The Human Body: An Orientation: Part

B

1

Chapter 1, part bThis part will be your lab assignment. Make sure

you know your anatomical terminology,

anatomical regions, body cavities, body

positions and orientation.

Anatomical Position

Standard anatomical body position:Body erectFeet slightly apartPalms facing forward

Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic(genital)

CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)

Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital

Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

Regional TermsTwo major divisions of body:

AxialHead, neck, and trunk

AppendicularLimbs

Regional terms designate specific areas

Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic(genital)

CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental

ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)

Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital

Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Figure 1.7b

Cervical Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)

Upper limb AcromialBrachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)Manus (hand) Metacarpal DigitalLower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peronealPedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar

Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head)

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

Body PlanesPlane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

Body PlanesSagittal plane

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

Produces a sagittal sectionMidsagittal (median) plane

Lies on midlineParasagittal plane

Not on midline

Body PlanesFrontal (coronal) plane

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse (horizontal) planeDivides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

Produces a cross sectionOblique section

Cuts made diagonally

Figure 1.8

Transverse plane

Sagittal planeFrontal plane

Liver

Spleen

Pancreas

Aorta

Vertebralcolumn

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall

Rectum IntestinesLeft andright lungs

Liver HeartStomach

SpleenArm

(a) Frontal section (through torso)

(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)

(c) Median section (midsagittal)

Frontal plane

Transverse plane

Body CavitiesDorsal cavity

Protects nervous systemTwo subdivisions:

Cranial cavityEncases brain

Vertebral cavityEncases spinal cord

Body CavitiesVentral cavity

Houses internal organs (viscera)

Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):Thoracic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1.9a-b

Cranialcavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)

Cranialcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Vertebralcavity

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

Ventral Body CavitiesThoracic cavity subdivisions:Two pleural cavitiesEach houses a lung

MediastinumContains pericardial cavitySurrounds thoracic organs

Pericardial cavityEncloses heart

Ventral Body CavitiesAbdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:Abdominal cavityContains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic cavityContains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Figure 1.9a-b

Cranialcavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)

Cranialcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Vertebralcavity

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

Serous Membrane (Serosa)Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluidParietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Figure 1.10a-b

Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietalpericardium

Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsDivisions used primarily by medical personnel

Figure 1.11

Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

Abdominopelvic RegionsNine divisions used primarily by anatomists

Figure 1.12

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Rightlumbarregion

Leftlumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Lefthypochondriac

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon oflarge intestine

Small intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colonof large intestine

Transverse colonof large intestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Other Body Cavities

Oral and digestive cavities

Nasal cavityOrbital cavities Middle ear cavitiesSynovial cavities