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THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT ON INNOVATIVE NUCLEAR REACTORS AND THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT ON INNOVATIVE NUCLEAR REACTORS AND FUEL CYCLES (INPRO)FUEL CYCLES (INPRO)
F. Depisch , C.Allan, J. Kupitz (IAEA)WATEC
Vienna, 3rd October 2003
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 2
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
IntroductionGoals of INPROResults of INPRO Phase 1A in the Area of
NP Prospects/Potentials, Economics, Sustainability/Environment, Safety, Proliferation Resistance, Cross Cutting Issues and Methodology
Conclusion and Outlook
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 3
IntroductionIntroduction
INPRO : International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles
Basis of INPRO : Resolution at the IAEA General Conference in 2000/2001/2002 in Vienna
16 Participants in INPRO (June 2003): 15 INPRO Member States: Argentina, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Turkey
European Commission. Several Observers in INPRO (e.g. Australia, Belgium,
Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Japan, UK, USA, OECD/NEA, etc.)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 4
Goals of INPROGoals of INPRO
● INPRO Goals:1. To help to ensure that nuclear energy is available to
contribute in fulfilling energy needs in the 21st century in a sustainable manner.
2. To bring together both technology holders and technology users to consider jointly the actions required to achieve desired innovations in nuclear reactors and fuel cycles.
INPRO Time horizon is 50 years into the future. Why Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems?
Need for Innovation to turn around current trend regarding Nuclear Power ( ).
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 5
Status of INPROStatus of INPRO
June 2003: End of INPRO Phase 1A Phase 1A: Definition of Basic Principles, User
Requirements and Criteria for Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems in the Area of Economics, Environment, Safety, Proliferation Resistance and Crosscutting Issues, Outline of Methodology
Documentation of Results of INPRO Phase1A in IAEA Report TECDOC-1362
July 2003: Start of Phase 1B (Validation of Methodology)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 6
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Nuclear Power Prospects and Nuclear Power Prospects and
PotentialsPotentials
World Nuclear Electricity Production (GWe)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
GW
e
(IPCC)
Yellow bars: SRES Scenarios
SRES = Special Report on Emission Scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 7
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area EconomicsEconomics
INPRO: Selection of 4 Representative Scenarios of the Future out of 40
SRES = Special Report on Emission Scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
IIASA = International Institute for Applied System Analysis
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 8
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area EconomicsEconomics
Potential Global Market for Nuclear Electricity, Hydrogen, Heat and Desalination for A1T Scenario
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Exajo
ule
F_upgrading
Desalination
Add Heat
Add H2
Add Elec
Heat
Hydrogen
Electricity
Energy
(EJ)
Time (yr)
SRES Scenario A1T
SRES
Potential
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 9
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area EconomicsEconomics
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
NTR 2000 A1T A1T-N B1 B1-N A2 A2-N B2 B2-N
cap
ital
co
st (
$/kW
(e))
NTR = Nuclear Technology Review (IAEA)in 2002
S-2000 = SRES input for the year 2000
A1T-N = Costs in A1T with aggressive Learning Rate
Ranges for Specific Capital Costs in 2050 for NPP (SRES)
A1T = Costs in A1T as defined in SRES
4% 7%
3%
10%
0%
6%
0%
8%
IAEA
SRES
Upper Bar: Learning Rate SRESLower Bar: Learning Rate INPRO
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 10
Definition of Selected INPRO TermsDefinition of Selected INPRO Terms
Innovative Nuclear Energy System (INS): INS will position NP to make Major Contribution to Energy Supply in
the 21st Century. INS includes Innovative and Evolutionary Designs. Innovative design (= advanced design) incorporating radical
conceptual changes in design approaches or system configuration in comparison with existing designs.
Evolutionary design (= advanced design) incorporating small to moderate modifications with strong emphasis on maintaining design proveness.
INS includes all Components: Mining and Milling, Fuel Production, Enrichment, Fabrication, Production (incl. all types and sizes of reactors), Reprocessing, Materials Management (incl. Transportation and Waste Management), Institutional Measures (e.g. safe guards, etc.), all Phases (e.g. cradle to grave)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 11
Definition of Selected INPRO TermsDefinition of Selected INPRO Terms
Basic Principle: Statement of a general rule providing guidance for the development of INS.
