Post on 27-Dec-2015
The Problems of Overpopulation
Chapter 9
Question:What are some of the factors
contributing to World Hunger?
ANSWER: World Hunger related to…
1.1. PovertyPoverty2.2. Inequitable distributionInequitable distribution of resources of resources(Modern agriculture produces enough food (Modern agriculture produces enough food
to adequately feed everyone, but the to adequately feed everyone, but the food is unevenly distributed.)food is unevenly distributed.)
3. 3. OverpopulationOverpopulation (demand on resources (demand on resources results in environmental damage.results in environmental damage.
Exact causes are unclear…Exact causes are unclear…
http://www.hereinreality.com/deathclock.html
Population and Quality of Life
1. Environmental degradation
2. Hunger
3. Persistent poverty
4. Economic stagnation
5. Urban deterioration
6. Health issues
Primary problems with overpopulation:
Rapid Increase of Population adds to
1.1. human problems (disease)human problems (disease)
2.2. environmental problems environmental problems (environmental degradation)(environmental degradation)
3.3. povertypoverty
4.4. urban problems (crime, quality of life, urban problems (crime, quality of life, homelessness)homelessness)
5.5. UrbanizationUrbanization: Increasing convergence of rural : Increasing convergence of rural people to cities.people to cities.
2 types of overpopulation
1)People overpopulation1)People overpopulation
2)Consumption population.2)Consumption population.
People overpopulation
Environment suffers due to too many peopleEnvironment suffers due to too many people
Usually occurs in developing countries.Usually occurs in developing countries.
Consumption population
ConsumptionConsumption: the human use of : the human use of materials and energy.materials and energy.
Consumption OverpopulationConsumption Overpopulation: occurs : occurs when each individual consumes too when each individual consumes too much in highly developed countries.much in highly developed countries.
Consumption population
Voluntary SimplicityVoluntary Simplicity: attempts to reduce : attempts to reduce consumption.consumption.
““Live simply so that others may simply Live simply so that others may simply live.”live.”
National Research CouncilNational Research Council: examines U.S. : examines U.S. consumption.consumption.
Worldwatch InstituteWorldwatch Institute: calculates the quantity : calculates the quantity ofof materials consumed annually in the U.S.materials consumed annually in the U.S.
http://www.poverty.com/index.html
The highest fertility rates are found The highest fertility rates are found in the countries with the greatest in the countries with the greatest
shortages.shortages.
According to the United Nations about 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes. This is one person every three and a half seconds.
Numbers at a Glance from Ethiopia Numbers at a Glance from Ethiopia
• 6 percent of births are attended by a skilled health professional;
• 1 in 4 women dies in pregnancy or childbirth; • 4 million children are orphaned, nearly 1 million
by AIDS; • Only 18 percent of children reach grade five.
Total fertility rateTotal fertility rate is the average number of is the average number of children born to each woman.children born to each woman.Example Egypt in 1960 TFR was 7.0 Example Egypt in 1960 TFR was 7.0 was reduced to a was reduced to a
TFR of 3.3 in 2000TFR of 3.3 in 2000. . 55% of married Egyptian women now use 55% of married Egyptian women now use
contraception.contraception.
St. Lucia TFR declined from 3.8 in 1990 to 2.2 in 2004St. Lucia TFR declined from 3.8 in 1990 to 2.2 in 2004
Egypt now allows use of contraception due to a reinterpretation of Mohammed’s teachings by Islamic scholars (Grand Mufti)
Contraception is OK by me!
It contributes to the social welfare of Muslims.
Family planning helps reduce TFR through education (religion & media), abstinence, legislation & use of contraception.
Oral contraceptives are the most effective form of birth control.And the Nile And the Nile
Flows on…Flows on…
Wait Movies and TV can be used for GOOD??
Family Planning
Faces challenges from various religious and Faces challenges from various religious and cultural traditions. cultural traditions.
Reproductive rights of women. (low status of Reproductive rights of women. (low status of women contributes to High TFR’s)women contributes to High TFR’s)
Countries like China, India, Mexico, and Countries like China, India, Mexico, and Nigeria have attempted to control TFR.Nigeria have attempted to control TFR.
1994 Global Summit on population & 1994 Global Summit on population & Development placed an emphasis on the Development placed an emphasis on the empowerment of women.empowerment of women.
QUESTION: What is the Relationship between
education & Fertility?
QUESTION: What is the Relationship
between education & Fertility?
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.html
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.html
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/bpoveduc.html
Percent married women using any type of contraception
% contraception Total fertility% contraception Total fertility
Population and Quality of Life
Population and World Hunger
Population and Quality of Life
Different proposed strategies for reducing hunger:
1) Strictly control population growth
2) Stimulate economic development
3) Provide better equitability of resources
Population and Quality of LifeEconomic Effects of
Continued Population Growth
Competing hypotheses:
Hyp 1: Rapid population growth ↑economic development + ↑technological innovation.
Why would they think this?
Hyp 2: Rapid population growth does the opposite.
Population and Quality of LifeEconomic Effects of
Continued Population Growth
Debt in Developing Countries
Ecological Footprint.Ecological Footprint.
Developing CountriesDeveloping countriesDeveloping countries have small resource have small resource
demands but large population deplete demands but large population deplete natural resources (renewable & natural resources (renewable & nonrenewable)nonrenewable)
CitiesCities in these countries tend to have in these countries tend to have more more males than females.males than females.
These countries contain These countries contain 80% of the world’s 80% of the world’s population.population.
Rapid growthRapid growth in the poorest cities is the in the poorest cities is the most urgent globalmost urgent global population problem. population problem.
Economic Economic Growth Growth
must be must be greater greater
thanthan population population growth to growth to increase increase
the the standard standard of livingof living..
