The Nuts and Bolts of Insurance

Ronda Hollis, CPCURisk Management Consultant3/10/05DAS Risk Management

Where Does Insurance, Bonding and Indemnification Fit in the Contracting Process? At the inception of an

idea.

Important Principles That Apply to Any State

Contract

Principle #1

Contractually transfer the appropriate risks relating to the contract to the contractor.

Ask for appropriate insurance and bonds to cover the risk.

Principle #2Do not indemnify an independent

contractor.The state is subject to the Oregon

Tort Claims Act (OTCA). OTCA limits state liability.

Contractors have unlimited liability.Indemnifying a contractor may

harm the state’s defense against a claim and make the state subject to unlimited liability.

Principle #3• Don’t rely on insurance or

bonds to cover all of the risks associated with your contract.

• Many times outcome based statements of work, contract administration, and supervision are far better risk control measures to protect the state’s interests than insurance or bonds.

• Insurance and bonds should be thought of as the safety net that catches us when everything else goes wrong.

Asking for Insurance Coverage Alone Does Not Protect Your Agency From

All the Risks of Contracting

Indemnity/Hold HarmlessA method of contractually transferring

the risk.States that the contractor or service

provider will not hold us responsible for any claims arising out of their negligent acts and that the contractor will pay associated claim costs.

Provides the state with claims protection.Most effective when used in conjunction

with the appropriate insurance clauses.

Other Contract Components Protecting the State’s

Interests• Statement of Work.• Independent Contractor.• Insurance and Bonds.• Representations.• Warranties.• Consideration.

•Retention.•Payment schedule.

How Does Insurance Work?• Insurance policies tend not to overlap with

other types of policies.• There are some perils that insurance

policies just don’t cover:• Intentional Harm or wrongdoing, other

than self-defense.• Crimes, other than defense coverage

until found guilty.• Specialty markets exist for those perils

that are too risky, too small, unpredictable, or not profitable for traditional insurance markets:• Pollution Liability• Professional Liability

Common Policy Parts & Pieces

• Coverages – The Insuring Agreement.–Exclusions – What isn’t covered.

• Who is an Insured – Who is covered by the policy.• Limits of Insurance – How much the insurance

company will pay.• Policy Conditions – Restrictions, duties,

responsibilities.• Definitions – What the terms mean.

What Does “Claims Made” or “Occurrence” Mean?

Insurance policies are written on a “claims made” or “occurrence”

basis. These terms address claims reporting time periods.

A Claims Made policy covers all claims reported and filed during the policy

period.

An Occurrence policy covers all claims arising out of

incidents occurring during the policy period, regardless of whether or not the policy is still in effect at the time that the claim is made.

Coverage Assessment

What kind of

insurance or bonds?

What Does Insurance Really Cover?

Your World has changed!

9-11-01

Common Types of Insurance Coverage

• Commercial General Liability• Automobile Liability • Professional Liability • Workers’ Compensation

Less Common Types of Insurance Coverage

• Crime • Excess or Umbrella Liability • Pollution Liability • Various Inland Marine Policies• Aircraft• Garage and Garagekeepers’ Legal

Liability • Tail Coverage

Commercial General Liability(CGL)

Commercial General Liability (CGL)

Insurance covering “Third Party”:Bodily injury. Property damage.Limited Contractual liability.Products and completed operations.

May also cover personal and advertising injury liability.

General Liability Insurance Myths

• General Liability insurance covers “the indemnification provided in the contract”. – FALSE

• General Liability insurance will cover your entity if the contractor’s work is done “negligently”. – FALSE

• There is “contractual liability” coverage in a General Liability policy.– MOSTLY FALSE

CGL Policy Definitions

Bodily Injury: The injury of physical tissue by an outside force, bodily harm, sickness, or disease.

Personal Injury: Libel, slander, false arrest, and invasion of privacy.

CGL Policy Definitions"Property damage“

means:a. Physical injury to

tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the physical injury that caused it; or

CGL Policy Definitions

"Property damage“ means:b. Loss of use of tangible property that

is not physically injured. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the "occurrence“ that caused it.

For the purposes of this insurance, electronic data is not

tangible property.

CGL Policy Definitions

"Property damage“ means:As used in this definition, electronic data means information, facts or programs stored as or on, created or used on, or transmitted to or from computer software, including systems and applications software, hard or floppy disks, CD-ROMS, tapes, drives, cells, data processing devices or any other media which are used with electronically controlled equipment.