User Requirement: Conditions to be met to achieve acceptance of INS by User. Definition of measures to fulfill Basic Principle.
User: Has a stake or interest in sectors where INS are applicable, e.g. designers, utilities (electricity, heating, desalination, etc.), regulators, national governments, NGO, press, international organizations and public. Includes countries in development and transition.
Criterion: Consists of an Indicator and an Acceptance Limit. Used for Judgement of Potential of INS to fulfil the corresponding User Requirement.
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Definition of Selected INPRO TermsDefinition of Selected INPRO Terms
INPRO Hierarchy of Demands on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems (INS)
Basic Principle
User Requirement
Criterion
b
b
a
a
a = Derivation b = Fulfilment
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Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area EconomicsEconomics
Two Basic Principles defined: The cost of energy from INS, taking all costs
and credits into account, must be competitive with that of alternative energy sources
INS must represent an attractive investment compared with other major investments
Five User Requirements and Several Criteria defined
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Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Sustainability / EnvironmentSustainability / Environment
Holistic Approach for Environmental Assessment
Nuclear Energy System Boundary
Mining & Milling
Fuel Processing
Energy Conversion
Spent Fuel & Waste Management
EnvironmentOther Industries
RecyclingRecycling
Waste Disposal
EnvironmentalEffects
EnvironmentalStressors
EnvironmentalStressors
Fissile & Fertile MaterialsFissile & Fertile MaterialsEnergy &IndustrialMaterials
Energy &IndustrialMaterials Other MaterialsOther Materials
Construction Operation DecommissioningConstruction Operation Decommissioning
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 15
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Sustainability / EnvironmentSustainability / Environment
Two Basic Principles defined:1. Acceptability of Environmental Effects:
The adverse environmental effects of the INS must be well within the performance envelope of current nuclear energy systems.
2. Fitness for Purpose : The INS must be capable of contributing to the
energy needs in the future making efficient use of non-renewable resources.
Four User Requirements (UR) and Six Criteria for INS defined
Four UR for Assessment Method defined
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 16
Fuel Cycle Installations- Control Sub-criticality and Chemistry - Remove Decay Heat from Radio-nuclides - Confine Radioactivity and Shield Radiation
- --
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Safety of Nuclear InstallationsSafety of Nuclear Installations
Approach to Development of Basic Principles, User Requirements and Criteria for INS in the Area of Safety
General Nuclear Safety Objective
Fundamental Safety Functions
Nuclear Reactors - Control Reactivity - Remove Heat from Core - Confine Radioactivity and Shield Radiation--
Defence in Depth
- Prevent abnormal operation and failures- Control abnormal operation, detect failures- Control accidents within design basis- Assure low damage frequencies - Contain released radioactive materials
Balanced design options and configurations
Deterministic
&Probabilistic
Safety Analysis
Increased Emphasis
onInherent Safety Characteristics
Passive Systems
Active Systems
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 17
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Safety of Nuclear Installations Safety of Nuclear Installations
Five Basic Principles defined:The Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycle Installations shall: Incorporate enhanced defense in depth Be so save that they can be sited in locations similar to
other industrial facilities used for similar purpose Incorporate increased emphasis on inherent safety and
passive features Include associated RD&D Include holistic life-cycle analysis
Twenty-seven User Requirements and Several Criteria defined
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 18
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Safety of Nuclear InstallationsSafety of Nuclear Installations
Basic Principle 1: Innovative nuclear reactors and fuel cycle installations shall incorporate enhanced defence-in-depth as a part of their fundamental safety approach and the levels of protection in defence-in-depth shall be more independent from each other than in current installations (continued).
The innovative nuclear reactors and fuel cycle installations shall not need relocation or evacuation measures outside the plant site, apart from those generic emergency measures developed for any industrial facility.
Probability of large release of radioactive materials to the environment.
<10-6 per plant*year, or
excluded by design.
