2016

Hydrogen Centre Proposal

By Bilal Almouadab

Contents:I. What is Hydrogen?II. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen.III. The used of Hydrogen.IV. Hydrogen production Methods.V. The Storage ways.VI. Aims of the Centre. VII. Partners.VIII. Why they wants to support?IX. Tables.X. The location site.XI. Hydrogen Policy in Libya.XII. Why this Location. XIII. Time-scale of the Proposal. XIV. Benefit for the City. XV. The Process of the centre.XVI. Diagram of the process. XVII.The storage area.XVIII.The plan.XIX. The Cost for Five years.XX. How much Hydrogen will be produced?XXI. The list of Challenges.XXII.Future Plant.XXIII.Why there is need to support this proposal?XXIV.References

What is Hydrogen

2016

1. Hydrogen is one of the most a suitable fuel for the Environment

2. Hydrogen has almost Zero negative emission.

3. Hydrogen is type of natural gas.

4. Hydrogen has no colour, taste and no small.

5. Hydrogen is one of the simplest type of atom.

6. There is a huge amount of Hydrogen on the earth , but unfortunately it does not occur

naturally.

7. Hydrogen has high level of efficiency.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen 1. Advantages :I. It is able to be everywhere.II.No Negative emission III.Environmental friendly projectIV.Used as fuel in Rockets V. Very powerful.VI.Help to reduce the used of Fossil Fuel.VII.Cheap maintenance.VIII.Operate silently.

2. Disadvantages:IX.Expensive to produced.X.High Flammable.XI.Storage area size.

The used of Hydrogen.

I. As a fuel for the transportation.

II. Weather balloons.

III. Industrial application.

IV. Chemical compounds

V. As a fuel for Rockets.

Hydrogen production methodsWays to create hydrogen are divided into two groups:

Current production way :By steam methane Reforming. By fossil fuel way.By water electrolysers.By pyrolysis.By chemical industry .

Research production methods:By photoelectrlysis.By photochemical.By biological production of hydrogen.By Thermochemical production.By Hydrogen bromide electrolysers.By Nuclear power.By Carbon dioxide sequestration.

The storage waysHydrogen may stored as

I. In compressed gas.

II. As a liquid.

III. As a metal hydride.

IV. As a carbon structure.

V. As a chemical storage..

Aims of the centre:I. Find Cheaper way to create Hydrogen.

II. Help to reduce the used of Fossil Fuel.

III. Increase the level of efficiency.

IV. Increase the level of hydrogen density.

V. Offer academic research platform.

VI. Reduce the cost of Hydrogen.

VII. Reduce the refuelling time.

VIII.Help to meet the renewable target.

IX. Reduce the storage area.

X. Create Hydrogen for Vehicles.

Partnerships1: BMW Company. 2: Mercedes company. 3: Mazda Company. 4: The Libyan Government.

5: University of South wales 6: Cranfield university 7: Hyundai Company. 8: Siemens Company.

9: American Energy Partners Company.

The Libyan Government

why they do wants support the proposal?Vehicles companies:Increase the numbers of a green Vehicles.Increase the uses of the green vehicles in Africa. The Libyan Government:Wants to reduce the used of fossil fuel there.Keep the environment in safety condition.Wants to help to reduce the level of greenhouses in the world.Help to reduce the fossil fuel emissions in Africa.

Universities:Increase the level of hydrogen knowledge.Increase the number of students who are interesting in the Renewable energy.

Energy companies:Increase the level of experience.Open a new hydrogen market in Africa.Develop in create in a new hydrogen technologies.

How they will support ? I. The Libyan Government will offer the land and preparing it . II. BMW company will buy and build the renewable technologies.III. Hyundai company will offer the staffs salaries for five years.IV. The two universities will offer labs and academic research.V. Mazda company will build building centre. VI. Siemens company and the American Energy Partners Company will offer the

experience staffs.VII. Mercedes will buy all technologies which will be at the centre such as Electrolysers and

Inverters.

