The English

Reformation to 1553

A. Early Reformers1. John Wyclif & the

Lollards2. William Tyndale

King Henry VIIKing Henry VII

Arthur, Arthur, Prince of Prince of

WalesWales[1500][1500]

Young Young Henry Henry

VIIIVIII

Young Catherine Young Catherine of Aragonof Aragon

-Daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain-Aunt of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

B. Henry VIII (1509-B. Henry VIII (1509-1547)1547)1.1.Had earlier been critical of Had earlier been critical of Lutheranism and reformLutheranism and reform

a.a. supported Catholicism & supported Catholicism & PopePope

b.b. Wrote Wrote Defense of Seven Defense of Seven Sacraments – Sacraments – as an as an argument to Lutherargument to Luther

c.c. Pope gave Henry title Pope gave Henry title “Defender of the Faith”“Defender of the Faith”

d.d. English kings had power to English kings had power to appoint bishops !!appoint bishops !!

B. Henry VIII (1509-B. Henry VIII (1509-1547)1547)2. Henry sought an 2. Henry sought an annulment from his wife annulment from his wife Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon

a.a. Only 1 child = Mary, out of Only 1 child = Mary, out of 5 childbirths5 childbirths

b.b. Necessary to have son to Necessary to have son to ensure Tudor Dynastyensure Tudor Dynasty

c.c. Mary was betrothed to a Mary was betrothed to a French prince French prince IFIF Henry died Henry died England would belong to a England would belong to a French PrinceFrench Prince

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Wife #1--Catherine of Wife #1--Catherine of Aragon Aragon

Stained Glass Stained Glass Window Window

of Catherine of of Catherine of AragonAragon

Mary I @ 28 Mary I @ 28 years old]years old]

B. Henry VIII (1509-B. Henry VIII (1509-1547)1547)3. Henry believed God was 3. Henry believed God was punishing him, Leviticuspunishing him, Leviticus

a. Had earlier received a a. Had earlier received a papal papal dispensation allowing dispensation allowing him to him to marry Catherinemarry Catherine

b. Now he sought the b. Now he sought the annulmentannulment

4. He already had a 4. He already had a mistress, Anne Boleynmistress, Anne Boleyn

C. The Church of England C. The Church of England – Henry breaks away – Henry breaks away

from the Catholic Churchfrom the Catholic Church

1.1.Pope unable to grant a Pope unable to grant a papa; dispensation after papa; dispensation after 15271527

Why?Why?

•HRE Charles V had just sacked HRE Charles V had just sacked Rome, Charles was in controlRome, Charles was in control

•Catherine was Charles’ aunt – Catherine was Charles’ aunt – an annulment would make her an annulment would make her an adulteress & Mary iligitimatean adulteress & Mary iligitimate

Charles V, Nephew to

Catherine of Aragan & cousin to

Mary Tudor

Charles V, Nephew to

Catherine of Aragan & cousin to

Mary Tudor

C. The Church of England C. The Church of England – Henry breaks away – Henry breaks away

from the Catholic Churchfrom the Catholic Church

2. Cardinal Wolsey, failed at 2. Cardinal Wolsey, failed at getting the getting the annulmentannulment

3. Thomas Cranmer replaced 3. Thomas Cranmer replaced Wolsey Wolsey and convinced Henry in and convinced Henry in 1533 that 1533 that he could divorce he could divorce Catherine by Catherine by breaking away breaking away from Romefrom Rome

• Henry secretly married Anne in Henry secretly married Anne in 1533 (6 1533 (6 months pregnant months pregnant w/Elizabeth )w/Elizabeth )

Thomas CranmerThomas Cranmer

Wife #2--Anne Wife #2--Anne Boleyn Boleyn [1501536][1501536]

Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn MiniatureMiniature

C. The Church of C. The Church of EnglandEngland4. Henry broke away from the 4. Henry broke away from the Catholic Catholic Church and formed the Church and formed the Church of Church of England (Anglican England (Anglican Church)Church)

a.a. Act of Supremacy 1534, Act of Supremacy 1534, made king head of the made king head of the churchchurch

b.b. All Catholic lands (25% of All Catholic lands (25% of England) confiscated and England) confiscated and soldsold

