The Calculation of Dose from External Photon Exposures ......iv A.71 Remainder (nine organs) 109...

The Calculation of Dose from External Photon Exposures

Using Reference Human Phantoms and Monte Carlo Methods

Part VII:

Organ Doses due to Parallel and Environmental

Exposure Geometries

M. Zankl, N. Petoussi-Henß, G. Drexler, K. Saito*

Institut für Strahlenschutz

________________________________________

March 1997

GSF-Bericht 8/97

* Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki-ken, Japan

Contents

Abstract 1

1 Introduction 2

2 Exposure conditions 6

3 Calculational method 8 3.1 Models of the human body 8 3.2 The environmental gamma ray field 9 3.3 Monte Carlo photon transport calculation in the anthropomorphic

phantoms 10

4 Description of the data presented 12 4.1 Organs and tissues considered 12 4.2 Equivalent dose conversion coefficients 13

4.2.1 Specific organs and tissues 13 4.2.2 Effective dose 14

5 Results and discussion 16 5.1 Idealised source geometries 16 5.2 Angular dependence of effective dose 17 5.3 Effective dose and personal dose equivalent 19 5.4 Geometry correction factors for point sources 21 5.5 Environmental source geometries 27

6 Conclusions 30

References 31

Other reports from this series 34

Appendix A 35 A.1 Adrenals (Adam) 36 A.2 Bladder (Adam) 37 A.3 Brain (Adam) 38 A.4 Colon (Adam) 39 A.5 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine")

(Adam) 40 A.6 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine")

(Adam) 41 A.7 Eye lenses (Adam) 42 A.8 Kidneys (Adam) 43 A.9 Liver (Adam) 44 A.10 Lungs (Adam) 45 A.11 Muscle (Adam) 46 A.12 Oesophagus (Adam) 47 A.13 Pancreas (Adam) 48 A.14 Red bone marrow (Adam) 49 A.15 Skeleton (Adam) 51 A.16 Skin (Adam) 52 A.17 Small intestine (Adam) 53 A.18 Spleen (Adam) 54 A.19 Stomach (Adam) 55 A.20 Testes 56 A.21 Thymus (Adam) 57 A.22 Thyroid (Adam) 58 A.23 Adrenals (Eva) 59 A.24 Bladder (Eva) 60 A.25 Brain (Eva) 61 A.26 Breast 62 A.27 Colon (Eva) 63 A.28 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine")

(Eva) 64 A.29 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Eva) 65 A.30 Eye lenses (Eva) 66 A.31 Kidneys (Eva) 67 A.32 Liver (Eva) 68 A.33 Lungs (Eva) 69 A.34 Muscle (Eva) 70

A.35 Oesophagus (Eva) 71 A.36 Ovaries 72 A.37 Pancreas (Eva) 73 A.38 Red bone marrow (Eva) 74 A.39 Skeleton (Eva) 76 A.40 Skin (Eva) 77 A.41 Small intestine (Eva) 78 A.42 Spleen (Eva) 79 A.43 Stomach (Eva) 80 A.44 Thymus (Eva) 81 A.45 Thyroid (Eva) 82 A.46 Uterus 83 A.47 Adrenals (Adult) 84 A.48 Bladder (Adult) 85 A.49 Brain (Adult) 86 A.50 Colon (Adult) 87 A.51 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine")

(Adult) 88 A.52 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine")

(Adult) 89 A.53 Eye lenses (Adult) 90 A.54 Gonads 91 A.55 Kidneys (Adult) 92 A.56 Liver (Adult) 93 A.57 Lungs (Adult) 94 A.58 Muscle (Adult) 95 A.59 Oesophagus (Adult) 96 A.60 Pancreas (Adult) 97 A.61 Red bone marrow (Adult) 98 A.62 Skeleton (Adult) 100 A.63 Skin (Adult) 101 A.64 Small intestine (Adult) 102 A.65 Spleen (Adult) 103 A.66 Stomach (Adult) 104 A.67 Thymus (Adult) 105 A.68 Thyroid (Adult) 106 A.69 Remainder (ten organs) 107 A.70 Effective dose with ten-organ remainder 108

A.71 Remainder (nine organs) 109 A.72 Effective dose with nine-organ remainder 110

