“The Christian Responsibility to Protect” Study Day –

Peacekeeping & International Law: Future Direction of NZ Foreign Policy

14 Sept. ‘13Kennedy Graham, MP

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Peacekeeping & International Law: Future Direction of NZ Foreign Policy

• Philosophical Framework

• Review of UN Peace & Security (incl. peacekeeping)

• NZ Foreign Policy

• Green Global Affairs Policy

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Philosophical Framework

A B C D E

Individual Pacifism

Societal Pacifism

International Pacifism

International Force –

Legal

International Force – Political

Hum. nature constant;

Individual stance

Evolution in human nature;

Societal change

Domestic force

No intern. force

Domestic & intern. Force;

UN Charter/R2P

Domestic & intern. Force;

‘Coalitions of the willing’

Eternal Evolutionary: millennia

Volitional: centuries

Policy:decades

Policy: decades

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Review of UN Peace & Security (incl. peacekeeping)

• 1920 - 1950Collective security: collective response against inter-state aggression 1919 universal veto1945 P-5 veto

Ch. VI = Pacific Settlement; VII = Enforcement [Korea (UNSC/UNGA: UfP; Iraq ’90]• 1956 – 90

Classical peacekeeping Ch. 6½ Egypt / Kashmir (Blue Helmets)

• 1990 - 2013Modern peacekeeping Ch VI/VII/VIII 1993 Agenda for Peace

1995 Agenda for Peace Supplement2000 Brahimi Report:

1. Conflict Prevention2. Peacekeeping Internal (Somalia/Rwanda etc.)3. Peacemaking (Ch VII) ‘robust’4. Peacebuilding: complex missions

2001 ICISS - R2P2009 New Horizon Initiative/2011 PR 2

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Review of UN Peace & Security (R2P)

Responsibility to ProtectCriteria

1.Authority2.Cause3.Intention4.Finality5.Proportionality6.Prospects

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NZ Foreign Policy: Dilemmas

Legal / then Political Judgement:

NO? YES?Kosovo ’99 Korea ‘50Afghanistan ’01 Iraq ’90Iraq ’03 Rwanda ‘94Libya ’11 Bougainville ’97Syria ‘13 Timor Leste ‘99

Solomons ‘03

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Green Global Affairs Policy

Key PrincipleUniversal human values (freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, HR, env. integrity)

Policy Goals1.Global sustainability: optimal pop.; carrying capacity; planetary boundaries;2.Global justice: fair trade/inv; debt relief; ODA; refugees; human rights3.Global peace & security: coll. security; CT; arms control4.Global community: Cultural dialogue; global governance; Int. law

Specific Points* CP/mediation units in UN/PIF* NZ specialise in regional peacekeeping* Promote R2P * Legitimise s.d. through mandatory reporting to UNSC* UNSC reform: non-veto perm.; veto restrictions; standing UN standing reserve.

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UN Standing Reserve?

“It takes considerable time to deploy troops; often asked why not a UNSR?A UNSR sounds logical, but it would be immensely costly to have a force of several thousand people on permanent standby.-It would require training, accommodating, feeding, etc;-Might not even be used.Although it takes time, it is much more practical to generate the military personnel once the go-ahead has been given.”

Comment:Compared with ~190 standing national armies:

less costly, more professional, more legitimate.

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