C. The Church of C. The Church of EnglandEnglandc. Monasteries were closedc. Monasteries were closed

d. d. Act Succession Act Succession 1534: All the 1534: All the king’s king’s subjects had to take an subjects had to take an oath of oath of loyalty to the king as loyalty to the king as head of the head of the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church

- Henry ordered the - Henry ordered the execution of execution of Thomas MoreThomas More for for refusing to take refusing to take the oath the oath

Sir Thomas More,Sir Thomas More,Lord Chancellor Lord Chancellor

of Englandof England

C. The Church of C. The Church of EnglandEngland

5. 1536, opposition in the 5. 1536, opposition in the North to Henry’s North to Henry’s reformation led to the reformation led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, a Pilgrimage of Grace, a huge multi-class huge multi-class rebellion; the largest in rebellion; the largest in English historyEnglish history

Pilgrimage of Grace Pilgrimage of Grace

C. The Church of C. The Church of EnglandEngland

6. In total, Henry had 6 6. In total, Henry had 6 wives wives

a.a. Anne Boleyn was Anne Boleyn was executed executed

b.b. Henry’s 3Henry’s 3rdrd wife, Jane wife, Jane Seymore, had son & diedSeymore, had son & died

Tower GreenTower GreenWhere Anne Boleyn Where Anne Boleyn

was Executedwas Executed

#3--Jane Seymour #3--Jane Seymour [1508-1537][1508-1537]

““Baby” Edward VIBaby” Edward VI

#4--Anne of Cleves #4--Anne of Cleves [1515-1557][1515-1557]

#5--Katherine Howard #5--Katherine Howard [1525-1542][1525-1542]

#6--Katherine Parr #6--Katherine Parr [1512-1548][1512-1548]

Henry Henry VIII’s VIII’s

FamilyFamily

D. Edward VI (1547-D. Edward VI (1547-1553)1553)1.1.10 yrs old when he b/c king, 10 yrs old when he b/c king, protestantprotestant

2.2.England moved towards England moved towards Protestantism: CalvinismProtestantism: Calvinism

a.a. New PracticesNew Practices

• Clergy could marryClergy could marry

• Iconic images removed from Iconic images removed from churcheschurches

• Communion by the laity was Communion by the laity was expandedexpanded

D. Edward VI (1547-D. Edward VI (1547-1553)1553)

b. New Doctrinesb. New Doctrines

- salvation by faith alone- salvation by faith alone

- denial of - denial of transubstantiationtransubstantiation

- only 2 sacraments: - only 2 sacraments: baptism baptism and communion and communion

3. Edward’s dies in 1553 3. Edward’s dies in 1553

Henry’s Henry’s DeathbedDeathbed

Edward VI [r. 1547-Edward VI [r. 1547-1553]1553]

Henry VIII’s Henry VIII’s ChildrenChildren1510 Daughter - died1510 Daughter - died

1511 Son - died1511 Son - died1513 Son - died1513 Son - died1514 Son - died1514 Son - died1516 Mary - 1516 Mary - survivedsurvived1518 Daughter - died1518 Daughter - died1533 Elizabeth - 1533 Elizabeth - survivedsurvived1534 Son - died1534 Son - died1535 unknown - died1535 unknown - died1536 Son - died1536 Son - died1537 Edward1537 Edward - - survivedsurvived

D. Edward VI (1547-D. Edward VI (1547-1553)1553)After Edward diedAfter Edward died

- Lady Jane Grey was placed on - Lady Jane Grey was placed on the throne for a short periodthe throne for a short period

- Mary & Elizabeth raised an - Mary & Elizabeth raised an army, charged London and army, charged London and arrested Janearrested Jane

- Mary b/c Queen and Jane was - Mary b/c Queen and Jane was executedexecuted

Lady Jane Lady Jane GreyGrey

““Ruled” Ruled” England England

from from July 10–19, July 10–19,

15531553

E. Mary Tudor (r. E. Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)1553-1558)-Tried to restore England to Tried to restore England to CatholicismCatholicism

1.1.Daughter of Henry & Catherine Daughter of Henry & Catherine of Aragonof Aragon