Appendix B 112 B.1 Adrenals (Adam) 113 B.2 Bladder (Adam) 114 B.3 Brain (Adam) 115 B.4 Colon (Adam) 116 B.5 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine")

(Adam) 117 B.6 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine")

(Adam) 118 B.7 Eye lenses (Adam) 119 B.8 Kidneys (Adam) 120 B.9 Liver (Adam) 121 B.10 Lungs (Adam) 122 B.11 Muscle (Adam) 123 B.12 Oesophagus (Adam) 124 B.13 Pancreas (Adam) 125 B.14 Red bone marrow (Adam) 126 B.15 Skeleton (Adam) 127 B.16 Skin (Adam) 128 B.17 Small intestine (Adam) 129 B.18 Spleen (Adam) 130 B.19 Stomach (Adam) 131 B.20 Testes 132 B.21 Thymus (Adam) 133 B.22 Thyroid (Adam) 134 B.23 Adrenals (Eva) 135 B.24 Bladder (Eva) 136 B.25 Brain (Eva) 137 B.26 Breast 138 B.27 Colon (Eva) 139 B.28 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine")

(Eva) 140 B.29 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Eva) 141 B.30 Eye lenses (Eva) 142 B.31 Kidneys (Eva) 143 B.32 Liver (Eva) 144

B.33 Lungs (Eva) 145 B.34 Muscle (Eva) 146 B.35 Oesophagus (Eva) 147 B.36 Ovaries 148 B.37 Pancreas (Eva) 149 B.38 Red bone marrow (Eva) 150 B.39 Skeleton (Eva) 151 B.40 Skin (Eva) 152 B.41 Small intestine (Eva) 153 B.42 Spleen (Eva) 154 B.43 Stomach (Eva) 155 B.44 Thymus (Eva) 156 B.45 Thyroid (Eva) 157 B.46 Uterus 158 B.47 Adrenals (Adult) 159 B.48 Bladder (Adult) 160 B.49 Brain (Adult) 161 B.50 Colon (Adult) 162 B.51 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine")

(Adult) 163 B.52 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine")

(Adult) 164 B.53 Eye lenses (Adult) 165 B.54 Gonads 166 B.55 Kidneys (Adult) 167 B.56 Liver (Adult) 168 B.57 Lungs (Adult) 169 B.58 Muscle (Adult) 170 B.59 Oesophagus (Adult) 171 B.60 Pancreas (Adult) 172 B.61 Red bone marrow (Adult) 173 B.62 Skeleton (Adult) 174 B.63 Skin (Adult) 175 B.64 Small intestine (Adult) 176 B.65 Spleen (Adult) 177 B.66 Stomach (Adult) 178 B.67 Thymus (Adult) 179 B.68 Thyroid (Adult) 180

B.69 Remainder (ten organs) 181 B.70 Effective dose with ten-organ remainder 182 B.71 Remainder (nine organs) 183 B.72 Effective dose with nine-organ remainder 184 B.73 Organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the natu-

ral radionuclides (Adam) 185 B.74 Organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the natu-

ral radionuclides (Eva) 186 B.75 Organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the natu-

ral radionuclides (Adult) 187

Abstract

This report presents a tabulation of organ and tissue equivalent dose as well as effective dose conversion coefficients, normalised to air kerma free in air, for occupational exposures and environmental exposures of the pub-lic to external photon radiation. For occupational exposures, whole-body irradiation with idealised geome-tries, i.e. broad parallel beams and fully isotropic radiation incidence, is considered. The directions of incidence for the parallel beams are anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, left lateral, right lateral and a full 360° rota-tion around the body's longitudinal axis. The influence of beam divergence on the body doses is also considered as well as the dependence of effective dose on the angle of radiation incidence. Regarding exposure of the public to environmental sources, three source geometries are considered: exposure from a radioactive cloud, from ground contamination and from the natural radionuclides distributed homogene-ously in the ground. The precise angular and energy distributions of the gamma rays incident on the human body were taken into account. The organ dose conversion coefficients given in this catalogue were calcu-lated using a Monte Carlo code simulating the photon transport in mathe-matical models of an adult male and an adult female, respectively. Conversion coefficients are given for the equivalent dose to 23 organs and tissues as well as for effective dose and the equivalent dose of the so-called "remainder". The organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients are given separately for the adult male and female models and - as arithmetic mean of the conversion coefficients of both - for an average adult. Fitted data of the coefficients are presented in tables; the primary raw data as resulting from the Monte Carlo calculation are shown in figures together with the fitted data.