Developing Countries
U.S. has U.S. has cancelled cancelled debts to debts to
developing developing nations nations (1990-(1990-
1997) in 1997) in excess of excess of
$2.3 $2.3 Billion.Billion.
Developing Countries
Highly Developed CountriesHighly Developed CountriesHighly Developed Countries have large have large
resource demands and deplete natural resource demands and deplete natural resources (renewable & nonrenewable) resources (renewable & nonrenewable) even though population may not be large even though population may not be large in comparison to developing countries.in comparison to developing countries.
These nations produce These nations produce 75% of the worlds 75% of the worlds pollution & waste.pollution & waste.
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Why is Total Fertility Typically High?
• Gender defined roles
• High fertility to compensate for high mortality
• Work expectations of children
• Religious beliefs
What is the Relationship between education & Fertility?
Relationship between education & Fertility
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
• Gender inequity is common worldwide
Percent illiteracy of men and women in select developing countries, 2002
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
• Gender inequity is common worldwide
• Younger age of marriage ↑ fertility rates
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
• Gender inequity is common worldwide
• Younger age of marriage ↑ fertility rates
• Higher level of education ↓ fertility rates
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Family Planning Services
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Family Planning Services
Selected Birth Control Methods
• Oral contraceptives
• Implants
• IUD
• Spermicides
• Condom, male
• Rhythm
Government Policies and Fertility
China’s Controversial Family Planning Policy
One child per family
Main problems with policy:
Eroded personal freedom
Disproportionate number of males born
Government Policies and Fertility
India’s Severe Population Pressure
• Early efforts centered on compulsory sterilization.
(which was a complete failure)
• Currently attempting to integrate economic development and family planning.
(total fertility rates have dropped)
Government Policies and Fertility
Mexico’s Young Age Structure
• Strong positive population growth momentum due to high % young.
• Government measures (e.g., education reform) have reduced the fertility rate.
Government Policies and Fertility
The Population Challenge in Nigeria
• Most populous African country with high a fertility rate.
• Birth control use very low (8%).
• Government attempting to improve health care and encourage marrying later.
Government Policies and Fertility
Population Concerns in Europe:
• Opposite of most areas — fertility rate very low.
• Pronatalists predict overwhelmed pension programs and loss of economic growth.
• Opponents predict technological innovations will spur economic growth and the elderly will be asset to society.
Government Policies and Fertility
Case-in-Point: The Global Summit on Population and Development
Focused on:
• Reproductive rights
• Empowerment of women
• Reproductive health
Achieving Population Stabilization
Discuss some of the ethical issues associated with overpopulation:
• Is it ethical to have more than 2 children?
• Is it ethical to consume to much in the way of material possessions?
• Is it ethical to try to influence a couple’s decision about family size?
Family PlanningFamily Planning: : Past attempts to control populationPast attempts to control population
China: 1 child per couple (+) China: 1 child per couple (+) India: (1970’s) to slow population growth India: (1970’s) to slow population growth
forced sterilization (+) forced sterilization (+) Mexico: Education (soap operas) & healthcare Mexico: Education (soap operas) & healthcare
(+) (+) Nigeria: Education & healthcare (-) Nigeria: Education & healthcare (-) Egypt: Education & healthcare (+) Egypt: Education & healthcare (+)
+/- = the impact on population+/- = the impact on population// = popularity of the attempt = popularity of the attempt
Beginning of chapter 10
Special Tank-yews
Mr. Saccone form Eastchester High School
Mr. Gardineer Mahopac HighSchool
The City as an Ecosystem
UrbanizationUrbanization: urban areas vary by # of people.: urban areas vary by # of people.
US Bureau of Census defines an urban area US Bureau of Census defines an urban area as “a location with 2500 or more people.as “a location with 2500 or more people.
75% of US Population lives in an urban 75% of US Population lives in an urban environment.environment.
http://www.census.gov/
http://www.pe.net/~rksnow/nycountymahopac.htm#statistics
The City as an Ecosystem
Population Population Organization Organization EnvironmentEnvironmentTechnology Technology
PPopulationopulation
OOrganizationrganization
EEnvironmentnvironment
TTechnologyechnology
The City as an Ecosystem
Long Term Ecological Research (LERT)Long Term Ecological Research (LERT) sponsored by sponsored by The National Science The National Science FoundationFoundation looks into urban ecology to looks into urban ecology to assess ecological effects of human settlement.assess ecological effects of human settlement.
BrownfieldsBrownfields: areas of abandoned, : areas of abandoned, vacantvacant factories, warehouses, & residential factories, warehouses, & residential areas that may be contaminated.areas that may be contaminated.
The City as an EcosystemUrban Heat Island: Urban Heat Island: the heat released by paved streets the heat released by paved streets & Buildings is slowly released into the atmosphere.& Buildings is slowly released into the atmosphere.(remember albedo?)(remember albedo?)
The atmosphere over cities is often cloudier &The atmosphere over cities is often cloudier & produces more precipitation than the surroundingproduces more precipitation than the surrounding countryside.countryside.
The City as an EcosystemBenefits of UrbanizationBenefits of Urbanization (+) (+)
Compact Development: Compact Development: cities are often designed cities are often designed to be efficient so that public transport is utilized.to be efficient so that public transport is utilized.
Ex: Curitiba, BrazilEx: Curitiba, Brazil
Compact Development in Compact Development in Portland OregonPortland Oregon
Model of Environmental Impact
Proposed by Proposed by Ehrlich & HoldrenEhrlich & Holdren
I = P x A x TI = P x A x T
Environmental Impact = # of people Environmental Impact = # of people x affluence per person x x affluence per person x technological effect of using and technological effect of using and obtaining resources.obtaining resources.