What Does This Really Mean?

A CGL Policy will not pay for losses due to a contractors work on or damage to your agency’s electronic data!

"Products-completed operations hazard“ means:a) Includes all "bodily injury" and "property damage“ occurring away from premises you own or rent and arising out of "your product" or "your work."

CGL Policy Definitions

Except:(1) Products that are still in your physical possession; or(2) Work that has not yet been completed or abandoned.

CGL Policy Definitions "Products-completed operations

hazard“ (continued)

However, "your work" will be deemed completed at the earliest of the following times:(a) When all of the work called for in your contract has been completed.(b) When all of the work to be done at the job site has been completed if your contract calls for work at more than one job site.

CGL Policy Definitions "Products-completed operations

hazard“(Continued)

(c) When that part of the work done at a job site has been put to its intended use by any person or organization other than another contractor or subcontractor working on the same project.

Work that may need service, maintenance,

correction, repair or replacement, but which is otherwise complete, will be

treated as completed.

CGL Policy Definitions "Products-completed operations

hazard“(Continued)

CGL Policy Definitions "Products-completed operations

hazard“(Continued)

Does not include "bodily injury" or "property damage" arising out of:(1) The transportation of property, unless the injury or damage arises out of a condition in or on a vehicle not owned or operated by you, and that condition was created by the "loading or unloading" of that vehicle by any insured;(2) The existence of tools, uninstalled equipment or abandoned or unused materials; or

(3) Products or operations for which the

classification, listed in the Declarations or in a policy

schedule, states that products completed operations are subject to the General Aggregate Limit.

CGL Policy Definitions "Products-completed operations

hazard“(Continued)

What Does This Really Mean?

Products and completed operations coverage pays claims on behalf of the

contractor for damage or injury to third parties resulting from something the

contractor made, repaired, or installed.

The bodily injury or property damage to third parties resulting from the service

would be covered not the contractors actual product.

CGL Policy Definitions(Continued)

Contractual Liability: A portion of Commercial General Liability coverage that allows limited coverage for liability assumed under the contract. The coverage allowed by Contractual Liability includes: Liability assumed under an “insured

contract”. Liability that the insured would have in

the absence of the contract or agreement.

What is an “Insured Contract”?

Per the CGL Policy Definitions, an “Insured Contract” means:•A contract for a lease of premises.•A sidetrack agreement (a railroad term).•Easements.•Agreements required by municipalities as a result of ordinances (not for work done for municipalities). •Elevator maintenance agreements.•Liabilities that “would be imposed by law in the absence of any contract or agreement.”

ImportantCGL Exclusions

1) Personal property in the care, custody

or control of the insured;

What Does This Mean?• CGL will not cover property left in

the care, custody or control of a contractor. This exposure should be covered with an Inland Marine Policy for the Goods of Bailee’s Customers.

2) That particular part of real property on

which you or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on your behalf are

performing operations, if the "property damage“ arises out of those operations; or

ImportantCGL Exclusions

What Does This Mean?• CGL will cover property damaged by

the contractor, except for the “particular” part they are performing work to.

“Particular” Part Example

A plumbing subcontractor working on a DAS owned building accidentally starts the building on fire while soldering copper pipes, and the entire structure is burned down. If DAS sues the builder for the loss, the exclusion in question will apply only to “that particular part” of the structure on which the plumber was working.

Thus, DAS would be covered (on an excess basis over any builders’ risk coverage on the work) for damage to all parts of the building other than the plumbing and all parts of the plumbing system other than the particular part being worked on at the time of the loss.

“Particular” Part Example(continued)

3) That particular part of any property that must be restored, repaired or replaced because "your work" was incorrectly performed on it.

ImportantCGL Exclusions

What Does This Mean?• CGL will not cover a contractor’s

faulty work. This exposure can be covered through a Performance Bond as long as the project has a specific time frame and specifications for the work

ImportantCGL Exclusions

Pollution(1) "Bodily injury" or "property damage"

arising out of the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of "pollutants“.

What Does This Mean?• CGL will not cover any type of pollution,

except under very limited circumstances. If your agency needs to remediate pollution or has a pollution exposure, Pollution Liability coverage is needed.