1 Introduction

There are three main areas of exposure of humans to ionising radiation: medical application of radiation, which has the highest contribution to the collective dose from all man-made sources of radiation; occupational radia-tion exposure of workers and exposure of members of the public to envi-ronmental radiation sources. In 1977, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) established a system of radiation protection /1/ for workers exposed occu-pationally to ionising radiation, which was extended to all members of the public in 1991 /2/. The concept of radiation protection is based on the fol-lowing fundamental principles:

• Each application of radiation has to be justified. • Radiation protection has to be optimised. • Individual radiation exposure has to be limited.

This concept resulted in a dose limitation system for occupational and man-made environmental radiation exposures to ensure that the radiation risk would not exceed legally established limits. The quantity assumed to be related to the stochastic radiation risk is the mean organ equivalent dose, HT. It is derived from the mean organ ab-sorbed dose, DT, i.e. the total amount of energy deposited in an organ (or tissue), T, per mass of the organ, by multiplying with a radiation weighting factor, wR, /2/ reflecting the relative biological effectiveness of the incident radiation: H D wT T R= ⋅ (1) For photons of all energies, the radiation weighting factor is equal to unity and, consequently, absorbed dose and equivalent dose are numerically identical.

The equivalent dose was primarily designed to quantify the specific risk, RT, of an organ, T, to sustain a certain detriment. This can be expressed by the product of the organ equivalent dose, HT, with the respective risk coef-ficient, fT: R H fT T T= ⋅ (2) Following a proposal by Jacobi /3/, the quantity "effective dose equiva-lent", HE, was introduced by the ICRP in order to combine a set of organ or tissue equivalent doses into one single quantity /1/. For this, the equivalent doses of selected organs, HT, are multiplied by tissue weighting factors, wT, and then summed: H H wE T T

T= ⋅∑ (3)

The tissue weighting factors are derived from the previously described risk coefficients, fT, by normalisation: w f fT T T

T= ∑ (4)

so that wT

T∑ = 1 (5)

HE was then the quantity to be limited in radiation protection of occupa-tionally exposed persons. In its original version, a risk R = ⋅ ⋅− −1 65 10 2 1. Sv (6) was attributed to this quantity. This means, by multiplying a specific value of effective dose equivalent (in sieverts) by 1.65, the percentage probabil-ity of a resulting detriment could be evaluated. According to its intended application for a general working population, the above numerical value was assessed from epidemiological data referring to ages between 20 and 60 years and to both sexes.

In 1991, the effective dose equivalent was superseded by the quantity "ef-fective dose", E, which is based on similar concepts as its predecessor, but is calculated differently concerning the detriment considered, the specified organs and tissues T and their weighting factors, wT, radiation weighting and how mixed radiation fields are combined: E H wT T

T= ⋅∑ (7)

The organs and tissues together with their respective tissue weighting fac-tors as defined in ICRP Publication 60 /2/ are given in table 1.

Table 1: Tissue weighting factors, wT, for the evaluation of ef-fective dose, E.

Following new and extended epidemiological data and considering two relevant populations, the ICRP now attributes risks for stochastic effects of R = ⋅ ⋅− −7 3 10 2 1. Sv to a population of both sexes and all ages, and R = ⋅ ⋅− −5 6 10 2 1. Sv to a working population /2/, where the unit sievert now refers to the effective dose E. As neither organ equivalent doses nor effective dose (equivalent) are

Tissue or organ Tissue weighting factor, wT

Gonads 0.20 Colon 0.12 Lungs 0.12 Red bone marrow 0.12 Stomach 0.12 Bladder 0.05 Breast 0.05 Liver 0.05 Oesophagus 0.05 Thyroid 0.05 Bone surface 0.01 Skin 0.01 Remainder 0.05

measurable quantities, the necessity arises to establish suitable conversion coefficients between organ doses and measurable dose quantities. This is usually achieved by calculating organ and tissue dose conversion coeffi-cients using radiation transport codes together with computational models of the human body. As normalisation quantities those are chosen which are easily measurable. The actual organ equivalent doses are then derived as: D organ C organ D normcalc meas( ) ( ) ( )= ⋅ (8) where D organ( ) is the organ equivalent dose, C organcalc ( ) is the calcu-lated organ dose conversion coefficient and D normmeas ( ) is the measured value of the normalisation quantity as occurring in the real situation under consideration.

