The FermiLabParticle Accelerator

Hydrogen gas is converted into

hydrogen ions here

The linear accelerator

accelerates the protonsto 70% of the speed

of light with 400million electron volts (MeV)

The booster ring bends theproton beam into a circular

path.

The Tevatron particle accelerator is 4 miles in

circumference.

The Tevatron acceleratesparticles to energies of 2

trillion electron volts (TeV).

Particle speeds approach 95% of the speed of light.

When these particles collide, conditions

simulating the early universe are produced.

Cyclotron:Underground tunnel

Cyclotron:Proton Gun

NuclearReactor

Radioactivity - 9 min

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Lead into Gold

A change in the number

of protons in the atomic

nucleus producing an atom

with a differ atomic number.

continued

The first was

performed by

Lord Rutherford

in 1911.

continued

Nitrogen-14 was bombarded

with alpha particles

producing oxygen-17

and protons.

N + He O + H14 7

42

17 8

11

A nuclear reaction in whicha very heavy nucleus issplit into two approximatelyequal fragments.

First Atomic "Pile"

December 2, 1942 at 3:25 pm

Chernobyl, USSR - April 25 & 26, 1986

Chernobyl, USSR - April 25 & 26, 1986

Chernobyl Reactor Meltdown

Chernobyl Radiation

The Gadget

July 16, 1945 at 5:29:45 am

Trinity at 10 seconds

Ground Zero

"Little Boy"Hiroshima, JapanAugust 6, 1945

"Fat Man"Nagasaki, JapanAugust 9, 1945

A nuclear reaction in whichtwo or more small nucleiare forged together to formone larger nucleus.

FusionReactor

Fusion Issues: 100 million oC activation stability reliability heat lost to environment plasma interactions

Hydrogen Bomb

First Hydrogen Bomb - 1952

"Fat Man"contained 6.15 kg ofplutonium, of which only 1 kg fissioned into lighter elements.

Of this 1 kg, ONE GRAM of mass was converted into heat, light and radiation.

Because a bound system is at a lowerenergy level than its unbound parts,its mass must be less than the totalmass of its unbound parts.

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A dollar bill has a mass of about 1 gram.

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E = (massseparated - massbound) c2

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E = mc2

E/m = C2 = (299,792,458 m/s)2 / 1 kg

9 X 1016 joules / kg = 9 X 1013 j / g

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That is equal to 43 million pounds of TNT,85 billion BTU's of heat, or 25 million kilowatt-hours of electricity.

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Grand Coulee Dam, in central WA, is thelargest hydroelectric generator in the U.S.

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Its 33 turbines need almost 4 hours to produce 25 million kw-hours of electricity.

A t o m i c M a s s

A t o m i c N u m b e r

23892U

T h e e l e m e n t i s r e p r e s e n t e db y i t s c h e m i c a l s y m b o l

alpha

beta

beta-plus

neutron

42

0-1

0+1

10

He

e

e

n continued

continued

proton11H

continued

An atomic nucleus capturesan electron from its owninnermost energy level.

K-capture

continued

The atomic number isdecreased by one and themass number remainsthe same.

K-capture

100 44

Ru +

K-capture

100 44

100 43Ru + e 0

-1 Tc

K-capture

Nuclear equations are balanced much like chemical equations.

To balance nuclear equations,follow these two rules:

- mass number is conserved - electric charge is conserved

Rule One

Mass number is conserved:

The sum of the massnumbers before thechange must equal thesum of the mass numbersafter the change.

Charge is conserved:

The total electriccharge on subatomicparticles and nucleibefore and after thechange must be equal.

Rule Two

alpha

continued

alpha

42 He

continued

beta

continued

beta

0-1 e

continued

beta-plus

continued

beta-plus

0+1 e

continued

neutroncontinued

neutron 10n continued

proton

continued

proton

11 H

continued

Add 1 Daughter Particle

Ru + e 0-1

100 44

Ru +100 44

Tc100 43Ru + e 0

-1100 44

e 0-1

Add 1 Daughter Particle

Li + H11

73

He42

Add 1 Daughter Particle

Li + H11

73

He42

Li + H11

73

He + 42 He4

2

Add 1 Daughter Particle

Li + H11

73

He42

Li + H11

73

He + 42 He4

2

Li + H11

73

He 422

Add 1 Daughter Particle

H + H n +31

21

10

Add 1 Daughter Particle

H + H n +31

21

10

H + H n +31

21

10

He42

Add 1 Daughter Particle

C N +14 6

14 7

Add 1 Daughter Particle

C N +14 6

14 7

C N +14 6

14 7

e 0-1

Add 1 Daughter Particle

Pb +4 n +208 82

10

42 He 4

Add 1 Daughter Particle

Pb +4 n +208 82

10

42 He 4

Pb +4 n +208 82

10

42 He 4

220 90

Th

Add 1 Daughter Particle

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Homework

Stability

Predict isotope stability with these three general rules:

1.The greater the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable the nucleus.

1.The greater the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable the nucleus.

Both protons and neutronsadd to the weak force.

But protons also add to theelectric force, which helpsto destabilize the nucleus.

2. Nuclei with a 1:1 neutron to proton ratio are very stable.

This can only occur in small nuclei.

2. Nuclei with a 1:1 neutron to proton ratio are very stable.

3. The most stable nuclei tend to contain an even number of both protons and neutrons.

Half-Life

Half-Life

Half-life - 17 min

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End Nuclear Chemistry

End Nuclear Chemistry