Important Exceptions to the CGL Pollution Exclusion

• "Bodily injury" if sustained within a building and caused by smoke, fumes, vapor or soot from equipment used to heat that building;

• "Bodily injury" or "property damage“ arising out of heat, smoke or fumes from a "hostile fire";

• "Bodily injury" or "property damage“ arising out of the escape of fuels, lubricants or other operating fluids which are needed to perform the normal electrical, hydraulic or mechanical functions necessary for the operation of "mobile equipment" or its parts, if such fuels, lubricants or other operating fluids escape from a vehicle part designed to hold, store or receive them.

Important Exceptions to the

CGL Pollution Exclusion

Current Case Law• Id. at 479. A tort claim, where there is a

contract between parties, may only proceed where there is some kind of obligation owned by one party to the other beyond the duties that the contract imposes.

• Id. at 477. Examples of such relationships are those between lawyers and clients, doctors and patients, or trustees and beneficiaries. The court has called these “special relationships.”

Jones v. Emerald Pacific Homes, 188 Or App 471, id at 477 & 479

Special Relationships

Only Exist When:• One party has relinquished control

over the subject matter of the relationship to the other party; and

• Has placed its potential monetary liability in the other’s hands.

Automobile Liability

Insurance that provides coverage for third party bodily injury or property damage arising out of the use of an insured vehicle.

When Do you Need Automobile Insurance

Coverage?

When the contractor needs to use an automobile to provide the services.

Commercial Automobile Coverage vs. Personal Automobile Coverage?

• Commercial Automobile Coverage is needed whenever the contractor will be transporting the state’s employees, clients, etc. or the state’s property.

• Use of Personal Automobile coverage instead of Commercial or Business Automobile coverage may be appropriate for sole proprietors. Note: The sole proprietor must either carry a Business Use Endorsement or insure that business use is covered under their personal auto policy.

• Personal Automobile coverage will not name the state as an Additional Insured.

Automobile Liability CoverageConsiderations

• Ask questions, such as, but not limited to: – Will the Contractor transport groups of

people for the state?– Use vehicles or carry cargo that could

make an accident severe?– Have multiple vehicles on the road at

any given time?– Travel out-of-state to do contract work?– Bring heavy equipment or trucks onto

your property?

Automobile Liability CoverageConsiderations

– Will driving be only a small part of the contractual activities?

– Is there little or no chance that the state could be held responsible for the Contractor's actions while driving?

• Use whenever a Contractor transports mobile equipment to the work site: – CGL insurance does not cover the transport of

mobile equipment. – Ensure automobile liability includes coverage

for owned, non-owned or hired vehicles.– Require CGL coverage for the liability exposure

arising from the Contractor's operation of the mobile equipment. Note: Mobile equipment is not considered to be an automobile, therefore an automobile liability policy provides no coverage for the operation of this equipment.

Automobile Liability Coverage

Considerations

Professional Liability or Errors and Omissions

Coverage

The Terms Professional Liability and Errors and

Omissions Coverage are used interchangeably.

Who Should Have Professional Liability or Errors and Omissions Coverage?

Licensed and accredited specialists such as:Doctors or medical practitioners.Engineers.Information technology specialists

(computer programmers, etc).And non-licensed professionals such as

interpreters, recorders, testing facilities, and research laboratories.

What Does Professional Liability or Errors and

Omissions Cover?Pays the financial loss of the state,

when the covered person fails to perform their professional duty.

The coverage is specific to the nature of the profession.

Covers malpractice, misconduct, negligence, errors, omissions, or incompetence in the performance of a covered act.

Workers’ Compensation

Insurance covering employee injuries, disability or death.

The policy protects the employer from being sued by the employee for injuries.

Oregon law requires all employers, unless exempt, provide this coverage for all subject employees working in Oregon.

When Should I Ask Questions About Oregon

Specific Workers’ Compensation?When the contractor has one or

more employees performing services under the contract in

Oregon.

Specific questions about Workers’ Compensation?

Call the Department of Consumer & Business Services, Workers’ Compensation, Employer Section at (503) 947-7815.

CRIME COVERAGE

Employee Dishonesty, Third Party Fidelity and

(when applicable) Money and Securities

Insurance covering loss to money, securities, and other property (other than money) caused directly by employee dishonesty.

When Do You Need to Ask for Employee Dishonesty

Coverage?When the contractor is handling money, securities, other valuable property, or

data.

