Post on 06-Jan-2016
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The Cold WarThe Cold War
1945 - 19901945 - 1990
Who?Who?
The United States and the Soviet The United States and the Soviet UnionUnion
What?What?
Tension and fears between the Tension and fears between the “free” and “communist” nations “free” and “communist” nations of the worldof the world
Why?Why? The former Allies during WWII The former Allies during WWII
had different views concerning had different views concerning the post-war worldthe post-war world
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples
Communist govt. & command economy
vs. Democratic govt. & capitalist economy
Where?Where?
Global – in Europe, in Asia, and in Global – in Europe, in Asia, and in Latin AmericaLatin America
How? - “Weapons” UsedHow? - “Weapons” Used PropagandaPropaganda Diplomatic movesDiplomatic moves
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Scientific competition Scientific competition
Arms Race - nuclear escalation Space Race – Sputnik launches race to the moon!Space Race – Sputnik launches race to the moon!
Economic competitionEconomic competition Communist govt. & command economy vs. Democratic govt. & capitalist economy
Espionage Espionage Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
SubversionSubversion Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third
World peoples
US GoalUS Goal
Containment of CommunismContainment of Communism
1947 Foreign Affairs article by State Dept. official George Kennan
[“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT
George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENTGoals Means Actual Application
1. Restorationof the balance of power
2. Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.
Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion.Exploitation of tensions in international communism.
Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan $]
Cooperation with other communist regimes; [Supporting General Tito in Yugoslavia]
3. Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations.
Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences.
Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.
Government Reorganization to Government Reorganization to help fight the Cold Warhelp fight the Cold War
Department of Defense Department of Defense To replace the War DepartmentTo replace the War Department
National Security CouncilNational Security CouncilTo coordinate making of foreign policyTo coordinate making of foreign policy
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)To gather intelligence informationTo gather intelligence information
RecommendationsRecommendations
Increase spending on defense (4X Increase spending on defense (4X what it had been)what it had been)
Create alliances with Non-Communist Create alliances with Non-Communist countries countries (NATO) (SEATO)(NATO) (SEATO)
Convince the American public of the Convince the American public of the necessity of increased defense necessity of increased defense programsprograms
The Cold War in EuropeThe Cold War in Europe
An An “Iron Curtain”“Iron Curtain” had had descended across Europedescended across Europe
Containment in Europe
Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan
NATONorth Atlantic
Treaty Organization
The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine
U.S. U.S. military and economic aidmilitary and economic aid to to GreeceGreece and and TurkeyTurkey to prevent the to prevent the spread of Communismspread of Communism
11stst successful attempt at successful attempt at containmentcontainment
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
U.S. U.S. economic aideconomic aid to help European to help European countries rebuild after WWIIcountries rebuild after WWII
Strengthened democracies and their Strengthened democracies and their economieseconomies
Won support for the U.S.Won support for the U.S.Money was spent in U.S. to help the Money was spent in U.S. to help the
American economyAmerican economy
The Bipolarization of Europe
NATONATO
Defensive alliance of democratic Defensive alliance of democratic nations against possible communist nations against possible communist attackattack
Collective securityCollective security – “Attack against – “Attack against one is an attack against all”one is an attack against all”
USSR responds with creation of USSR responds with creation of Warsaw Pact (1955) Warsaw Pact (1955) – – Eastern European Soviet Eastern European Soviet bloc nations bloc nations
(satellite nations) become “buffer zone” (satellite nations) become “buffer zone” for USSRfor USSR
The Division of Berlin
Crisis in BerlinCrisis in Berlin
June 1948, Soviet Union June 1948, Soviet Union blockadedblockaded all all surface routes into West Berlin. Attempt to surface routes into West Berlin. Attempt to cut off the divided city from western Europe cut off the divided city from western Europe and force it to surrender to communismand force it to surrender to communism