User Requirement Criteria
Indicators Acceptance Limit
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 19
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Waste ManagementWaste Management
Nine Basic Principles (from IAEA Safety Series No. 111-F) Secure acceptable level of protection for human health and the
environment including effects beyond national borders now and in the future (summary of 4 principles)
Avoid undue burdens on future generations Minimize waste generation Consider all interdependencies among all steps of waste
generation Assure appropriate national legal framework Assure safety of waste facilities during lifetime
Six User Requirements and Several Criteria defined by INPRO
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 20
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Waste ManagementWaste Management
User Requirement
Criteria
IndicatorsAcceptance
Limits
5.Reduction of Waste at the Source:The energy system should be designed to minimize the generation of wastes and particularly wastes containing long-lived toxic components that would be mobile in a repository environment.
Alpha-emitters and other long-lived radionuclides ALARP
Total activityRadiotoxicity
ALARP
Mass ALARP
Volume ALARP
Chemically toxic elements that would become part of the radioactive waste
ALARP(as low as reasonable practical, social and economic factors taken into account)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 21
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Waste managementWaste management
User Requirement
Criteria
Indicators Acceptance Limits
Intermediate steps between generation of the waste and the end state should be taken as early as reasonably practicable. The design of the steps should ensure that all important technical issues (e.g., heat removal, criticality control, confinement of radioactive material) are addressed. The processes should not inhibit or complicate the achievement of the end state.
Time to produce the waste form specified for the end state
As short as reasonably practicable.
T
E
TTechnical indicators: e.g., Criticality compliance Heat removal provisions Radioactive emission control measures Shielding specifications Volume / activity reduction measures Radiotoxicity
Criteria as prescribed by regulatory bodies of specific Member States.
Process descriptions that encompass the entire waste life cycle.
Complete chain of processes from generation to final end state and sufficiently detailed to make evident the feasibility of all steps.
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Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Proliferation ResistanceProliferation Resistance
Definition of Proliferation Resistance: Characteristics of nuclear energy system that
impedes diversion or undeclared production of nuclear material or misuse of technology
Intrinsic Features: Technical design (e.g., core with small reactivity
margins)Extrinsic Measures:
Control and verification agreements (e.g., IAEA safeguards)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 23
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Proliferation ResistanceProliferation Resistance
Five Basic Principles defined: Provide proliferation resistant features to minimize the
possibilities of misuse of nuclear materials for nuclear weapons.
Provide balanced combination of of intrinsic and extrinsic measures (summary of 2 principles)
Encourage development of intrinsic features Assessment methods to be developed
Five User Requirements and Several Criteria defined
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 24
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Crosscutting IssuesCrosscutting Issues
Definition of Desired Changes (recommendations) to Facilitate Deployment of NP in the Area of :
Legal and Institutional Infrastructure
Economic and Industrial Infrastructure
Socio-Political Infrastructure
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 25
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Crosscutting IssuesCrosscutting Issues
Recommendations in the area of Legal and Institutional Infrastructure:
License for INS should be based on INPRO Requirements and internationally accepted.
International or regional nuclear authorities and inspection bodies should be established.
Handling of liability and insurance risk should be comparable to other industries.
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 26
Results of INPRO in the Area Results of INPRO in the Area Methodology for AssessmentMethodology for Assessment
Top down approach: Development of Basic Principles, User
Requirements and Criteria in the Areas of Economics, Environment, Safety, waste management and Proliferation Resistance
Compiling of Approaches in INS relevant to different Areas
Check of Compliance of Approaches with Basic Principles and User Requirements via Judgment of Potential to fulfill Criteria.
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 27
Conclusion and OutlookConclusion and Outlook
Conclusion: INPRO Phase 1A finished in June 2003 Formulation by INPRO in Phase 1A of Basic Principles, User
Requirements and Criteria for Assessment of INS in all Areas Documentation of Results of Phase 1A in an IAEA report
(TECDOC-1362) Outlook:
INPRO Phase 1B started in July 2003: Application of INPRO Methodology by assessing of INS via
Case Studies to update methodology (Argentina, India, Korea, Russia)
Work Packages Assessment of complete INS
Enhancement of Synergy with other projects (e.g. GIF)
F. Depisch IC on Global Environment and advanced NPP, Kyoto, 15 th – 19th of September 2003 28
INPRO and GIFINPRO and GIF
Both Projects are complementary: INPRO:
Represents technology users and holders Global perspective including developing countries Assessment methodology also for users Holistic approach of nuclear systems Inclusion of infrastructure aspects
GIF Represents primarily technology holders Basis for RD&D of 6 chosen technologies