Third Party Fidelity BondIf the Employee Dishonesty coverage is not specifically endorsed to include a Third Party Fidelity/Crime Bond, in most cases, it will not be comprehensive enough to provide coverage for a claim for theft by your contractor or their employees that results in a loss for your agency.

What is the Difference Between an Umbrella

Policy and Excess Coverage?

Umbrella Policies

Provide excess coverage over another underlying liability policy.

Many times provides broader coverage than the primary (underlying) liability policy.

Excess Liability

Pays after the primary (underlying) liability policy limits have been exhausted.

May not be as broad as primary (underlying) liability policy.

Pollution Liability Coverage

Contractors Pollution Liability Coverage (CPL) & (CPO)

Contractors Pollution Liability (CPL) and (CPO) protects contractors against claims for third-party bodily injury, property damage or cleanup costs/environmental damages arising from pollution conditions caused in the performance of covered operations.

• The coverage applies to sudden and gradual pollution events and responds to cleanup costs, both on and off the work site.

• CPL provides coverage for damages due to pollution arising from the performance of covered operations by the Insured or their subcontractors, claims alleging improper supervision of subcontractors against the Insured, and coverage for claims arising out of environmental work performed by the Insured or their subcontractor.

Contractors Pollution Liability Coverage (CPL) &

(CPO)

• CPL provides this coverage in a claims made basis and Contractors Pollution Occurrence (CPO) provides this coverage on an occurrence basis.

• CPL and CPO can have a Professional Liability component added. This coverage would likely be needed for Environmental Consultants.

• If the contractor will be transporting hazardous materials or pollution that has been removed through remediation, check the policy to make sure that the transportation exposure is included in the coverage.

Contractors Pollution Liability Coverage (CPL) &

(CPO)

Inland Marine Coverage

What is Inland Marine Coverage?

• Coverage for property which involves an element of transportation.

• Either the property is:– Actually in transit,– Held by a bailee,– At a fixed location which is an important

instrument of transportation,– Or is a movable type of goods which is

often in different locations.

Various Inland Marine Coverages

Kinds of Inland Marine Insurance

1. Domestic goods in transit,2. Goods of Bailee’s customers;3. Moveable equipment and unusual

property,4. Property of certain dealers, and5. Instrumentalities of

communication and transportation.

Goods in TransitTypes of Carriers:• Common carriers are airlines, railroads,

or trucking companies that furnish transportation to any member of the public seeking their services.

• Contract carriers do not hold themselves out to the general public but rather furnish transportation for certain shippers for which they have contracts.

• Private carriers haul their own goods or goods entrusted to them.

Goods in TransitCommon Carriers

• Are regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission or a state public utilities commission and are liable to shippers for the safe delivery of freight entrusted to them.

• The amount of liability to the common carrier may be limited by the bill of lading, which is the contract between the shipper and carrier.

Goods in TransitCommon Carrier - Bill of

Lading• A straight bill of lading fixes no limit on

the amount of recovery.• A released bill of lading does limit

recovery to a specified amount.– Generally low and usually are quoted as

dollar amounts per pound or parcel.• The shipper generally has the option to pay

an “insurance charge” and declare a value for the shipment thereby increasing the limit of the carrier’s liability and obtaining broader coverage.

Goods in TransitContract Carrier

• The liability of contract carriers is defined by the contract between the carrier and the shipper.

• If contracts are initiated by the carrier, they often release the carrier from substantial responsibility except in the case of extreme negligence.

Goods in TransitPrivate Carriers

• Private carriers usually are carrying their own goods and are exposed for the full value of those goods if they are damaged or destroyed, subject to the Terms of Merchandise Sale.

• F.O.B means “free on board” and indicates the point at which ownership and exposure to loss shift from the seller to the buyer. For example:– F.O.B. shippers loading dock means that

the transit exposure would be the buyer’s once the goods are on the shipper’s loading dock.

– F.O.B. destination means that the transit exposure would be the seller’s until the goods reach the buyer’s destination.

Goods in TransitPrivate Carriers –

Terms of Merchandise Sale

Goods of Bailee’s Customers• A bailment exists when goods are left to be held

in trust for a specific purpose and returned when that purpose has ended.

• The bailor is the owner of the goods.• The bailee is the one in possession of the goods.• Almost any person or enterprise that accepts the

property of the state for storage, service, repair, or processing needs to carry an Inland Marine Policy for the Goods of Bailee’s Customers in order for this property to be covered for loss or damage while in the bailee’s possession.