Allies organized a massive Allies organized a massive airliftairlift of supplies of supplies into the “island of democracy”into the “island of democracy”
Stalin was unwilling to directly confront the Stalin was unwilling to directly confront the Allies and wouldn’t shoot at the planesAllies and wouldn’t shoot at the planes
May 1949, Soviets lifted blockade – Berlin May 1949, Soviets lifted blockade – Berlin remained a divided city surrounded by remained a divided city surrounded by Communist territoryCommunist territory
The Cold War in AsiaThe Cold War in Asia
Old imperialist system had Old imperialist system had collapsed; New nations were collapsed; New nations were
less responsive to US less responsive to US influenceinfluence
Containment In
Asia
In China In KoreaOccupation
of Japan
Occupation of JapanOccupation of Japan
1945 – 19511945 – 1951Led by General Douglas MacArthurLed by General Douglas MacArthurNew democratic constitution New democratic constitution
(MacArthur Constitution)(MacArthur Constitution) Japanese economy rebuiltJapanese economy rebuiltMilitary protection provided by U.S.Military protection provided by U.S. Japan became strong U.S. allyJapan became strong U.S. ally
In the PhilippinesIn the Philippines
Independence granted on July 4, Independence granted on July 4, 19461946
US maintained naval and air bases US maintained naval and air bases for most of the remainder of the 20for most of the remainder of the 20thth centurycenturyFerdinand Marcos (non-communist) Ferdinand Marcos (non-communist)
dictator (1965-1986)dictator (1965-1986)
In ChinaIn China
Communist Revolution in 1949 resulted in Communist Revolution in 1949 resulted in “2 Chinas” - “2 Chinas” - The People’s Republic The People’s Republic of China (Communist)of China (Communist) and and Nationalist Nationalist China on Taiwan (Democratic);China on Taiwan (Democratic); both both claimed there could be only one official claimed there could be only one official government of Chinagovernment of China U.S. government was unable to reach a U.S. government was unable to reach a
compromise settlementcompromise settlement USSR and People’s Republic of China USSR and People’s Republic of China
signed Sino-Soviet pact (1945) → USA fears signed Sino-Soviet pact (1945) → USA fears worldwide conspiracy of Communist worldwide conspiracy of Communist expansionexpansion
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Korean War[1950-1953]
Syngman Rhee
Kim Il-Sung
“Domino Theory”
The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]
In KoreaIn Korea
After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided at at 3838thth parallel parallelNorth Korea – occupied by USSR (Communist)North Korea – occupied by USSR (Communist)South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic)South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic)1950 – North Korean forces invaded the South1950 – North Korean forces invaded the SouthUS sent troops as part of United Nations US sent troops as part of United Nations
forces to defend South Korea from forces to defend South Korea from Communist forcesCommunist forces
Korean “Conflict” was a different Korean “Conflict” was a different kind of warkind of war
Never declared a war by US CongressNever declared a war by US CongressUS was part of United Nations forcesUS was part of United Nations forcesWe didn’t win – truce was signedWe didn’t win – truce was signedTruman (Commander in Chief) fired Truman (Commander in Chief) fired
the very popular General Douglas the very popular General Douglas MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur publicly questioned MacArthur publicly questioned Truman and suggested that the US Truman and suggested that the US should widen the war and use atomic should widen the war and use atomic weapons on Chinaweapons on China
Truman’s Domestic Truman’s Domestic PolicyPolicy
DemobilizationDemobilization after World after World War IIWar II
To convert the wartime economy To convert the wartime economy to a peacetime economyto a peacetime economy
GI Bill of RightsGI Bill of Rights$ for education, business ventures, $ for education, business ventures,
housing to help returning GI’s housing to help returning GI’s Employment Act of 1946Employment Act of 1946
Commit government to full employmentCommit government to full employmentGet Tough policy on strikes that Get Tough policy on strikes that
threatened national safety – threatened national safety – threatened to use troops against RR threatened to use troops against RR workers, miners and steelworkersworkers, miners and steelworkers
Taft-Hartley ActTaft-Hartley Act
Taft-Hartley ActTaft-Hartley ActOutlawed “closed shop” that required Outlawed “closed shop” that required
worker to join union before being hiredworker to join union before being hiredStates could pass “right to work” laws – States could pass “right to work” laws –
worker had the right to work without worker had the right to work without being forced to join unionbeing forced to join union
