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The Final

December 15, 10:30 am, CHEM 140

80 questions. Cumulative. 3 hours.

We are unable to give alternate exam dates or times.

Be on time, please—no late exams will be given

CHAPTER 11 OVERVIEW

City Spaces: Urban Structure

Key Questions

How are cities organized, and why?

What are common patterns of urban structure?

How do these create radically different urban experiences for different groups? How do we create different but co-existing cities in the same place for different people?

Organization of the Lecture

I. The City and The City

II. Principles of spatial organization Example: Chicago

III. Traditional urban forms North America Europe

III. New urban forms

I. The City and the City

The City and the City

Two cities: Beszel and Um Qota.

Cities overlap: people in Beszel interact with “crosshatched” parts of Um Qota all the time.

To interact with the other city is to “breach”

They survive by “unseeing” and “unnoticing”

Modern Cities

Are dividedMy “New York” is not

Bloomberg’s New York is not a homeless person’s New York.

We survive by “unseeing” the parts of the city that aren’t “ours” much of the time.

How do cities come to be spatially segregated?

II. How are cities spatially patterned?

In an ideal world….

*Land utility and price is a function of accessibility.

*Land is more valuable closer to the urban center.

*Result is concentric zones of land use.

Urban patterns in real life

Social factors change land use.

Conundrum: why do the wealthy move to the suburbs?

Group membership, identity, and symbolic value change the meaning of urban places. A mansion in Lake Forest, IL

The territorial clustering of subgroups of peopleExamples?A means of cultural

preservationCreates places for

minority institutions Establishes a power

base in relation to host society.

Congregation

Chicago

Territoriality on the part of majority populations

Restricting territory of minority groups.

Blocks assimilation of minorities into host society

Can be symbolic or institutional

Discrimination

Redlining in Chicago

Segregation

The combined result of congregation and discrimination.

Chicago: the most segregated city in America

What kinds of segregations exist in your town? In Boulder?

Urban forms of segregation

Enclaves

Ghettos

Colonies

Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago

NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ISLAMIC WORLD

Patterns of Urban Structure

North American Cities

Organized around central business districtsLoop and El in

Chicago

CBD surrounded by a mixed use transition zone

Residential districts are outlying

Processes of Neighborhood Change

Invasion

Succession

Gentrification

Example: Pilsen, Chicago Was Czech Now Latin American Gentrifying West Side

Problems of North American Cities

“Fiscal squeeze”—declining revenues meet increased demands for services

Infrastructure Problems—obsolete built environment

Neighborhood decay—exacerbated by the mortgage crisis, creates stigmatized areas

Collapsed bridge on I-35W

Cycle of Poverty

Poor people attracted to low rents in decaying areas.

Underfunded, decaying areas lose businesses and jobs.

Result is low employment, high stigma

Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago

The City and The City

US cities are income-segregated.

How often do you go to a low-income area? Does your daily path go there?

Is Boulder a different city for you and a low-income person? Your town?

European Cities

Several advantages compared to US cities:

Well-funded through municipal socialism

Lively downtown areas

Neighborhood stability

Better infrastructure

Downtown Toulouse, France

New Urban Forms: the Polycentric Metropolis

“Splintering Urbanism” and sprawl have led to urban areas up to 100 miles wide.

These areas have multiple centers and corridors.

Postsuburbia, exurbia, technoburbs

Conclusions

Cities are sprawling

Larger cities are more spatially segregated.

People of different ethnic and income groups now exist in enclaves, gentrified areas, suburbs, ghettos and other spatially distinct areas

We can think about “the city and the city”---totally different cities that happen to be in the same place.