Inland Marine CoverageInstrumentalities of Communication and

Transportation• Exposures related to transportation (rolling stock, bridges, and tunnels) can be insured using inland marine insurance.

• Inland marine insurance can also be provided on instrumentalities of communication such as television towers and transmission equipment.

Other Types of Inland Marine Coverage

• Tractors, mobile equipment, cranes, and backhoes.

• Computer equipment.• Livestock.• Fine arts.• Patterns, molds, and dies.• Partially completed products that are

sent to another location for completion or processing.

• Valuable papers, records, records of accounts receivable.

• Goods on exhibition.

When Should Your Agency Require Inland Marine

Coverage?• When agency goods or property are

being transported by another entity.• When agency goods or property are left

in the care, custody, and control of another entity.

• When a contractor is transporting state equipment from one place to another.

• When state property is placed on exhibition by another entity e.g. artwork, historical documents, artifacts, etc.

Builder’s Risk Coverage

Inland Marine Insurance that provides direct damage coverage to buildings or structures under construction.

Also covers foundations, fixtures, machinery, and equipment used to service the building, materials, and supplies used in the course of construction.

Fire, theft, and vandalism are the most frequent claims.

When Does Your Agency Need to Ask for Builder’s

Risk Coverage?When a building is being

constructed.When substantial alterations will be

made to an existing structure i.e., bearing walls, lifting foundations, extensive construction.

When Your Agency Doesn’t Need to Ask for

Builder’s Risk Coverage

• For construction to an existing building that does not involve structural modifications, or substantial alteration of the building.

• For construction of structures other than buildings e.g. tunnels, bridges, roads, culverts, etc.

Builder’s Risk Installation Floater

Usually an add-on to a Builders Risk Policy, but may be purchased separately by subcontractors on the project.

Insurance that covers machinery and equipment of all kinds during transit, installation, and testing at the purchaser’s premises.

Theft and vandalism are covered.

When Should You Require a Builder’s Risk

Installation FloaterWhen a building is being constructed,

repaired, or remodeled and there will be:More than $10,000 in building

materials and supplies at a storage location, or in transit that are intended to become a permanent part of the building.

• An add-on to a Builder’s Risk Policy.• Allows Builder’s Risk coverage to

continue once the owner or tenants occupy a building under construction prior to substantial completion of the building.

• If not purchased, Builder’s Risk coverage ends once the building is occupied by the owner or tenants.

Builder’s Risk Occupancy Clause

Aircraft Liability Covers liability for bodily injury and property damage to others (i.e., injury to, or death of persons outside the aircraft as well as property damage or destruction done with the aircraft), arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or operation of an aircraft.

When Do You Need Aircraft Liability

Coverage?When the contractor is using an

airplane to provide the contracted service.

• If the contract involves the aerial application of any chemical, fertilizer, seed, or bait add Aircraft Aerial Application Liability Coverage.

• Check the qualifications and certifications of the pilot.

• If carrying state passengers on behalf of the state, make sure that:

(1) The pilot is certified to carry passengers and (2) The Aircraft Liability provides coverage for the passengers on a “per seat” limit.

Aircraft Liability Coverage Considerations

Garage and Garagekeepers’ Legal

Liability Coverage

Garage Liability Coverage

Covers garage operators for liability, medical payments, and automobile physical damage arising out of the operations of auto dealers, service stations, auto repair shops, and parking lots.

Includes General Liability coverage for garage operations.

Garagekeepers’ Legal Liability Coverage

Coverage for autos left for service, repair, storage, or Safekeeping.

The limits of coverage should be high enough to cover the total value of any autos left for safekeeping (yours and others) at any time.

What About Self-Insurance?

Before Accepting Self-Insurance

• Make sure the contractor has the financial stability to be self-insured. Ask for:•Audited financial statements of their self-insurance fund.

•Assurance that funds have been set aside in a funded reserve to pay claims.

• Ask for policies, procedures, or other adequate documentation demonstrating the contractor’s ability to adjust, process, settle, litigate, and pay claims.

Tail CoverageCan be purchased to extend the

period of time a claim can be reported for a “claims made” policy.

Should be required when a contractor provides insurance coverage that is on a claims made basis.

What is a Bond?

