The Crusades

Crusade"If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will find it.”

-- Matthew 16:24-25

TERMS LIST• East/West Schism (1054)

– Vicar of Christ– Ecumenical Patriarch

• Seljuk Turks• Alexius I• Urban II• Jerusalem

– Holy City for Three Religions• First Crusade (1095)

– People’s Crusade• Peter the Hermit• Infidels• Antisemitism• Usury

– Prince’s Crusade• Godfrey of Bullion• Indulgence

– Crusader Kingdoms• Pilgrim• Knights Hospitaller• Knights Templar• Second Crusade• Saladin• Third Crusade• Richard I• Fourth Crusade

– Sack of Constantinople

• Legacies of the Crusades

The Vicar of Christ

Peter

Popes

Current Pope

Christ Handing the Keys to St Peter Pietro Perugino (1481-82)

East/West Schism1054 A.D.

Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church

Pope (Bishop of Rome) Patriarch of Constantinople

Western Europe Eastern EuropeMiddle East

Papal Supremacy Papal Supremacy

Filioque Filioque

1054 – Mutual Excommunication

JerusalemHoly to Three Religions

• Byzantine Request for Assistance

• Pope Urban II– Called First Crusade (1095)

• “God wills it!”

The First Crusade1096-1099

The First Crusade1096-1099

• Mission:– Capture Jerusalem–Make it safe for pilgrims

• Urban II (Pope)– Speech @ Council of Clermont

• Godfrey of Bouillon – Sold Lands to raise army

• SUCCESS• Crusader Kingdoms established

Indulgence

SinsCrusade

Godfrey of Bouillon“Defender of the Holy Sepulcher”

• Refused Royal Title– Later Christian Rulers

of Jerusalem accepted the title of King.

Crusader Kingdoms(in shades of green)

Principality of AntiochCounty of EdessaKingdom of JerusalemCounty of Tripoli

Pilgrims• It’s not just about turkey.

• A pilgrim is anyone who makes a religious journey.– It was common for

Christians to make pilgrimages to holy sites during the Middle Ages.

– e.g., Canterbury Tales

Pilgrims

Pilgrims needed protection on the long, treacherous road to the Holy Land.

Military Orders

Christian:• Knights Hospitaller • Knights Templar• Teutonic Knights

Islamic:• Nizari (Hashashin)

Knights HospitallerOrder of St. JohnPower Base: Antioch

MOTTO:TUITIO FIDEI ET OBSEQUIUM PAUPERUMDefense of the Faith and Service to the Poor

Managed hospitals for pilgrimsArmed Escort for PilgrimsProtectors of Holy Land

Crusades, Part 2, 12m

Knights Templar

Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon

Power Base: Jerusalem

“Knights of the Temple”Defended PilgrimsGrew Wealthy

Knights Templar

1307 – Templars proscribed by the Pope

Templar Banks

JIHAD• “Struggle” / “Holy War”• Islam strikes back (12th c.)– Edessa Re-captured

The Second Crusade1045-1149

• Mission:–Recapture Edessa

• Louis VII–King of France

• Success Level:– EPIC FAIL

Saladin

Nur ad-Din / Saladin 36mStatue of Saladin in Damascus

Saladin

• United Muslims• Captured Jerusalem (1187)

Hashashin

• Nizari (Shia Sect)• “Assassins”• Nickname applied

by Sunni enemies

Crusades video, Part 2, 42 mins

The Third Crusade1189-1192

• Mission: Recapture Jerusalem

• Richard I (the Lionheart)–King of England

• Recaptured Acre• Failed to recapture

Jerusalem, but Richard defeated Saladin in battle

Compare to First Crusade MapCompare to Third Crusade Map

The Fourth Crusade1202-1204

• Mission: – Invade Jerusalem

through Egypt– Venetian Ships

• EPIC FAIL• Sack of

Constantinople

Shroud of Turin

Legacies of the Crusades

• Increased Power of Kings and the Papacy• Reopening of East/West Trade• Rise of Italian City-States• Permanent Decline of the Byzantine Empire• Strained Christian/Jewish and Christian/Muslim

relations• Cemented East/West split of the Christian

Church