The Industrial Revolution

9th Grade Social Studies

The Big Picture

The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment led people to develop new ways of doing things.

Among these new ways were processes and machines for raising crops, making cloth, and other jobs.

These developments led to dramatic changes in industry and the world of work.

The Industrial Revolution caused a variety of problems that would lead to economic, social, and political reforms.

Why we study this unit:

Industrialization made a dramatic impact on the world and paved the way for modern industrial societies.

The factory system changed the way people lived and worked.

Many modern social welfare programs developed during this period due to the problems associated with industrialization.

Units:

Last Unit: Napoleonic Era Current Unit: The

Industrial Revolution Next Unit: Imperialism

Essential Questions:

1. Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in history?

2. What events helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution?

3. How did the factory system change the way people worked?

4. What new ideas about economics developed?

Vocabulary:

A New Kind of Revolution (21.1)

Industrial Revolution Enclosure movement Factors of production Cottage industry Factory Industrialization Jethro Tull Richard Arkwright James Watt Robert Fulton

Factories & Workers (21.2)

labor union Strike Mass production Interchangeable parts Assembly line

New Ideas in a New Society (21.3)Laissez faireAdam SmithThomas MalthusEntrepeneurAndrew CarnegieSocialismKarl MarxCommunismStandard of Living

Create your own paper…

3 Holes to fit in binderLines/marginsMay have creative touches

Must be neat and precise

Changes from 1700-1800

New Kind of Revolution Notes

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:The era when power-driven machinery was developed.FACTORS OF PRODUCTION:Land, labor, and capital basic resources needed for industrialization

Changes in Industrialization

1. Agricultural Revolution

2. Population Explosion3. New Technology

Farming in the Middle Ages

Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming)

One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility

Animals grazed in common pastures

Disadvantages

Land use inefficient Farmers didn’t experiment with new

farming methods

Forces for Change Population growing more food

needed French blockade more food needed

Agricultural Revolution: Enclosure Movement

Wealthy landlords buy up fields that had previously been shared by rich and poor farmers alike

fenced in common pastures and experimented with new farming technology

Effects: increased the food supply Some farmers lost land went to city looking

for jobs

Crop Rotation Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop

replenished by planting different crops Fields not left inefficiently fallow

Other Discoveries Jethro Tull- creates seed drill which

planted seeds efficiently New crops: corn and potato

Results More food available Population increased

Cottage Industry Factory Industry

Great Britain’s industrialism started with cloth-making (textile) industry

OLD WAY: Cottage Industry: usually small-scale

industry carried on at home by family members using their own equipment

FORCE FOR CHANGE: More wool available (enclosure movement) More cotton available (from India and North

America)

• Cotton Gin-Created by Eli Whitney

• before this invention, a laborer could clean 1 pound of cotton a day

• after the invention, a laborer could clean 1,000 pounds in a day

• NEW INVENTIONS• Richard

Arkwright develops water frame- powered by water

• Improvement upon spinning jenny

• Effects: spins stronger and thinner thread

Flying Shuttle made weaving thread into fabric quicker and easier

Power Loom Larger and faster could not be used in a home

Rise of Factories New machines, often too big for

homes, were put in factories Factory: a place where goods are

manufactured in mass quantities Effects:

More goods produced 1770: 50,000 bolts of cloth 1800: output had increased to 400,000

bolts

Steam Power

James Watt creates a faster and more efficient steam engine

Effects- Factories no longer had to be near water

1802-Richard Trevithick uses steam engine to power first locomotive

Robert Fulton develops the steamship called The Clermont

Effects Could transport goods to faraway markets

Factories and Workers

Workers and Factories

Production before Factories Produced goods at home Dealt directly with merchants

Steps of Production Merchant delivered raw materials Weavers and family processed wool Hand spun thread and wove into cloth Merchant picked up finished product and

sold

Benefits Controlled schedule Controlled product quality Work faster when needed more money Work slow for high quality fabric Made own decisions-when to work/when to

rest Make adjustments for holiday/illness/season

Problems Fire/flood could destroy business Skills are hard to learn Jobs were only for adults

The Mill: Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins.

Bibb Mill No. 1. Macon, Georgia.

Factory/Factory Towns Working in a Factory

Had to leave home Each person assigned a role Children were hired and paid lower

Benefits Not as much skill required

Disadvantages Dangerous work with many hazards Long workday (over 12 hrs.) Noisy, lack of ventilation, inadequate food, poor

sanitation

Life in Factory Towns Large mills developed near rivers and coal mines Some employees offered housing Cities and towns grew around factories Coal was dirty and left blankets of soot Chemicals and other poisonous gasses were put into

air Factories for smelting, refining, iron created more

pollution Manchester, England became a symbol of hazards of

industrialization Two toilets for every 250 people Disease spread easily and quickly

Testimony Child Labor 1. At what age did Elizabeth begin working at the

factory? 2. At busy times, how many hours did Elizabeth

work per day? Slower times? 3. How long and how many breaks were the

workers given? 4. What happened to Elizabeth as a result of

factory work? (2) 5. Do you find this testimony convincing of the

need for child labor reform? Explain.

CAPITALISM

v.

COMMUNISM

Laissez-Faire Capitalists

MalthusRicardo

Capitalism:

Laissez-faire- French word for “let do” or leave things alone Government should NOT interfere

with business Believe in the concept of

competition and free markets EX: Adam Smith who wrote The

Wealth of Nations

THOMAS MALTHUS – POPULATION GROWTH

Effects of population growth Overcrowded slums Widespread misery Hunger Low wages unemployment

Checks of population growth War Famine Disease

Malthus’ Theory Population would always grow faster than

food production It was used to justify low wages and laws

that limited charity to the poor

POPULATION SHORTAGE POOR HAVE LESS

GROWTH IN FOOD SUFFER CHILDREN

DAVID RICARDO

“IRON LAW OF WAGES’ Theory was used to justify low wages

wages are families have increase in lower wages & lesshigh more children labor supply unemployment

children

Industrial Reformers

SocialismCommunism

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION

Long hours for low pay Dangerous, unsanitary working

conditions Harsh and severe factory discipline Unfair use of child labor Lack of adequate housing and

unsanitary living conditions Disease and frequent epidemics Class tensions (working vs. middle)

Laissez-FaireCapitalism

Bad conditions for the working class

CALL FOR REFORMS BY GOVERNMENT

SOCIALISMCOMMUNISM

SOCIALISM

Socialism – Goal is to achieve material equality by promoting a more equal distribution of the nation’s wealth Means of Production: Controlled by people as a whole,

not individuals, and includes all of the resources needed to produce and distribute goods

Forms of Socialism1. Utopian Socialism – peaceful, set up of communities

which share work and profit, no vote by people Robert Owen (model community in New Lanark)

2. Scientific Socialism – violent revolution calls for a defeat of capitalists by proletariats, basis of communist thought

Karl Marx

COMMUNISM

Communism – a form of socialism that sees class struggle as unavoidable Proletariat (have-nots, working class) vs.

Bourgeoisie (haves, middle class) goal is to redistribute a nation’s wealth to

create a classless society condemned capitalism for creating

prosperity for a few and poverty for many

Essay Assignment Thesis (ends first paragraph)

Answer questions to introduce topic and connect to thesis

TOPIC + YOUR OPINION. A thesis statement clearly expresses the author's opinion on a specific topic and can be argued and supported with ample evidence.

Body Paragraphs: Life (lifestyle), how they lived, family, work (type and

conditions), children

Conclusion: Restate thesis, summarize main points, overall impact