What is a Bond?A Surety Bond is a risk transfer

mechanism that performs the following functions:Guarantees that the bonded project will

be completed according to the terms of the contract and at the determined contract price.

Guarantees that the laborers, suppliers, and subcontractors will be paid even if the contractor defaults.

Relieves the owner from the risk of financial loss arising from liens filed by unpaid laborers, suppliers, and subcontractors.

What is a Bond?(Continued)

Reduces the possibility of a contractor diverting funds from the project. 

Provides an intermediary (the surety) to whom the owner can air complaints and grievances.

Lowers the cost of construction in some cases by facilitating the use of competitive bids.

Bonds?

Bonds are different from insurance. A bond is a simple guarantee. If there is a loss, the bonding

company (Surety) will pay but will seek full reimbursement from the contractor.

Premium is based on the contractor’s loss experience, assets, and finances.

Why Require Insurance and Bonds?

You can contractually make the provider of the good or service responsible for their negligence.

However, if the contractor does not have a way to pay for these losses, then the contract alone will not protect the state. Insurance and bonds are ways to backup contract indemnity statements.

What Are The Typical Kinds of Bonds Used in

Contracts?

Bid Bond

Provides financial assurance that the bid is submitted in good faith and that the contractor intends to enter into the contract at the bid price and if stated in the bid, provide the required performance and payment bonds.

Performance Bond

Protects the state from financial loss should the contractor fail to

perform the contract in accordance with contract terms

and conditions.

Payment Bond(Labor & Materials

Bond)Guarantees that the contractor will pay certain subcontractors, laborers

and material suppliers associated with the project.

Maintenance Bond

Protects the state against defects in workmanship or materials

(usually for two years) after the contractor has completed the work.

Additional Bond Information

Bond terms are usually 12 – 24 months.

The bond amount requested depends on the risk of the contract.

In most cases, bonds cost about 1% - 3% of the contract amount.

Coverage Assessment

How much insurance?

Two Schools of Thought

Traditional Contract Risk Assessment

• What is the activity?• Who could be harmed?• What could go wrong?• How bad could it be?• How much could it cost?• Assignment of insurance amounts

based on the Risk Rating.

Use the risk rating to set insurance and bonding

limits.INSIGNIFICANT MINOR MODERATE MAJOR CRITICAL

ALMOST CERTAIN

M H E E E

LIKELY M M H E E

POSSIBLE L M H E E

UNLIKELY L L M H E

RARE L L M H H

Lik

elih

ood

Severity

E = Extreme Risk:• First, consider not doing

the activity.• If you must, you will need

to decide how much a potential loss could cost?

• In general, risks at this level warrant more than $1 million in coverage.

H = High Risk:• Could a potential loss cost in

excess of $1 million? If so, ask for more coverage.

• Make sure your assessment considers all costs of potential losses.

• Risk Management would not recommend limits of less than $1 million for High rated risks.

M = Moderate Risk:

• Standard limit of insurance is $1 million.

• Assessment should consider all costs of potential losses.

• If assessment reveals potential loss in excess of $1 million, your risk may actually be high (see H for High Risk.)

L = Low Risk:• If risk is minimal, this is the area where

coverage and limits may potentially be flexible.

• Standard limit is still $1 million.• In the case of minimal risks, the agency

could make a business decision to lower the limits of coverage.

• Risk Management would not generally recommend insurance limits of less than $500,000.

• If the risk assessment reveals only minute risk, agency could make a business decision to waive coverage.

OR

Try Backing Into the Coverage Amount

Coverage Assessment

• Analyze the perils covered by the type of insurance you will be requiring.

• Looking at the perils, and analyze if these perils exist in the performance of the contracted work.

• For each peril that exists in the contracted work, perform a risk assessment of:– Who could be harmed?– What could go wrong?– How bad could it be?– How much could it cost?

• Rate the perils and assign insurance amounts based on the Risk Rating.

Coverage Assessment

Supplemental Clauses

ICING ON THE CAKE

Additional InsuredProtects the state when named in an

action that is not its responsibility or fault.

Ensures that the contractor or service provider’s insurance company will expend funds to have the state’s name removed.

The state benefits by not having to use its assets for litigation purposes.

Should be issued as an endorsement to the contractors insurance coverage.

The endorsement to the contractors insurance coverage may be issued on a blanket basis that applies to any entity the contractor enters into a contract with.