2.2.Married Philip II, future heir to Married Philip II, future heir to the Spanish thronethe Spanish throne

3.3.Mary rescinded reformation Mary rescinded reformation legislation of Henry’s & Edward’s legislation of Henry’s & Edward’s ReignReign

E. Mary Tudor (r. E. Mary Tudor (r. 1553-15581553-1558))4. 4. Marian exiles: Marian exiles: Protestants fled Protestants fled England fearing persecutionEngland fearing persecution

5. 300 people executed including 5. 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer; bishops and Archbishop Cranmer; her opponents called her “her opponents called her “Bloody Bloody Mary”Mary”

Mary died without an heir to the Mary died without an heir to the thronethrone

Elizabeth b/c Queen of EnglandElizabeth b/c Queen of England

Queen Mary I or Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”“Bloody Mary”[r. 1553 – 1558][r. 1553 – 1558]

Philip II & Mary TudorPhilip II & Mary Tudor

Married & planned to Married & planned to unite the empires of unite the empires of England and SpainEngland and Spain

“ “Bloody Mary”Bloody Mary”

F. Elizabeth I (r. F. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) the 1558-1603) the “Virgin Queen”“Virgin Queen”1. Daughter of Henry & Anne 1. Daughter of Henry & Anne BoleynBoleyn

a.a. Catholics rejected her Catholics rejected her

b.b. She was ProtestantShe was Protestant

2. Effectively dev. Protestantism 2. Effectively dev. Protestantism in Englandin England

a. a. PolitiquePolitique: she was a : she was a practical politician practical politician

F. Elizabeth I (r. F. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) the 1558-1603) the “Virgin Queen”“Virgin Queen”

b. Puritans (Calvinists) b. Puritans (Calvinists) sought at sought at this time to this time to reform or purify reform or purify the Church the Church of Englandof England

F. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-F. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) the “Virgin 1603) the “Virgin Queen”Queen”3. “Elizabethan Settlement” : 3. “Elizabethan Settlement” : required required people conform to the Church of people conform to the Church of England but allowed to worship England but allowed to worship Protestantism & Catholicism privatelyProtestantism & Catholicism privately

a. like Catholic (Book of Common a. like Catholic (Book of Common PrayerPrayer

b. Catholicism strong w/nobles b. Catholicism strong w/nobles

c. Services in Englishc. Services in English

d.d. Monasteries not openedMonasteries not opened

e.e. Clergy not allowed to marryClergy not allowed to marry

f.f. No church = jailNo church = jail

F. Elizabeth I (r. F. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) the 1558-1603) the “Virgin Queen”“Virgin Queen”4. 1563, 4. 1563, Thirty-Nine ArticlesThirty-Nine Articles: : defined the beliefs of the defined the beliefs of the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church

- followed Protestant - followed Protestant doctrine but doctrine but did not did not accommodate Puritansaccommodate Puritans

5. Some Catholics unsuccessfully 5. Some Catholics unsuccessfully plotted assassination attempts plotted assassination attempts and invasions against Elizabethand invasions against Elizabeth

a. Mary Queen of Scotlanda. Mary Queen of Scotland

b. King Philip II – Spanish b. King Philip II – Spanish Armada Armada

Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I

Hampton CourtHampton Court[Where Katherine [Where Katherine

Howard Was Arrested]Howard Was Arrested]

Tower of LondonTower of Londonfrom the Airfrom the Air

Tower of London:Tower of London:The Bloody TowerThe Bloody Tower

Tower of Tower of London:London:

Traitor’s GateTraitor’s Gate

Elizabeth Elizabeth I,I,

QueenQueen

at last! at last!

rr. 1558 - . 1558 - 1603 1603

Queen Elizabeth I [1533-Queen Elizabeth I [1533-1603]1603]

Mary, Queen of Mary, Queen of ScotsScots

Mary, Queen of Mary, Queen of ScotsScots

[Before Her [Before Her Execution]Execution]

Execution of Mary of Execution of Mary of ScotlandScotland

Queen Elizabeth I [1533-Queen Elizabeth I [1533-1603]1603]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1580][1580]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1592][1592]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1592][1592]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1600][1600]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1603][1603]

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Thomas CromwellThomas Cromwell