Site Location:The centre will be located in Derna City Libya North Africa

Hydrogen Policy in Libya

Factors have to be consider

I. The plant must be located out the city. II. The plant has to have Renewable Licence project.III. Offer jobs opportunities for the local residents.

Why this Location:I. There is a high level of speed of wind each day.

II. The Government already decided to sit up wind farm.

III. There is a huge free amount of land which can use in future.

IV. The sun is shining around 11 hours every day.

V. The city is located by the sea. So, it will be possible to use the waves power in the future.

Timeline of the proposal

I. Preparing the Land………………………………………………………...( Sep - Dec 2016)

II. Wind turbine and offices Building Foundation……………………....( Jan - Mar 2017)

III. Set up Offices Building, Laps Buildings and the storage area……..( April -July 2017)

IV. Set up the Wind Turbine and the PV panels…………………………..( Aug - Oct 2017)

V. Set up cars park……………………………………………………………..( Nov – Dec 2017)

VI. Start operation ………………………………………………………………(January 2018)

Benefits for the cityI. Supply homes by renewable electricity .

II. Put this city as a number one in the hydrogen part in Africa.

III. Provide good jobs for the local residents.

IV. Improve the economic situation there.

V. Keep the environment in good condition.

VI. Open good new hydrogen mark in North Africa.

VII. Open a new market for as green vehicles in North Africa.

VIII.Reduce the health impacts which comes from the used of fossil fuel there.

Technologies A. Solar Panels DC ( 20kw).

B. Alkaline electrolyser (58KW)

C.Inverters. ( 5KW)

D.Electronic Rectifier.

E. Fuel Cell.

F. Standard dimerization unit.

G.Compression (200 KW)

H.The 200 bar Hydrogen Storage Manifold Cylinder Packs.

I. Wind Turbine ( 100KW) + (10 KW)

Why this type of technologies?

I. Why Pv system: because the Sun is shinning around 11 hours there.

II. Why wind System: Because there is a high level of speed all seasons.

III. Why Alkaline Electrolysers : because it has high level of efficiency, hydrogel yield, Pure Hydrogen.

IV. Why Compression (200 KW): High level of Capacity.

The Process of the Centre:I. Renewable Technologies will produce DC current.

II. The inverter will convert the DC current which comes from Renewable Technologies into AC power.

III. The AC current will transfer into the local grid.

IV. The local grid will supply the centre by AC current.

V. The Electronic rectifier will convert the AC power which comes from the grid into DC power to supply the

electrolyser.

VI. The Standard dimerization unit will clean the water up by filters before supply the electrolyser.

VII. The electrolyser will spilt water into two parts of Hydrogen and Oxygen and produce electricity.

VIII.The fuel cell will convert the hydrogen to power.

IX. The compression will compress the hydrogen into the storage area.

Wind Power PV panels

Inverters

Local Grid

Electronic rectifier

Hydrogen for Vehicles

Electrolysers

Source of water

Standard dimerization

unit

Storage area

The storage area

The way which will used at the centre is the in compressed gas way.

Why ????

I. It is the most utilised storage way in the UK.

II. The gas cylinders have a gravimetric density ≈1 wt.% (186wh/kg).

Transportation system at the Centre

By ships.

Advantages of this way are:

I. There is no environmental damage.

By Pipeline:

Advantages of this way are:

I. Safe.

II. cheap.

Plan 1. Planning time:

I. The centre will run for 5 years .

II. The centre will works all the year.

2. Maintenance time:

III. There are just 30 days off each year.

IV. 30 days will divided into two period of each year.

V. The first 15 days will be after the first six Mouths.

VI. The second 15 days will be in the end of each year.

The cost for 5 years :Technologies :

Component Capital Cost   Lifetime O&M Cost ( % of capital cost ) The Total

Electrolysers £ 1520.1267 / KW 20 years £  1.519 £ 88167.34

Wind turbine £  608.1338 / KW 30 years £ 1.20 £ 66894.71

Compressor £   3798.0937 /KW 12 years £  1.20 £ 759618.74

 Fuel Cell   £ 1913 / KW 10 years £ 1.519 £ 19130

Solar panels  £ 1,133 /  kwp   20 years £ 1500 for all the lifetime £ 226960

Inverters ( 5) £ 150 5 years £ 1. 20 £ 900

Assumptions

Type of the Assumption The Cost

The cost of the land project free

Staffs salaries for five years £ 1400000

Number of experience Staffs required 10

Electronic Rectifier £ 1200

Building design and other staffs £ 250.00

Standard Dimerization unit £ 19120

The total £ 2582240.79

How much Hydrogen will be

produced ?

