Post on 18-Dec-2014
description
The citation struggle: Seeing the forest for the trees Roën Janyk & Leanna Jantzi | Okanagan Col lege L ibrary | Connections 2012
• To discuss the citation challenges students face
• To have a better understanding of the role of
information literacy in citation
• To learn a few APA tips and tricks
Objectives
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Some background: Survey
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Purpose: • To foster citation support and instruction offered at
Okanagan College Library by incorporating evidence-based decision making practices
Methodology: • Business, Science, Arts, Health, and Technologies departments • Online, confidential, and voluntary surveys • All faculty • Stratified random sample of students
Some background: Survey
Faculty Surveys sent = 280 Sample size required = 84 (30% response rate) Surveys returned= 81 (28.92% response rate) Students Surveys sent = 1180 Sample size required = 350 (30% response rate) Surveys bounced = 2 Surveys not completed = 50 Surveys returned = 191 (16.19% response rate)
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Yes 49%
No 32%
Not sure 19% Does your department
require students to use a specific citation style?
What citation style does your department require students to use?
Citation survey: Faculty
28
8
4 2
0
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What is your expectation of students' comprehension of the purpose of citation?
How do you rate students' comprehension of the purpose of citation?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 Noexpectation
2 3 4 5 Extremelyhigh
expectation
Notapplicable
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 Poor 2 3 4 5 Excellent Notapplicable
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What is your expectation of students' ability to create proper citations?
How do you rate students' ability to create proper citations?
1 Noexpectation
2 3 4 5 Extremelyhigh
expectation
Notapplicable
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
1 Poor 2 3 4 5 Excellent Notapplicable
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Did you receive citation instruction in high school?
Have you received citation instruction from: an OC course instructor; an OC librarian?
Citation survey: Students
Yes 42%
No 40%
Not sure 18%
The citation struggle | Connections 2012 Yes No Not Sure
Librarian
Instructor
70.7%
24.6%
4.7%
52.1%
42.1%
5.8%
Please rate your confidence level in terms of your ability to create citations.
What is your instructor's perception of your ability to create citations?
0
20
40
60
80
1 Noconfidence
23
45 Extremely
confident
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 Not able 23
45 Very ableThe citation struggle | Connections 2012
Citation survey: Students
Citation @ reference desks
September 2011 – July 2012 All campuses
Directional 34%
Citation 16%
Reference 38%
Research 7%
Technical 5%
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
I’ve never learned how to do this.
What students are saying
I spent more time on my references
than I did on my paper.
This is time-consuming.
This is difficult.
“Citations take a long time to do.”
“[Citations] are frustrating .”
“It would be nice if they stopped changing the rules regarding citations so that we only have to learn it once.”
“I was never told to or taught how to cite anything in high school, so I had to completely learn how to do so during first year.”
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
“To make judgments about citations – the kind of work cited, the
value of the work in the academic discipline, and the creation of
citations to support arguments or prove facts – involves
understanding disciplinary conversations and why citations are
so important in academia” (Elmborg, 2006, p. 197).
Information literacy & citation
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
“Information Literacy is the set of skills needed to find, retrieve, analyze, and use information”
- Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)
Information literacy
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
• Know
• Access
• Evaluate
• Use
• Ethical / Legal
- Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL)
Information literacy competency standards
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
“I'm just going to Google it for
one time I'll need it before I die.
It's not serious business.”
What students are saying
“I can't particularly understand why different
instructors require different citation styles. It
would be rather interesting to learn why the
differences are necessary for different
subjects, I would think :)”
“…there is a large amount
of grey area around what
should be cited…”
“Can be difficult to know when it
is important to [c]ite in class
handouts and slides .”
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
How do I cite this?
What is “this”?
I don’t know.
Journal article?
Secondary source? Streaming video?
Blog post?
Newspaper article?
Book chapter?
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Challenge
“One challenge students face when citing a resource begins at
the material identification stage . . . If a student does not
understand what type of material s/he is examining, then it is
impossible to use the manual to select the correct citation
format” (Park, Mardis, & Ury, 2011, p. 45).
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Struzik, E. (2008, Aug 23). Polar bears’ long swims blamed on global warming:
Satellite images show little ice in region. Calgary Herald. Retrieved
from http://www.calgaryherald.com
Newspaper article, online
(Struzik, 2008) Struzik (2008) writes . . . “Direct quote” (Struzik, 2008, para. 3).
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
APA Quick tips: electronic articles
• everything online is not a website! • database name not required • retrieval date not required • use DOI (digital object identifier) if available, if not
available, provide the homepage URL of the journal, book or report, etc.
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
Who is the author/editor?
What is the year of publication?
Where is the place of publication?
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Bonson, A. (2002) Jessie Nagle and Susan Nagle. In K. Carter (Ed.),
The small details of life: Twenty diaries by women in Canada,
1830-1996 (pp. 119-122). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto
Press.
(Bonson, 2002)
According to Bonson (2002)…
“direct quote” (Bonson, 2002, p. 120)
Chapter in an edited book
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
APA Quick tips: chapter in a book
• cite the author’s largest work • an item on the reference list indicates that you have read
that whole item • look for a book’s publication (bibliographic) information
on both sides of the title page – not the cover
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
How do I cite this?
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
In their study, Rainie and Tancer found that . . . (as cited in Biddix, Chung,
& Park, 2011).