Anne of Anne of ClevesCleves

Anne of Cleves Anne of Cleves MiniatureMiniature

Anne of Cleves Anne of Cleves MiniatureMiniature

Katherine Katherine HowardHoward

““Prayers and Prayers and Meditations” Meditations” authored by authored by

Katherine ParrKatherine Parr

Katherine Katherine ParrParr

Edward VIEdward VI

Sir William CecilSir William Cecil

Sir Robert DudleySir Robert Dudley

Miniature of Sir Miniature of Sir Robert DudleyRobert Dudley

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Map of the Spanish Map of the Spanish Armada RouteArmada Route

Mary of Mary of GuiseGuise

James V of James V of ScotlandScotland

Mary of Scotland’s Mary of Scotland’s ParentsParents

Young Mary StuartYoung Mary Stuart

Lord DarnleyLord Darnley

The Earl of The Earl of BothwellBothwell

Mary Stuart in Mary Stuart in CaptivityCaptivity

Miniature of James I Miniature of James I / VI/ VI

James I [r. 1603 - James I [r. 1603 - 1625]1625]

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

A.A.Protestant WomenProtestant Women

1. Luther believed that a woman’s 1. Luther believed that a woman’s occupation was in the home as a occupation was in the home as a care givercare giver

2. Calvin believed in the subjugation 2. Calvin believed in the subjugation of wife to husbandof wife to husband

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

A.A.Protestant WomenProtestant Women

3. Protestant churches had greater 3. Protestant churches had greater control over marriage than the control over marriage than the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

- Suppressed common law - Suppressed common law marriage (very common with marriage (very common with Catholics)Catholics)

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

A.A.Protestant WomenProtestant Women

4. Marriage b/c more companionate, 4. Marriage b/c more companionate, emphasizing the love relationship emphasizing the love relationship bet. Man &wifebet. Man &wife

- Martin Luther and his wife, - Martin Luther and his wife, Katerina Katerina von Bora were good von Bora were good examplesexamples

- Luther: sex was an act of love - Luther: sex was an act of love bet. bet. Wife and manWife and man

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

A.A.Protestant WomenProtestant Women

5. Increased emphasis on teaching 5. Increased emphasis on teaching people to read the Bible resulted in people to read the Bible resulted in an increase in women’s literacyan increase in women’s literacy

a.a. Mothers were often expected Mothers were often expected to teach their kids the Bible to teach their kids the Bible

b.b. Schools for girls openedSchools for girls opened

c.c. Philip Melancthon Philip Melancthon b/c an b/c an important figure in edu for girls important figure in edu for girls in Protestant German statesin Protestant German states

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

A.A.Protestant WomenProtestant Women

6. Protestant women, however, lost 6. Protestant women, however, lost opportunities in church service that opportunities in church service that many Catholic women pursued many Catholic women pursued (Nuns)(Nuns)

7. Women gradually lost rights to 7. Women gradually lost rights to manage their own property or to manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own make legal transactions in their own namename

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

C. Catholic women:C. Catholic women:

1.1.Women continued to enjoy Women continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church thru religious opportunities in the Church thru religious orders (Nun)orders (Nun)

2.2.Angela Merici Angela Merici

a.a. Founded the Founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns Ursuline Order of Nuns (1530) – provided edu & religious (1530) – provided edu & religious trainingtraining

b.b. Sought to combat heresy thru Sought to combat heresy thru Christian Christian

c.c. Ursulines spread to France and the Ursulines spread to France and the New WorldNew World

VI. Impact of the Reform. VI. Impact of the Reform. On WomenOn Women

C. Catholic women:C. Catholic women:

3. 3. Teresa de AvilaTeresa de Avila

a.a. Major Spanish leader of the reform Major Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and movement for monasteries and conventsconvents

b.b. Believed an individual could have a Believed an individual could have a direct relationship w/God thru direct relationship w/God thru prayer and contemplation (very prayer and contemplation (very Protestant idea)Protestant idea)

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

A.A.Pope Paul III – most important Pope Paul III – most important pope in reforming the Church and pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantismchallenging Protestantism

1.1. Rather that instituting new Rather that instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline thru existing church discipline thru existing doctrinesdoctrines