Additional Insured

Notice of Cancellation or Change

Requires the contractor or service provider’s insurance company to notify us if:There is a possibility of the policy

limits being exhausted.The policy is cancelled or non-

renewed.

Certificates of Insurance

Certificate(s) of Insurance

Requires the contractor to prove to the state that it has met the insurance requirements of the contract.

One way to prove this request is by submitting a Certificate of Insurance stating the coverage and policy limits.

What Does SIR Mean?Stands for Self-Insured Retention.Works like a deductible. If you see this on a Certificate of

Insurance, it means the contractor will perform all the functions normally undertaken by an insurance company for claims within the SIR.

Any losses must exceed the SIR amount before the insurance company will handle the claim.

What Document(s) are Acceptable to Verify Insurance Coverage?

Certificate of Insurance.Letter from corporation stating they

are self-insured. This should be accompanied by a financial statement, unless you are certain about the entity’s financial stability.

Letter from bank stating the amount held in reserves to pay claims and lawsuits.

Make sure the coverage and policy limits match the contract requirements.

Look at the policy effective date and expiration dates to make sure they coincide with the contract term. If not, request another certificate several months before the policy expires.

The State of Oregon or your agency is named as the certificate holder and additional insured.

What do the comments in the description section say? Contact the agent with any questions.

Is there an SIR (self-insured retention) listed?

Reading Certificates of Insurance

Acrobat Document

Contractual Risk Assessment

ExampleLottery Purchase of Poker/Slot Machines

What is the scope of the contractual activity?

What is the overall activity?Procurement of 325 Video Poker/Slot Machines

What are the activity components?

• Design and development of specifications for the machines.

• Manufacture of the machines.

• Quality control and testing.• Transportation of the

machines to the Lottery Warehouse.

When and where does the activity

take place(s)?• Victoria B.C. • 5/26/05 through 11/30/05

Who will be performing theactivities?• Victoria Games, Inc.• ABC Trucking, Inc. – a Common

Carrier, F.O.B. Shippers Dock

Will the contractor interact withthe public, staff, vendors, etc.?

• There will be interaction between the manufacturer and various Lottery employees during design, development, manufacturing, and quality control.

• The Common Carrier will have interaction with Lottery employees during the delivery of the machines to the Lottery Warehouse

Will there be any hazardous materials

involved?• Only at the manufacturing site and related

to property disposal of the machines when they are no longer useable. The manufacturer has all appropriate premises coverage for the on-site pollution exposure and maintains regulatory compliance. Lottery has made arrangements for appropriate disposal of machines.

What could go wrong? Who could be harmed?

• Bodily injury and/or illness to contractor employees on-site.

• Bodily injury and/or illness to Lottery employees on-site during design, development, quality control, and testing.

• Bodily injury to vendors or patrons of the machines if they are defective and start a fire, cause electrocution, sharp edges, etc.

Bodily Injury:

What could go wrong? Who could be harmed?

• Machines could be damaged at the manufacturers location or during transport.

• Machines could be defective and cause a fire at the vendors location.

• Machines could be stolen while in transit.

• Machines could improperly pay out causing financial loss.

Property Damage:

What could go wrong? Who could be harmed?

• It is unlikely that the Lottery would be held responsible for pollution exposures during the manufacturing process or transportation.

• The Lottery has already made arrangements for appropriate disposal of machines.

Environmental Damage:

What could go wrong? Who could be harmed?

• Faulty manufacturing due to improper design.

• Dangerous conditions in machines due to faulty design.

• Payouts of machines could be defective, causing financial loss to the Lottery and vendors.

Design Flaws:

• Bodily injury and/or illness to the vendor or patrons using the machines.

• Damage to property of vendor or near or adjacent property owners due to conditions in machines that causes fire.

• Financial loss to vendors if machines are defective an cause improper payouts.

• Financial loss to patrons if machines are defective and don’t pay out as much as they should.

What could go wrong? Who could be harmed?

Liability:

Is there any impact on workload or

damage to our systems?- Delay in installation and implementation of marketing program for machines in vendor locations.

- Additional costs for repair or re-design of machines.

What are the potential loss exposures

associated with this activity?

• Bodily injury

• Property damage

• Design flaw

• Liability

Rate the Severity of Each Potential Loss Exposure.

How bad can each loss be?