Alkaline electrolyser (58KW) : it takes 9 Litters of water to create 10Nm3/h..

The centre works 24 hours.

The daily hydrogen production is = 24 h * 10Nm3/h.. = 240 nm3

The hydrogen will be produced each year: 240 nm3 * 335 days = 80400 nm3

The hydrogen will be produced in five years: 402000 nm3

Challenging

The List of challenges:A. High level of cost of equipments.

B. Hydrogen storage cost.

C.The cost of green Vehicles.

D.The cost of infrastructure.

E. The cost of Fossil fuel.

F. The cost of transportation for Hydrogen.

G.The efficiency of Hydrogen storage.

H.Refuelling Time.

I. Life-Cycle and Efficiency Analyses.

J. Low level of Hydrogen density.

K.Find long-term costumers.

Future plant:I. Use the wave, tidal power.

II. Install a new Electrolyser.

III. Install a wastewater treatment.

IV. Transfer Hydrogen to other contries.

Why there is need to support this proposal?I. Reduce the used of Fossil Fuel In Africa.

II. Put a new renewable target in Africa.

III. Makes Africa a good place for Hydrogen production.

IV. Reduce the negative emissions which produced by the transportation in Africa.

V. Increase the level of used of a green Vehicles in Africa.

VI. Increase the level of interest in Hydrogen.

VII. This plant will play very important role in Africa.

VIII.This plant will offer other products which is a renewable electricity and treat wastewater in the future.

IX. This plant will solve other type of problems such as the wastewater problem.

References:

Ni, M., Leung, M.K., Leung, D.Y. and Sumathy, K., 2007. A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(3), pp.401-425.

Das, D. and Veziroǧlu, T.N., 2001. Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 26(1), pp.13-28.

Khaselev, O. and Turner, J.A., 1998. A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science, 280(5362), pp.425-427.

Turner, J.A., 2004. Sustainable hydrogen production. Science, 305(5686), pp.972-974.

Hallenbeck, P.C. and Benemann, J.R., 2002. Biological hydrogen production; fundamentals and limiting processes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27(11), pp.1185-1193.

Funk, J.E., 2001. Thermochemical hydrogen production: past and present. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 26(3), pp.185-190.

Ni, M., Leung, D.Y., Leung, M.K. and Sumathy, K., 2006. An overview of hydrogen production from biomass. Fuel processing technology, 87(5), pp.461-472.

Tani, T., Sekiguchi, N., Sakai, M. and Ohta, D., 2000. Optimization of solar hydrogen systems based on hydrogen production cost. Solar energy, 68(2), pp.143-149.

Grigoriev, S.A., Porembsky, V.I. and Fateev, V.N., 2006. Pure hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis for hydrogen energy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31(2), pp.171-175.

References:

Zhang, Y.H.P., Evans, B.R., Mielenz, J.R., Hopkins, R.C. and Adams, M.W., 2007. High-yield hydrogen production from starch and water by a synthetic enzymatic pathway. PloS one, 2(5), p.e456.

Sherif, S.A., Barbir, F. and Veziroglu, T.N., 2005. Wind energy and the hydrogen economy—review of the technology. Solar energy, 78(5), pp.647-660.

Agbossou, K., Kolhe, M., Hamelin, J. and Bose, T.K., 2004. Performance of a stand-alone renewable energy system based on energy storage as hydrogen. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, 19(3), pp.633-640.

Lipman, T.E., Ramos, R. and Kammen, D.M., 2005. An assessment of battery and hydrogen energy storage systems integrated with wind energy resources in California (No. CEC-500-2005-136).