Outlawed secondary boycottsOutlawed secondary boycottsPresident had power to invoke 80 day President had power to invoke 80 day
cooling off period in strikes that cooling off period in strikes that threatened national safetythreatened national safety
Election of 1948Election of 1948
Harry TrumanDemocratic PartyUnder dog“Give ‘em hell Harry”
Thomas DeweyRepublican PartyConservative
Strom ThurmondStates’ Rights Party “Dixiecrats”Anti-civil rights
Henry WallaceProgressive PartyFeared too aggressive foreign policy
Truman defeated DeweyTruman defeated Dewey In spite of what the In spite of what the
headline readheadline read Truman attempted a Truman attempted a
“Fair Deal”“Fair Deal” – Nat’l – Nat’l health insurance, aid to health insurance, aid to education, Civil Rights education, Civil Rights legislation, funds for legislation, funds for public housing, public housing, minimum wageminimum wage
Most was defeated Most was defeated because of political because of political conflicts and increased conflicts and increased importance of foreign importance of foreign policypolicy
In spite of what headline read, Truman defeated Dewey
The Cold War at HomeThe Cold War at Home
A New Red ScareA New Red Scare To protect the country from Communist infiltrationTo protect the country from Communist infiltration
1947 – Loyalty Review Board1947 – Loyalty Review Board 3 million+ employees of the Federal Government, investigated to weed out those 3 million+ employees of the Federal Government, investigated to weed out those
suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers. Over 200 were fired and thousands of others resigned, many in protest over the Over 200 were fired and thousands of others resigned, many in protest over the
investigation and the secrecy surrounding the evidence being collected about them. investigation and the secrecy surrounding the evidence being collected about them.
1951 – 1951 – Dennis et al v. United StatesDennis et al v. United States upheld constitutionality of Smith Act, that made it illegal to advocate upheld constitutionality of Smith Act, that made it illegal to advocate
overthrow of US Gov’t by forceoverthrow of US Gov’t by force 1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act
illegal to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov’tillegal to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov’t House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee
investigated gov’t officials, looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & investigated gov’t officials, looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & Hollywood – “Hollywood Ten”Hollywood – “Hollywood Ten”
testify or else be held for contempt of Congresstestify or else be held for contempt of CongressEdward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy – YouTube Clip…..Edward R. Murrow vs. McCarthy – YouTube Clip…..
Spy CasesSpy CasesAlger Hiss – State DepartmentAlger Hiss – State Department
Denied charges he was a Communist and Denied charges he was a Communist and had given secret documents to a confessed had given secret documents to a confessed Communist Whittaker ChambersCommunist Whittaker Chambers
Was convicted of perjuryWas convicted of perjury Julius & Ethel RosenbergJulius & Ethel Rosenberg
US atomic scientists who were executed for US atomic scientists who were executed for giving Soviet scientists information that led giving Soviet scientists information that led to development of Soviet atomic weaponsto development of Soviet atomic weapons
McCarthyismMcCarthyismSenator Joseph McCarthy claimed Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed
Communists were working in the State Communists were working in the State DepartmentDepartment
Tactics includedTactics includedUnsupported accusationsUnsupported accusationsReckless cruelty → “witch hunt”Reckless cruelty → “witch hunt”Bullying, black listingBullying, black listingCast suspicion on innocent people – Cast suspicion on innocent people –
destroyed reputations and careersdestroyed reputations and careers(McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)(McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)
Senator Margaret Chase Smith Senator Margaret Chase Smith - spoke out against McCarthy - - spoke out against McCarthy -
““Declaration ofDeclaration of Conscience”Conscience”
““The right to criticize: the The right to criticize: the right to hold unpopular right to hold unpopular beliefs; the right to beliefs; the right to protest; the right of protest; the right of independent thought. The independent thought. The exercise of these rights exercise of these rights should not cost one single should not cost one single American citizen his American citizen his reputation or his right to a reputation or his right to a livelihood…Otherwise livelihood…Otherwise none of us could call our none of us could call our souls our own.”souls our own.”
Cold War in our CultureCold War in our Culture