2 Exposure conditions

The exposure conditions considered represent occupational and environ-mental exposures. To simulate occupational exposure conditions, calculations were per-formed for whole-body irradiation with idealised geometries, i.e. broad parallel beams and fully isotropic radiation incidence. The directions of incidence for the parallel beams were anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), left lateral (LLAT), right lateral (RLAT) and a full 360° ro-tation around the phantoms’ longitudinal axis (ROT). Although these ge-ometries are idealised, they may be taken as approximations to actual con-ditions of exposure. The AP, PA and both lateral geometries are supposed to approximate radiation fields from single sources and particular body ori-entations. The ROT geometry approximates the exposure of a person who moves randomly in the field of a single source irradiating at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. The fully isotropic (ISO) source simu-lates the geometry of a body suspended in a large cloud of radioactive gas. For the Monte Carlo calculations 17 monochromatic photon energies rang-ing from 10 keV to 10 MeV were considered. The number of photon histo-ries simulated per single geometry and photon energy varied between 2 and 5 million, resulting in coefficients of variance less than 1-2% for bigger organs (as, e.g., lungs, red bone marrow) and less than 5-10% for small or-gans (e.g., adrenals, eye lenses etc.; for the eye lenses the coefficients of variance exceed 20-30% for PA irradiation). The broad parallel beams used for the above idealised exposure geometries correspond to large distances between the source and the exposed individ-ual. In real situations, the workers may be close to the radiation sources, thus being irradiated by a divergent source. Therefore, dose conversion co-efficients are also considered for whole body irradiation from point sources at 9 different locations, i.e., three distances (0.5 m, 1.5 m and 2.5 m) from the body and three heights (0 m, 1 m and 1.5 m) above the ground.

Furthermore, for three selected photon energies (50 keV, 100 keV and 1 Mev), a finer angular dependence than that from the four principal direc-tions of photon incidence was evaluated for the effective dose. The direc-tions of photon incidence were chosen to vary in two different ways: in the first situation, the incidence was perpendicular to the body's longitudinal axis and varied in steps of 15° from AP via LLAT, PA and RLAT. The second situation was a photon incidence perpendicular to the body's trans-versal axis, i.e., the angle between the direction of incidence and the body's longitudinal axis varied from AP via radiation from overhead, PA and from the ground. For all these exposure situations described in the preceding paragraphs, which are to simulate occupational radiation exposures, the body was as-sumed to be embedded in vacuum, i.e., no photon scattering and absorption in the surrounding of the body was considered. For simulating the exposure of the public to environmental gamma rays, the following three typical cases of environmental sources were consid-ered: (1) semi-infinite volume source in the air; (2) infinite plane source in the ground; (3) semi-infinite volume source in the ground. The first source configuration models the gaseous radioactive release into the atmosphere at locations which are not too near to the release point, by assuming a homo-geneous contamination of the air up to a height of 1000 m above a smoot air-ground interface. The second source simulates the deposition of ra-dionuclides in the ground, by assuming an infinite plane source in the soil. The source is shielded by a soil slab of 0.5 g·cm-2, allowing for the surface roughness and initial migration with precipitation. The third source simu-lates the natural radioactivity in the ground and the dominant radionuclides of the 238U series, the 232Th series and 40K, being homogeneously distrib-uted to a depth of 1 m in the soil. For the first two sources, calculations were performed for 20 initial gamma ray energies, from 15 keV to 10 MeV, to cover the wide energy spectra that many different artificial ra-dionuclides have; the number of photon histories simulated per single ge-ometry and photon energy was 6 million. The phantoms are standing on the soil which was modelled as a planar air/ground interface. Scatter and absorption of the radiation in both air and ground was considered in the calculation.

3 Calculational method

The organ dose conversion coefficients of this catalogue were calculated using a Monte Carlo code simulating the photon transport in mathematical models of the human body.