What could it cost? • Bodily Injury: Minor, Hundreds to

Thousands• Property Damage: Major, Thousands

to Millions• Design Flaw: Critical, Thousands to

Millions• Liability: Major, Thousands to Millions

What is the Likelihood That Each of These

Potential Losses Will Happen?

• Bodily Injury - Unlikely • Property Damage -

Possible • Design Flaw – Possible• Liability – Possible

Use the Risk Rating to Set Insurance Limits

INSIGNIFICANT MINOR MODERATE MAJOR CRITICAL

ALMOST CERTAIN

M H E E E

LIKELY M M H E E

POSSIBLE L M H E E

UNLIKELY L L M H E

RARE L L M H H

Lik

elih

ood

Severity

Determine the Risk Rating or Level of Risk for Each Loss Exposure. Bodily Injury: Low Risk Property Damage: Extreme Risk Design Flaw: Extreme Risk Liability: Extreme

Weighing the Value of Opportunities

Rating Value Description (Opportunity)

1 Insignificant Minor budgetary, funding, or resource gain; Little or no gain in public and/or client relations.

2 Minor Low budgetary, funding, or resource gain; Some gain in public and/or client relations.

3 Moderate Moderate budgetary, funding, or resource gain; Adequate public and/or client relations.

4 Major Major budgetary, funding, or resource gain; Good public and/or client relations.

5 Critical Huge budgetary, funding, or resource gain; Excellent public and/or client relations.

What Could Be The Opportunities

On This Project?• Funding for government.• Good public perception for the

effective negotiation with vendors, effective installation of machines.

• Good vendor relations for effectively managing implementation of the machines.

• Economic stimulation from additional funding sources.

• Include safety protocols and training requirements in the contract.

• Verify that all of the contractor’s employees are properly trained and/or certified as required for the scope of work.

• Verify that all Lottery employees going to the manufacturers location are properly trained and/or certified as required for the duties they will perform.

• Require the contractor to log all incidents and to include mitigation strategies for preventing the incident in the future.

Determine Non-Insurance

Risk Control Measures Bodily Injury:

• Contractual terms that hold the contractor responsible for damage to the machines while on their premises.

• Contractual terms that hold the contractor responsible for defects in the product that are not discovered during quality control or testing.

• Negotiation of contract with manufacturer and/or common carrier for responsibility for machines during transit and security protocol.

Determine Non-Insurance Risk Control Measures

Property Damage:

• Lottery review of manufacturer’s design work prior to production.

• Use of best practices in design work.• Require high levels of knowledge, skills, and

experience of manufacturer’s design staff.• Lottery oversight of design work and

manufacturing application during all phases of project.

• Contractual warranty of design work and retention of manufacturer compensation until work is inspected and found to be satisfactory.

Determine Non-Insurance Risk Control Measures

Design Flaws:

• In depth review and supervision of manufacturers quality control and testing of machines for electrical components and other parts that could cause bodily injury, property damage, or financial loss to vendors, patrons, or others (as appropriate).

• Warranties on the machines that cover potential defects found after installation.

Determine Non-Insurance Risk Control Measures

Liability:

Assignment of Insurance Coverage

Bodily Injury: Low Risk – CGL. Property Damage: Extreme Risk –

CGL, Trucker’s Coverage, Inland Marine coverage for Domestic Goods in Transit and Goods of Bailee’s Customers.

Design Flaw: Extreme Risk –Professional Liability

Liability: Extreme Risk - CGL

Assignment of Insurance Amounts

• Commercial General Liability (CGL): $2 million per occurrence with $5 million aggregate.

• Trucker’s Coverage: $2 million per accident.• Inland Marine:

– Domestic Goods in Transit: The value of the shipment.

– Goods of Bailee’s Customers: The value of the product at completion.

• Professional Liability: $1 million peroccurrence with $2 million aggregate.

Did We Forget Something?

• Doesn’t this project have a pre-determined timeframe for completion and detailed specifications?

Lottery should consider requiring Performance Bond

for the amount of the contract or their maximum

probable loss if the contractor does not

perform.

Bonding Related Questions to Ask

• How much will it cost to find another contractor e.g. RFP, staff time, etc. and complete the project if this contractor does not complete?

• If the contractor does not complete the project within the specified timeframe, how much will it cost the Lottery and/or vendors?

• If the product is completed, but not as specified, how much could it cost the Lottery if another vendor has to fix the machines?

The End