THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION or COUNTER-REFORMATION

Catholic response(s) to the Protestant movements

New religious orders

Ignatius of Loyola – founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Devoted to spreading Catholicism by

1. Missionary work in foreign lands

2. Establishing schools and universities

Teresa of Avila – reformed Carmelite order of nuns

Called for stricter following of original Catholic teaching

1. focus on prayer and meditation

2. vows of poverty and seclusion

Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books)

Created in 1559 , lasted until 1966

Eventually included 4000 titles

Some works/authors were banned for religious differences…

Martin Luther John Calvin

…but scientists and philosophers were also on the list

Machiavelli Bacon Locke Voltaire

Thomas Hobbes – Eng. author; all of his works were banned

Revival of the Inquisition

Special Church courts set up to

punish heretics, enforce Church teachings

Most famous Inquisition was in Spain, 1478-1834

1550-1700 3000-5000 put to death

1676 Inquisition collected property worth 700,000 ducats (1 ducat=$44)

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Series of meetings of various Catholic leaders

Originally called to discuss issues with Protestants, ended up mostly reinforcing traditional Catholic ideas:

~ salvation = faith + works (not “faith alone”)

~ Church as the ultimate interpreter of Scripture

~ Sacraments and most traditional practices were reaffirmed

Some changes were made by the Council:

~ Sale of indulgences was banned

~ Bishops must live in their dioceses (did away with pluralism)

~ Condemned practice of clergy having mistresses

~ created the Index of forbidden books

REFORMATION MAPUsing colored pencils, show where each of the listed religions had influence in Europe and

North Africa. Make a key!

Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox

Lutheran Islam

Calvinist Anglican