3.1 Models of the human body The models of the human body used for the calculations were the GSF adult mathematical phantoms Adam and Eva /4/ which are gender-specific phantoms based on the so-called MIRD-5 phantom and similar hermaphro-dite phantoms designed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory /5,6,7/. In these models, mathematical expressions representing planes, cylindrical, conical, elliptical or spherical surfaces are used to describe idealised body organs. For all of these models, the organ masses and volumes are in ac-cordance with the ICRP data on Reference Man /8/; in addition to a separa-tion of the gender-specific organs, the phantom Eva is smaller than Adam, according to the difference in size of the male and female Reference Man. The oesophagus, an organ which had not originally been defined in these models, was incorporated in the form of an elliptical cylinder ranging in height from within the neck down to the top of the stomach and lying in front of the spine, slightly shifted to the left side /9/. The main body char-acteristics of the GSF models Adam and Eva are given in table 2.

Table 2: Main body characteristics of the adult mathematical models Adam and Eva /4/

Adam Eva Height (cm) 170. 160. Depth (cm) 20.0 18.8 Width (cm) (including arms) 40.0 37.6 Weight (kg) 70.5 59.2

These models contain all organs and tissues relevant for the evaluation of effective dose, with only few exceptions:

a) There is no specific representation of the "bone surface". The skele-ton is modelled as a homogeneous mixture of all skeletal constitu-ents, i.e., hard bone, bone marrow and certain peri-articular tissues. Commonly, the dose to this representation of the entire skeleton is taken to represent the dose to the bone surface. Although there may be certain differences, these are considered to be negligible in view of the small weighting factor (wT=0.01) assigned to this tissue.

b) As mentioned above, in mathematical models, all skeletal compo-

nents are homogeneously distributed in the skeleton, and there is no geometric representation of spongiosa. The energy deposited is evaluated for a homogeneous mixture of all skeletal constituents. To evaluate the dose to the red bone marrow, this mean skeletal dose is multiplied with two correction factors: the ratio of the mass energy absorption coefficients of red bone marrow and the homogeneous bone mixture, and the ratio of the red bone marrow mass to the mass of the homogeneous mixture, considering also the variation of the red bone marrow distribution among different bones.

c) There is no explicit representation of the muscles in these mathe-

matical human models. The muscles were, therefore, represented by that part of the body volume which is not attributed to any other of the approximately 30 organs or tissues of the models. This tissue is spread throughout the whole body in a similar way as the muscles; the dose to this "whole body tissue" is, consequently, regarded as a good approximation to the muscle dose, especially for the whole body exposures considered in the present study.

3.2 The environmental gamma ray field For simulating the exposure of the public to environmental sources, the phantoms are standing on the soil which is modelled as a planar air/ground interface. Scatter and absorption of the radiation in both air and ground is considered in the calculation. This is achieved by means of a three-step procedure /10/:

(1) Calculation of the gamma ray transport in the environment (monoenergetic gamma rays and natural radionuclides);

(2) simulation of a secondary source around the phantom; (3) calculation of organ doses due to the secondary sources. For the environmental photon transport, the Monte Carlo code YURI /11/ was employed which was developed to be used specially for environmental problems. YURI has been proved through comparisons with various ex-perimental data and the well-known Monte Carlo codes MCNP and SAM-CE. Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption and pair production were considered as photon interaction processes. Air and ground were assumed to contact each other with an infinite plane. The cross sections used were from Storm and Israel /12/. It should be noted that the environmental trans-port calculations were performed without the presence of the phantom; however, the perturbation by caused by the human body was investigated and found to be insignificant. From these calculations, double differential fluences, currents (i.e., flu-ences multiplied by the cosine of the angle of incidence) and air kerma values were obtained for every 20 cm height above the ground, from 0 to 2 m. These height-dependent double differential (with respect to angle of incidence and photon energy) gamma ray fields were then incorporated into the organ dose calculation with anthropomorphic phantoms. This was done by establishing a secondary cylindrical source around the phantom to simulate the gamma ray fields after the results of the transport calculation in the environment.

