Post on 14-Jan-2016
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The Physiology and Chemistry of the Brain
Change Across the Night
The Physiology and Chemistry of the Brain
Change Across the Night
A Good Night’s SleepA Good Night’s Sleep
11 PM 1 AM 3 AM 5 AM 7 AM
Wake
I/REM
II
III
IV
Sleep onsetSleep onset
Stage 2 NREMStage 2 NREM
SWSSWS
REM sleepREM sleep
Sleep PhysiologySleep PhysiologyEEG
Wake
Stage 2
Stage 4
REM2 sec
EOGStage 1
Stage 2
REM
EMGWake
Stage 4
REM
Neuromodulation Varies Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle
Neuromodulation Varies Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle
Active Wake
ACh
NE5-HT
Quiet Wake SWS REM
Ach: acetylcholineNE: norepinephrine (noradrenalin)5HT: serotonin
Regional Activation in REM SleepRegional Activation in REM Sleep
Hippocampal-Neocortical DialogHippocampal-Neocortical Dialog
Hippocampus
Neocortex
Sleep Enhances Memory
Sleep Enhances Memory
Sleep Consolidates Perceptual LearningSleep Consolidates
Perceptual Learning
• Vipul Patel• Beth Schirmer• Dana Whidbee• LaTanya James
0
10
20
6 12 18 24
Test interval (h)
Imp
rove
men
t (m
s)Daytime
Overnight
**
*
Time Course of ImprovementTime Course of Improvement
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 7
Days
Imp
rovem
ent
(ms)
Total sleep time (h)
-20
0
20
40
6 7 8 9 10 11
r = 0.62p = 0.006
11 PM 1 AM 3 AM 5 AM 7 AM
Wake
I/REM
II
III
IVSWSSWS
REM sleepREM sleep
Learning Across the NightLearning Across the Night
Quartile
Pea
rso
n r
-val
ue
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 2 3 4
SWS
p = 0.05
p = 0.01
REM
Training
SWS1
REM REM 44v = SWS1 x REM4
Improvement Correlates with Early SWS and Late REM
Improvement Correlates with Early SWS and Late REM
r2 = 0.79 p < 0.0001
0
10
20
30
40
50 100 150 200
Imp
rov
eme
nt
(ms
)
SWS1 x REM4
“24/7” Burn Out!!“24/7” Burn Out!!
• Dan Luskin• Sara Mednick• Neha Pathak
Overtraining on TDT
Naps, SWS, & REMNaps, SWS, & REM
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Improvement (ms)
(n=28)
(n=17)
+SWS+REM
(n=13)
+SWS
(n=13) (n=2)
no nap
60’ nap
90’nap
11 PM 1 AM 3 AM 5 AM 7 AM
Wake
I/REM
II
III
IVSWSSWS
REM sleepREM sleep
Training
SWSStabilize
REM REM
Enhance
Sleep Consolidates Motor Learning
Sleep Consolidates Motor Learning
• Matthew Walker• Tiffany Brakefield• Alexandra Morgan
1 2 3 4
Sequence4-1-3-2-4
Learning Rate Saturates RapidlyLearning Rate Saturates Rapidly
10 PM
10 AM
1
12
Post-training
# S
eq
uen
ces /
30 s
ec
Baseline Training Trials(lasting 12 mins)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
16
20
24
Sleep Enhances PerformanceSleep Enhances Performance
10PM10AM20
22
24
26
28
10AM
SLEEP
p<0.0001
# S
eq
uen
ces /
30
sec
10PM20
22
24
26
28
10PM10AM
p<0.0001
SLEEP
A Good Night’s SleepA Good Night’s Sleep
11 PM 1 AM 3 AM 5 AM 7 AM
Wake
I/REM
II
III
IV Stage 2 NREMStage 2 NREM
25
% Overnight improvement
% Stage 2 NREM sleep – 4th Quarter
r =0.72 p=0.008
45 65 85
10
20
30
40
0
Overnight improvement and Late Stage II Sleep
Overnight improvement and Late Stage II Sleep
Who’s Getting Better?Who’s Getting Better?
Not SchizophrenicsNot Schizophrenics
1
12
10 PM
Post-training
# S
eq
uen
ces /
30 s
ec
Baseline Training Trials(lasting 12 mins)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 AM
Retest Next day
16
20
24
28
Next day
Sz. next day
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Schizo.
Sch
izop
hre
nic
s (s
eq
/30s)
Not SchizophrenicsNot Schizophrenics
Where Are They Getting Better?
Where Are They Getting Better?
R motor cortex hippocampus medial prefrontalL cerebellum(precision) (movement sequencing)(mapping of intent)
Limbic systemParietal cortex(emotional task burden)(consc spatial monitoring)
How Are They Getting Better?How Are They Getting Better?
Sleep Enhances PerformanceSleep Enhances Performance#
Seq
uen
ces /
30
sec
10AM 10PM20
22
24
26
28
10AM
SLEEP
p<0.0001
10PM20
22
24
26
28
10PM10AM
p<0.0001
SLEEP
Sleep Enhances Where NeededSleep Enhances Where Needed
200
400
600
Sequence Transition
Reacti
on
tim
e (
ms)
4 1 3 2 4
125
175
200
Sequence Transition
150
4 1 3 2 4
25
15
5
-5
Perc
en
t Im
pro
vem
en
t
Un
i -
5
Bi -
5
Un
i -
9
Bi -
9
Sleep Enhances Where NeededSleep Enhances Where NeededFastest Transitions
Un
i -
5
Bi -
5
Un
i -
9
Bi -
9
Slowest Transitions
How Smart is Sleep?How Smart is Sleep?