2.2. The Catholic Reformation was both a The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to Protestantism and the response to the gains of Protestantism & the the gains of Protestantism & the view within the church that the view within the church that the abuses needed to be addressedabuses needed to be addressed

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

B. Council of Trent – 3 sessions 1545 B. Council of Trent – 3 sessions 1545 – 1563)– 1563)

-Council of bishops which set Council of bishops which set principles of Catholic Church for the principles of Catholic Church for the next 4 centuriesnext 4 centuries

1.1.Equal = scripture, Church Equal = scripture, Church traditions, and writings of church traditions, and writings of church fathersfathers

2.2.Salvation by both faith & “good Salvation by both faith & “good works”works”

3.3.All 7 sacraments valid & All 7 sacraments valid & transubstantiation reaffirmedtransubstantiation reaffirmed

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

B. Council of Trent – 3 sessions 1545 B. Council of Trent – 3 sessions 1545 – 1563)– 1563)

4. 4. MonasticismMonasticism, celibacy of clergy, , celibacy of clergy, and and purgatory reaffirmedpurgatory reaffirmed

5. Approved the 5. Approved the Index of Forbidden Index of Forbidden BooksBooks

a. books that supported a. books that supported Protestantism or were Protestantism or were

criticalcritical

of the church (Erasmus)of the church (Erasmus)

b. if caught w/books = b. if caught w/books = punishmentpunishment

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

B. Council of Trent – 3 sessions 1545 B. Council of Trent – 3 sessions 1545 – 1563)– 1563)

6. Church reforms: 6. Church reforms:

- sale of indulgences curtailed- sale of indulgences curtailed

- sale of church offices curtailed- sale of church offices curtailed

- bishops given greater control - bishops given greater control over over

clergyclergy

- seminaries est. to educate - seminaries est. to educate priestspriests

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

C. New Religious Orders (groups)C. New Religious Orders (groups)

1.1.Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)

a.a.3 goals:3 goals:

• Reform the church thru eduReform the church thru edu

• Spread the Gospel to pagan Spread the Gospel to pagan peoplespeoples

• Fight ProtestantismFight Protestantism

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

C. New Religious Orders (groups)C. New Religious Orders (groups)

1.1.Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)

b. Ignatious Loyala (1491-1556)b. Ignatious Loyala (1491-1556)

•Jesuits were organized in a military Jesuits were organized in a military fashionfashion

•Spiritual ExercisesSpiritual Exercises: Loyola’s : Loyola’s guidebook that was used to train guidebook that was used to train JesuitsJesuits

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

C. New Religious Orders (groups)C. New Religious Orders (groups)

1.1.Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)

c. Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits c. Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and oversaw both the Spanish and Italian InquisitionsItalian Inquisitions

•Spain:Spain: persecution of “Moriscos” persecution of “Moriscos” (Christian Moors) & Christian Jews (Christian Moors) & Christian Jews who were suspected of backsliding who were suspected of backsliding to their original faithsto their original faiths

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

•Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a papal Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull accusing Jews of killing Christ bull accusing Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in and ordering that Jews be placed in ghettos in the Papal Statesghettos in the Papal States

•The persecution of Jews throughout The persecution of Jews throughout Europe increased as a resultEurope increased as a result

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

d. The Catholic Reformation thus d. The Catholic Reformation thus succeeded in bringing southern succeeded in bringing southern Germany and eastern Europe back Germany and eastern Europe back to Catholicismto Catholicism

•1542, Roman Inquisition est. in 1542, Roman Inquisition est. in the Papal States (although the Papal States (although persecutions of heretics had persecutions of heretics had taken place prior)taken place prior)

•Index of Forbidden BooksIndex of Forbidden Books was was strongly enforcedstrongly enforced

• Heresy was effectively ended in Heresy was effectively ended in the Papal Statesthe Papal States

V. The Catholic Reformation:V. The Catholic Reformation:

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation

e. Jesuit schools became among e. Jesuit schools became among the the finest in all of Europefinest in all of Europe

2. Ursuline order of nuns (1544): 2. Ursuline order of nuns (1544): Sought to combat heresy thru Sought to combat heresy thru Christian eduChristian edu