3.3 Monte Carlo photon transport calculation in the an-thropomorphic phantoms

The radiation transport in the human phantoms was calculated using a Monte Carlo code following individual photon histories /4/. For each single particle history, the parameters influencing its actual course were selected randomly from their probability distributions. The radiation processes con-sidered inside the human body were photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering and pair production. The cross section data for the photon inter-action processes for single elements were taken from a library of the

ORNL /13/. From these elemental data, cross section data for body tissues were evaluated according to chemical composition and density. The energy transferred at a point of inelastic photon interaction was mod-elled as being deposited at that point, without considering the energy trans-port by secondary particles ("kerma approximation"). This approach is valid as long as there is approximate secondary electron equilibrium, which can be supposed in most cases due to the moderate differences of the pho-ton cross sections for the tissues in the human body and the macroscopic approach considering mean organ and tissue doses. There are two excep-tions where boundary effects do have an impact on the tissue dose. One is the red bone marrow, where a moderate increase in energy deposited in the marrow cavities is expected from increased photoelectron emission from the surrounding bone. This effect was accounted for by applying appropri-ate correction factors /14/ to the energy deposited to the red bone marrow calculated using the kerma approximation. The other tissue where bound-ary effects could be of consequence is the bone surface, a very thin soft tis-sue layer enveloping the bones. Here secondary electron equilibrium is not valid for energies below approximately 300 keV as there the bone cross section values are considerably higher than those for soft tissues, resulting in an increased production of secondary electrons in the bones and, conse-quently, a dose enhancement at the interface between the bones and the ad-jacent soft tissues compared to the dose to tissue beyond the range of these secondary electrons. This enhanced dose to the tissue adjacent closely to bones is, however, not as high as the mean dose to the homogeneous mix-ture of skeletal tissues /15/ which is, consequently, a conservative estimate of the dose to the bone surface in this photon energy range. Above 300 keV, the cross sections of bone and soft tissue have a similar magnitude, and approximate secondary electron equilibrium is established. Organ doses were evaluated by summing, in each organ and tissue, all en-ergy depositions from primary and scattered photons and dividing, finally, by the organ mass. This results in the average absorbed dose in the organ regardless of the irradiated fraction. Numerically, the organ equivalent doses are identical to these absorbed doses, as the radiation weighting fac-tor for photons of all energies is equal to unity /2/.

4 Description of the data presented

The organ doses were evaluated in the form of so-called "dose conversion coefficients", i.e., as mean organ equivalent doses normalised to a measur-able quantity. The normalisation quantity for the idealised geometries is the "air kerma free-in-air"; the conversion coefficients are given the unit Sv·Gy-1. As for the parallel and ideally isotropic geometries the photon flu-ence is invariant throughout the field, no location for a measurement of the normalisation quantity has to be specified. For the divergent point sources, a normalisation to the air kerma free-in-air at height 1 above the ground at the position of the body's longitudinal axis was chosen. For the environmental geometries, the air kerma free-in-air depends on dis-tance from the ground; while this dependence is weak for volume sources in air or ground, it is pronounced for plane sources in the ground. For the environmental source geometries, the air kerma free-in-air at height 1 m above the ground was therefore chosen as normalisation quantity; conver-sion coefficients from source activity to air kerma free-in-air at this height are also given to enable a normalisation to source activity as well.

4.1 Organs and tissues considered The organs for which conversion coefficients are given in this report are:

adrenals bladder brain breast colon eye lenses kidneys liver

lungs muscle (i.e. tissue) oesophagus ovaries pancreas red bone marrow skeleton skin

small intestine spleen stomach testes thymus thyroid uterus

These are those organs recognised as sensitive to ionising radiation by ICRP /2/, either implicitly by inclusion to the evaluation of the quantity effective dose or by assigning a separate dose limit. The dose to the uterus can, furthermore, be used to approximate the dose to a foetus in an early stage of pregnancy (i.e., within the first two months), as long as size and position of the uterus are not altered significantly by the growing conceptus. This is also the stage of development when the foetus has its highest sensitivity to radiation. Equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the colon are given for the en-tire colon, for the ascending and transverse parts (also called "upper large intestine") and the descending and sigmoid parts (also called "lower large intestine"). Conversion coefficients are also given for the effective dose and the so-called "remainder" used for evaluating this quantity /2/.