• Carlyle Smith• Jan Born
Complex Problem SolvingComplex Problem Solving
Control group
0
20
40
60
80
100
d 1
Mov
es
0
20
40
60
80
100
Presleep EtOHd 1
Mov
esd 8 d 8
WAKE/NIGHT
WAKE/DAY
ZZZ ...
Development of InsightDevelopment of InsightWagner et al. (2004) Nature 427: 352
11 11 44 44 99 44 99 44
11 99 11 44 44 11 9999
20%
40%
60%
Su
bje
cts
gain
ing
insi
ght
0%
Associative Memory is Altered During Sleep
Associative Memory is Altered During Sleep
• Cindi Rittenhouse• Jen Holmes• Beth Schirmer• Lauri Scott
Semantic Priming
(580 ms)thief wrong
(560 ms)right wrong
paper wrong (600 ms)
0.01 0.17 0.01
Weak
Strong
msec
0
10
20
30
REMNREM PM
New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep OnsetHypnagogic dreams
New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep OnsetHypnagogic dreams
• April Malia• Denise Maguire• David Roddenberry• Karen Emberger• Laura Babkes
Hypnagogic Images of TetrisHypnagogic Images of TetrisHypnagogic Images of TetrisHypnagogic Images of Tetris
Group (n) Nights % Ss % Rpts
Novices 2 75% 10.4%
Experts 2 or 3 50% 4.7%
Reports of Tetris ImageryReports of Tetris Imagery
“Just seeing Tetris shapes floating around in my head like they could in the game, falling down, sort of putting them together in my mind” (JEG - Day 2)
NOVICE
“…seeing in my mind how the game pieces kind of float down and fit into the other pieces and am also rotating them” (TRP - Day 2)
EXPERT
ASSOCIATED IMAGERYASSOCIATED IMAGERY
““I see just a little part of the game for a I see just a little part of the game for a second. It’s weird also, because I don’t see second. It’s weird also, because I don’t see it the way we play it on this computer. I it the way we play it on this computer. I see it like I used to play it at home, where see it like I used to play it at home, where it’s in different colors and stuff like that. it’s in different colors and stuff like that. And the boxes look a little different.” (EH)And the boxes look a little different.” (EH)
Amnesiacs 3 60% 7.4%
Hypnagogic Images of TetrisHypnagogic Images of TetrisHypnagogic Images of TetrisHypnagogic Images of Tetris
Group (n) Nights % Ss % Rpts
Novices 2 75% 10.4%
Experts 2 or 3 50% 4.7%
Reports of Tetris ImageryReports of Tetris Imagery
“Just seeing Tetris shapes floating around in my head like they could in the game, falling down, sort of putting them together in my mind” (JEG - Day 2)
NOVICE
“…seeing in my mind how the game pieces kind of float down and fit into the other pieces and am also rotating them” (TRP - Day 2)
EXPERT
“I see images that are turned on their side. I don’t know what they are from, I wish I could remember, but they’re like blocks” (JEG - Day 2)
AMNESIAC
Learning Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset
(Improved)
Learning Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset
(Improved)
• Karen Emberger• Laura Babkes
Alpine Racer II
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Alpine Racer IIAlpine Racer II
42% of first night reports contain skiing 42% of first night reports contain skiing imageryimagery
3 out of 3 controls who only watched3 out of 3 controls who only watched
Kinesthetic imageryKinesthetic imagery 11 players (69%)11 players (69%) 1 control (33%)1 control (33%)
Skiing imagerySkiing imagery 14 out of 16 players (88%)14 out of 16 players (88%)
Alpine Racer ImagesAlpine Racer Images
““I keep seeing all the places where I fall- like, hit the walls. It’s kind of annoying; and then my legs fly up in the air.” (SEC)
“I can sort of feel the motions of the game but more not really seeing it.” (MLC)
“I envisioned myself skiing, and for a second there it felt like I was skiing backwards - something I used to attempt when I was younger.” (CMD)
Delayed Onset ReportingDelayed Onset Reporting
}REPORTS
Standard protocol0 2 3 4 5 6 7 81
}Math problems
REPORTS
Delayed onset0 2 3 4 5 6 7 81
Delayed Onset ReportsDelayed Onset Reports
"I felt like I was sort of sliding downhill again. And, um ... there were instructions and a person and uh, I don't know." (JAV, rpt 6)
"I was having a rather vivid image as though I was moving forward through some kind of a forest... I was moving forward very stiffly. Um, my entire upper body was incredibly straight ... it felt almost as if I was moving forward on a conveyor belt, and, without my legs actually moving." (MAM, rpt 8)
"I felt as though I was falling downhill. And I was dreaming about like instructions to a young king or something." (JAV, rpt 4)
Sleep, Memory & DreamsSleep, Memory & Dreams
√ The physiology and chemistry of the brain change across the night
√ Sleep consolidates and enhances memory√ Sleep alters associative memory processes√ Sleep finds patterns in our daily experiences,
even when we don’t know that they exist √ And dreams are part of the story