Secondary sources (a source in another source)
Biddix, J. P., Chung, C. J., & Park, H. W. (2011). Convenience or credibility? A study of college student online research behaviors. The Internet and Higher Education, 14, 175-182. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.01.003
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
“Pew researchers (Rainie & Tancer, 2007) found 50% of college graduates
used the site (86% if those with college experience were included), while
46% of current full- or part-time college students used Wikipedia”(Biddix,
Chung, & Park, 2011, p. 176).
Citation in a direct quote (a source in another source)
Biddix, J. P., Chung, C. J., & Park, H. W. (2011). Convenience or credibility? A study of college student online research behaviors. The Internet and Higher Education, 14, 175-182. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.01.003
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
APA Quick tips: secondary sources
• do your best to find the original
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
How do I cite this? There’s not an example.
Pamphlet
Course PowerPoint
Movie on Netflix
Professor’s lecture
My class notes
Image from the web
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Challenge
“It is also difficult for the citation manuals to keep up with
constantly shifting and expanding technology. The holes in
citation manuals necessitate that students try to plug elements
into examples of other resources, which might not be
comparable” (Park, Mardis, & Ury, 2011, p. 45).
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Rempel, K. (2007). Chapter ten: Motivating and rewarding employees
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://moodle.okanagan.bc.ca
(Rempel, 2007)
According to Rempel (2007)…
“direct quote” (Rempel, 2007, p. 120)
PowerPoint presentation on Moodle
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
APA Quick tips: no example
• follow the closest example • ALL citations should have:
• who • when • what • where
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
If I’ve already cited it once in text, do I have to repeat the citation again and again?
Yes . . .
. . . and no.
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
Smith (2010) stated that three in five subjects responded positively to treatment. Smith also stated that those who responded positively found that their symptoms began to lessen after two weeks of treatment. The study also showed that the female subjects demonstrated a higher rate of recovery (Smith, 2010).
Three in five subjects responded positively to treatment (Smith, 2010). Smith (2010) also stated that those who responded positively found that their symptoms began to lessen after two weeks of treatment. The study also showed that the female subjects demonstrated a higher rate of recovery (Smith, 2010).
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
What do I have to cite?
Anything that is not your original thought or common knowledge.
But every sentence will be a citation!
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
APA Quick tips: multiple citations
• over-citing is not plagiarism (it may be poor writing), but not citing is plagiarism
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
What students are asking
How do I paraphrase?
How do I put this information in my paper?
I have all this information, but now what?
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Can’t I just change a couple words?
Information literacy
• Rewriting • Paraphrasing • Quoting • Separating “my words” from “your
words” (Buranen, 2009, p. 30)
“Even ‘good’ students who are ‘good writers’ need to be given instruction in close reading, summarizing, and paraphrasing (never mind documentation), but also enough time to reach the point at which they ‘own’ the language and the ideas enough to write about something ‘in their own words’” (Buranen, 2009, p.27 ).
Comprehension & writing skills
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Information literacy
Comprehension & writing skills
“However, many of these students appear to have difficulty using the
information they have found in a critical way. Half of the students
involved in this study (20 in total) provided little or no evidence that they
derived any benefits from the literature they were required to consult”
(Rosenblatt, 2010, p. 60).
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Information literacy
Comprehension & writing skills
“Citation counts for little if what is being cited is a fragmentary
representation of the source. Plagiarism is difficult to avoid if one is
constructing an argument from isolated sentences pulled from sources”
(Rosenblatt, 2010, p. 60).
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Information Literacy?
Writing Skills?
Citation mechanics?
Theoretical aspects of citation?
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Where should the focus be?
Comprehension?
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
“The ability to parse a journal citation or to read a catalog record results from
an understanding of its deep structures and derives from a disciplined and
grammatical approach to information. The citation functions to distill the
elements of publication into concise code. We can treat this citation either
prescriptively (there is a “right way” to cite and a universal truth reflected in
its structure) or as a social construct (by focusing on why citation matters in
the academy and what conversations are implied in networks of citation)”
(Elmborg, 2006, p. 197).
Information literacy
Okanagan College Library Research, Writing and Citing (Full Version) Research, Writing and Citing (Condensed Version) Style & Citation guides Guide to Plagiarism and Cyber-Plagiarism: University of Alberta Library http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/content.php?pid=62200&sid=457651 Academic Integrity (Faculty resource): Dalhousie University http://academicintegrity.dal.ca/Faculty%20Resources/ Academic Integrity (Faculty resource): Ryerson University http://www.ryerson.ca/academicintegrity/faculty/index.html
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
Resources
Buranen, L. (2009). A Safe Place: The Role of Librarians and Writing Centers in Addressing
Citation Practices and Plagiarism. Knowledge Quest, 37(3), 24-33. Retrieved
from http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/aasl/aaslpubsandjournals
/knowledgequest/knowledgequest.cfm
Elmborg, J. (2006). Critical information literacy: Implications for instructional practice.
The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 32. 192-199. doi:
10.1016/j.acalib.2005.12.004
Park, S., Mardis, L. A., & Ury, C. (2011). I've lost my identity - oh, there it is … in a style
manual: Teaching citation styles and academic honesty. Reference Services
Review, 39, 42-57. doi:10.1108/00907321111108105
The citation struggle | Connections 2012
References