4.2 Equivalent dose conversion coefficients 4.2.1 Specific organs and tissues The organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients were calculated for the male and female models separately. To the single values of the conversion coefficients for monoenergetic photons a fitting procedure using cubic spline functions was applied. The conversion coefficients given in the ta-bles are results from this fitting procedure and not primary calculated raw data. With these fitting functions, values were also evaluated for 200 pho-ton energies distributed equidistantly on a logarithmic scale between 10 or 15 keV and 10 MeV. Thus, a smooth appearance of the plotted curves showing the dependence of the various organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients on photon energy was achieved. In the figures, the original raw data (as calculated by the Monte Carlo code) are shown together with these fitted curves. The conversion coefficients for the idealised irradiation geometries are given in Appendix A - in sections A.1 to A.22 for the male phantom Adam

and in sections A.23 to A.46 for the female phantom Eva. Average organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients were also computed as the arithme-tic mean of those for the male and female models and are presented in sec-tions A.47 to A.68. The gonad equivalent dose conversion coefficients are the arithmetic mean values of the respective coefficients for testes and ova-ries. For lateral photon incidence, left lateral (LLAT) and right lateral (RLAT) photon incidence is treated separately for those organs which are neither paired nor centrally located in the body (e.g. liver and stomach). For paired or symmetrically located organs, only one lateral (LAT) geometry is shown which was evaluated as the arithmetic mean of the conversion coefficients calculated for left and right lateral photon incidence. For the environmental source geometries, the organ equivalent dose con-version coefficients are given in Appendix B in sections B.1 to B.22 for the male and in sections B.23 to B.46 for the female model. In sections B.47 to B.68 the arithmetic mean values of the conversion coefficients for the male and female models are presented. 4.2.2 Effective dose Following a convention proposed earlier /16/ for the evaluation of the quantity effective dose equivalent, the effective dose was calculated using the organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients which were evaluated as the arithmetic mean values of those for the male and female phantoms. This holds true for the organs and tissues with specified tissue weighting factors as well as those used for the remainder. The conversion coefficients for breast and uterus are those calculated for the female phantom only. The organs constituting the remainder as defined in ICRP Publication 60 /2/ are the following ten: adrenals, brain, upper large intestine (i.e., ascend-ing and transverse colon), small intestine, kidneys, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. The equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the remainder were evaluated as arithmetic mean of the conversion coeffi-cients for these ten organs. Furthermore, footnote 3 to table 2 of ICRP Pub-lication 60 was ignored. This footnote says the following: "In those excep-tional cases in which a single one of the remainder tissues or organs re-

ceives an equivalent dose in excess of the highest dose in any of the twelve organs for which a weighting factor is specified, a weighting factor of 0.025 should be applied to that tissue or organ and a weighting factor of 0.025 to the average dose in the rest of the remainder as defined above." An analysis of the effects of evaluating a mass weighted average of the ten organ doses (as recommended in ICRP Publication 61 /17/ for incorporated radionuclides) instead of an arithmetic mean and of applying the rule given by the cited footnote 3 is published in detail elsewhere /18/. In its Publication 67 /19/, the ICRP has changed the definition of the re-mainder to a set of nine organs by removing the upper large intestine from the list given above. Remainder equivalent dose and effective dose conver-sion coefficients for this situation are given in addition to those following the definition of ICRP Publication 60.

5 Results and discussion

5.1 Idealised source geometries In Appendix A, tables and figures presenting the organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the male (Adam) and female (Eva) mathemati-cal models, the average of these conversion coefficients and the conversion coefficients for effective dose and the remainder equivalent dose are given. The energy dependence of the conversion coefficients for single organs is determined by the photon interaction cross sections in tissues, the location of the organ in the body and the irradiation geometry. Above 10 keV, the photoelectric cross section decreases with energy and the conversion coef-ficients correspondingly increase due to the increasing predominance of Compton scattering. The peak in the conversion coefficients between 80 keV and 100 keV, particularly in the AP and PA geometries, is due to the high proportion of large scattering angles characteristic for this energy. This peak is more pronounced for superficial organs, where backscatter is relevant, and less for organs located at greater depths. For the latter organs, the deeper penetration of radiation with increasing energy has a greater ef-fect. With decreasing Compton scatter cross sections at energies above 100 keV, the conversion coefficients for superficial organs decrease and those for deeper-lying organs increase slowly. Between 100 keV and 1 MeV, the total photon interaction cross section in tissue does not change significantly. At energies above 1 MeV, the pair-production cross section increases slowly with photon energy, but does not gain great importance below 10 MeV. The conversion coefficients for the female model are approximately 2% to 20% higher than those for the male model, depending on photon energy, due to the slightly smaller body size of the female model; for AP irradia-tion, the lung dose conversion coefficients for the female model are be-tween 5% and 20% lower than those for the male, as for this geometry the lungs of the female model are partially shielded by the breast.

