Post on 11-Jan-2016
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Law of Contract
Revision
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
6 elements of a valid contract Objective\Subjective Tests Domestic agreements Invitation to Treat Withdrawing an offer Rejection of offer Lapse of offer
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Law of Contract
Acceptance
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Accepting the Offer Only person to whom the offer was made may
accept Acceptance must be final & unqualified Must be communicated to the person who made
the offer (some exceptions)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Accepting the Offer (Cont.) Acceptance must be final & unqualified
“Subject to Formal Contract” – 3 possibilities
1. There is a contract & one of terms is that documentation be prepared
2. There is a contract but nothing can happen until contract prepared
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Accepting the Offer (Cont.) Acceptance must be final & unqualified (cont.)
“Subject to Formal Contract” (cont.)
3. There is no contract Masters v Cameron (S&OR p82) Plastyne Products v Gall Engineering
(S&OR p83) Communications after acceptance are
irrelevant
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Acceptance Must be Communicated Silence does not amount to acceptance Acceptance by large companies
Who must receive acceptance? Depends on intention of parties Acceptance usually occurs when the
communication is received in the ordinary course of business or would have been received if ordinary course of business were followed
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Acceptance Must be Communicated Internet
Electronic Transactions Act Receipt occurs when it enters the
addressee’s designated information system Otherwise, when it comes to attention of
addressee
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Acceptance Must be Communicated Express Communication of Acceptance is not
necessary where Implied from past dealings between parties Industry custom Acceptance indicated by conduct Unilateral contracts Postal rule applies
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Acceptance Must be Communicated The Postal Rule
Applies where offeror has expressly or impliedly accepted post as the means of communication of acceptance
Acceptance occurs at time of posting not receipt
Applies to all situations where non-instantaneous communications are used
Often determines jurisdiction Berinkibon v Stahag Stahl (S&OR p 86)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Acceptance Must be Communicated Mode & timing of acceptance must conform to
offeror’s requirements BUT, nominating a mode of acceptance may not
set the only mode of service Spectra v Pindari
Agent of the person to whom the offer was made may accept on their behalf Powell v Lee (S&OR p87)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACTHas an offer been
made? No Contract
Did the offeror intend to revoke
the offer?
Did the offeror communicate revocation?
Has the offer lapsed?
Has acceptance been received by
the offeror?
Was acceptance made under the
postal rule?
Contract
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Fundamentals of Law
Consideration
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Two Types of Enforceable Agreement Deeds
Contracts that comply with special rules Do not require consideration
Simple contracts Do require consideration
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Deed In writing Maker of deed must sign, seal and deliver the
document Independent witness Special attestation clause
SIGNED SEALED AND DELIVERED )by the said JOE BLOGGS )in the presence of: )
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Every simple contract must be supported by
consideration The law will not enforce a gratuitous or bare
promise Lack of consideration may be overcome by
the equitable doctrine of estoppel
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
What is Consideration Consideration must flow from both sides of the
contract Can be:
A promise to do something A promise not to do something Doing something Refraining from doing something A benefit for the promisee A benefit for a third person at the promisee’s direction A detriment to the promisor Anything of real value to the promisee
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Must Move From Promisor Only the person who has “paid” for the
promise can enforce it Dunlop v Selfridge (S&OR p101)
Called “Privity of Contract”
Dunlop Wholesaler(bought tyres from Dunlop, sold to retailers)
Selfridges(broke promise to wholesaler not to
discount)
Contract
Contract
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Joint Promisee Rule If a promise is made to two or more people
jointly then only one promise need give consideration
All promisors must be parties to the contract Coulls v Bagot Executor and Trustee Co
(S&OR p 102)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Privity of Contract - Exceptions Statutory exceptions
Insurance Contracts entered into with the intention of benefiting another
Where one party acts as agent for another person
Contractual benefits held on trust for another Contractual benefits may be assigned
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Consideration May Not Be Past A promise can be executed (i.e. present execution) or
executory (i.e. future execution) but cannot be past A promise must be paid for but if consideration has
already been given then there is nothing being paid for the new promise Roscorla v Thomas (S&OR p103)
Settling unsettled aspects of a past transaction may be consideration Re Casey’s Patents: Stewart v Casey (S&OR
p104)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration May Be Inadequate Consideration must be sufficient i.e. have
some value in the eyes of the law Need not be equal in value to the promisor’s
promise The very nature of contract law is to let the
parties make their own bargain However, doctrine of unconscionable conduct
has developed to overcome resulting injustices
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Must Be Sufficient (Cont) Settling disputes Forbearance to sue (i.e. an offer not to sue) is
good consideration provided The claim (defence) was reasonable The promisee had an honest belief that the claim
had a reasonable chance of success The promisee has not concealed any facts that
might affect the validity of the claim
Wigan v Edwards (S&OR p106)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Must Be Sufficient (Cont) Renegotiating a debt
Pinnel’s Case (S&OR p109)( approved by House of Lords in Foakes v Beer)
Exceptions Composition with creditors Payment by third party
Ways around Deed Payment in kind
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Must Be Sufficient (Cont) Promising to perform an existing contract is
not consideration To be binding, there must be a promise to do
something additional to contracted duty Stilk v Myrick (S&OR P 107)
Rule may be undergoing change Williams v Roffey Bros. & Nicholls (S&OR p108)
A practical benefit is conferred No duress
Followed in NSW
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Must Be Sufficient (Cont) Promise to perform an existing contractual
duty to a third party is sufficient consideration Performance of a public duty is not sufficient
consideration Collins v Godefroy (S&OR p110)
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Consideration Must Be Sufficient (Cont) Illusory promises are not consideration E.g. “in consideration of natural love and
affection” Too uncertain to be enforced Dunton v Dunton (S&OR p 106)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Consideration Must Be Sufficient $1 for a Rolls Royce “I promise to be an honest public servant” “I’ll give up my legal claim against you” “I will pay you less than I owe you if you
forget the rest” “In love and affection” “I promise to carry out my contractual
obligations”
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Fundamentals of Law
Capacity to Contract
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Contracts with Minors Anyone under 18 years of age Contracts with minors can be
Valid – legally enforceable Voidable – legally enforceable until
repudiated by the minor Void – no legal effect
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Contracts with Minors (Cont) Valid contracts
Supply of necessaries Contract for the supply of goods and services
that are suitable to the condition in life of the minor and to his actual requirements at the time of sale and delivery
Onus is one person seeking to enforce contract against minor
Nash v Inman (S&OR p116) Reasonable price not contract price
Beneficial contracts of service
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Contracts with Minors (Cont) Benefical contracts of service
E.g. apprenticeships Must be for the benefit of the minor
Ratification by Minor after turning 18 Contract becomes valid and enforceable
Statutory modification NSW & SA
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Fundamentals of Law
Certainty
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Agreement Must be Certain Must be sufficiently certain in all its essential
elements especially: Subject matter Price
Must not contain unclear, ambiguous or contradictory terms
Courts will uphold contract where possible Implying a reasonable price Whitlock v Brew (S&OR p 89)
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Agreement Must be Certain (cont.) Agreement to agree Agreement to negotiate Subject to contract Subject to finance etc
THE LAW OF COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
Reminder Exam next week
Australian Legal System Week 1 material Revision material from Week 2
Multiple choice 30 minutes Closed book
Can use approved dictionary No electronic devices