
– Prepare Expert Panel draft report by June 30, 2016
* Amends sections of the California Water Code related to recycled water.
** Expert Panel required to advise DDW on these topics.
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
Development of Water Recycling Criteria for IPR
through Surface Water Augmentation
and the Feasibility of Developing Criteria for DPR
Sponsored by the SWRCB’s Division of Drinking Water
NWRI Expert Panel
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
Expert Panel “Organization”
CA State Water Resources Control Board
Division of Drinking Water
(Cindy Forbes, Div. Director; and Bruce Burton)
Research
(WateReuse Research Foundation, etc.)
Expert Panel
(Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook, Co-Chairs)
DPR Advisory Committee
(Garry Brown, Chair)
NWRI
(Jeff Mosher)
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
DPR Advisory Committee
1. Advisory committee members selected by DDW
• Include: water and wastewater agencies, local public health officers, environmental organizations, environmental justice organizations, public health organizations, the state board, EPA, and ratepayer or taxpayer advocate organizations.
2. Advisory committee consulted for the selection of Expert Panel members (completed)
3. Advise expert panel regarding developing DPR criteria (ongoing)
4. Subject to Bagley-Keene Open Meeting Act
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
DPR Advisory Committee• Chair: Garry Brown, Orange County Coastkeeper
• Randy Barnard, DDW (SWRCB)
• Conner Everts, Environmental Justice Coalition for Water
• Jim Fiedler, Santa Clara Valley Water District
• Al Lau, Padre Dam Municipal Water District
• Bruce Macler, U.S. EPA
• Traci Minamide, LA Bureau of Sanitation
• Charles Mosher, Mariposa County Health Department
• Alisa Reinhardt, San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce
• Keith Solar, San Diego County Taxpayers Association
• Fran Spivy-Weber, SWRCB Board Member
• Marsi Steirer, City of San Diego
• Ray Tremblay, Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts
• Andria Ventura, Clean Water Action
• Mike Wehner, Orange County Water District
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
Expert Panel Tasks
1. Assess what, if any, additional areas of research are needed for establishing criteria for DPR
2. Advise DDW on public health issues and scientific and technical matters regarding the development of surface water augmentation (IPR) criteria
3. Advise DDW on public health issues and scientific and technical matters regarding the feasibility of developing criteria for DPR
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
Expert Panel Members
Co-Chairs
• Adam Olivieri, Dr.P.H., P.E., EOA, Inc. (CA)
• James Crook, Ph.D., P.E., Environmental Engineering Consultant (MA)
Panel Members
• Michael Anderson, Ph.D., University of California, Riverside (CA)
• Richard Bull, Ph.D., MoBull Consulting (WA)
• Dr.-Ing. Jörg Drewes, Technische Universität München (Germany)
• Charles Haas, Ph.D., Drexel University (PA)
• Walter Jakubowski, M.S., WaltJay Consulting (WA)
• Perry McCarty, Sc.D., Stanford University (CA)
• Kara Nelson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley (CA)
• Joan Rose, Ph.D., Michigan State University (MI)
• David Sedlak, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley (CA)
• Tim Wade, Ph.D., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (NC)
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
NWRI Expert Panel for DDW
Jeff Mosher, NWRI Executive Director
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
DDW DPR Websites
Expert Panel: http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/RW_SWA_DPRexpertpanel.shtml
Advisory Committee: http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/RW_DPR_advisorygroup.shtml
Water Code: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=wat&group=13001-14000&file=13560-13569
Examples
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Solutions
Orange County Sanitation District
“Resource Recovery”
SolidsReuse
SolidsDewatering
Reclaim/Effluent
Digesters
Influent
Energyto Plant
Digester Gas
Heat
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
SecondaryTreatment
Solids Processing
Central Power Generation System
Engines
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Nitrogen recovery
Dual Flush Toilets
Inland Empire Utilities Agency
Sustainability Investments
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Air and Solar Energy
Fuel Cells
Composting Facility
Stormwater
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• Manage a resource
• Use of:
– Green infrastructure
– Rain gardens
• Potential:
– Water supply
– Water quality improvements
• Watershed approach
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Source: WERF
Sustainable Water Management
• Water use efficiency
• Groundwater management
• Stormwater capture
• Reservoir management
• Recycled water (potable and nonpotable)
• Brackish and ocean desalination
• Integrated water management
• Increased reliability
Need for Acceptance
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Public Perception
Is “public attitude” the biggest challenge
to potable reuse and other innovations?
Psychology of Water Reuse
• Human Reactions to Water Reuse – WateReuse Foundation (Brent Haddad 2004)
– Workshop with psychologists
– “Law of Contagion” – once in contact always in contact (“salad and cockroach”)
– Not fully subject to logic and science
– But you can deal with these through “framing”
• Process to categorize and ignore parts of reality
• Frame things out of awareness
• Not think about where something has been (forks, plates)
StronglyFavor
SomewhatFavor
SomewhatOppose
StonglyOppose
Unsure0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
10%
16%
19%
45%
10%
35%33%
12% 11%9%
36% 37%
12% 11%
4%
2004
2011
2012
Use Advanced Treated Recycled Water as an Addition to Drinking Water Supply
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Urban Water Sustainability
• Manage water as a resource
• Diverse and multiple strategies
• Innovative solutions
• Regional solutions
• Decentralized systems– Graywater
– Rain water harvesting
• Integrated water management
• Need for research
Thank you!
Jeff Mosher
National Water Research Institute
Fountain Valley, CA
jmosher@nwri-usa.org
(714) 378-3278