The different forms of the energy dependence of the conversion coeffi-cients for effective dose with irradiation geometry result from the different locations of the organs relative to the incoming photon beam and the value of their tissue weighting factors. The backscatter peak is most pronounced for AP photon incidence because most of those organs with large tissue weighting factors are anteriorly located. For lateral photon incidence, the backscatter peak virtually disappears as all organs are more or less deep-lying from this aspect.

5.2 Angular dependence of effective dose The conversion coefficients for the effective dose depend strongly on the Figure 1: Effective dose conversion coefficients, normalised to air ker-

ma free-in-air, for three selected energies (50 keV, 100 keV and 1 MeV) and horizontally varying photon incidence.

angle of photon incidence. This is illustrated in figures 1 and 2, which pre-sent effective dose conversion coefficients for three photon energies and a

variety of incident angles. For horizontally varying incidence (see figure 1), the conversion coeffi-cients are highest for the anterior and anteriorly oblique angles, decreasing for lateral incidence and increasing again for the posterior and posteriorly oblique incidence. This effect occurs because many of the organs that are dominant in determining the effective dose are located towards the front of the body. When the body is irradiated in geometries other than AP, these frontal organs are shielded by thicker layers of tissue than is the case for photon incidence from the front of the body. The conversion coefficients are also higher for incident angles oriented from the left side than for those from the right side. This asymmetry occurs because the specification of the effective dose includes several unpaired organs oriented towards one side of the body. Figure 2: Effective dose conversion coefficients, normalised to air ker-

ma free-in-air, for three selected energies (50 keV, 100 keV and 1 MeV) and vertically varying photon incidence.

For vertically varying incidence (see figure 2), the conversion coefficients are again highest for anterior and anteriorly oblique angles with a steep de-crease towards irradiation from overhead or the ground, again showing an

increase for posterior and posteriorly oblique incidence. The reasons for these variations are the same as those previously mentioned, but in this case, the shielding effect of the body is even more pronounced. The con-version coefficients are higher for irradiation from overhead than from the ground, because most of the organs dominant for determining effective dose are located in the upper part of the body, i.e., trunk and head.

5.3 Effective dose and personal dose equivalent For occupational radiation exposures, compliance with the legally estab-lished limits for effective dose is ensured by measuring so-called opera-tional quantities, i.e., measurable quantities which are assumed to be con-servative estimates of effective dose. One of the most important of these quantities is the personal dose equivalent, defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement, ICRU /20/ and meas-ured with appropriate personal dosemeters. In the absence of reference val-ues for personal dose equivalent, this quantity is commonly approximated by the quantity proposed by the ICRU for calibration of personal doseme-ters. The latter is the dose at an appropriate depth on the principal axis of a slab phantom of ICRU tissue /21/ and a size of 30 cm · 30 cm · 15 cm. Figures 3 and 4 present conversion coefficients of effective dose, normal-ised to this calibration quantity for personal dosemeters for horizontally and vertically varying angles of incidence. The values of this quantity are taken from /22/ and show also a strong dependence on photon energy as well as incident angle. The regions in the graph where the conversion coef-ficient is below unity represent those incident angles for which effective dose is conservatively estimated from the reading of a dosemeter calibrated in this quantity and worn at the front side of the body; the regions where the conversion coefficient exceeds unity represent those angles for which effective dose is underestimated by the personal dosemeter. For horizontally varying photon incidence (see figure 3), effective dose is conservatively estimated by the personal dose worn at the front side for in-cident angles below 80° and above 280°, i.e., for anterior and anteriorly oblique photon incidence. For angles between 80° and 280°, i.e., irradia-tion from lateral, posterior and posteriorly oblique directions, E is underes-

timated by the personal dose up to a factor of 2.8. This illustrates once more the fact that for a reliable assessment of effective dose it is absolutely necessary to wear the personal dosemeters at "representative" locations of the body, that means at a part of the body likely to be irradiated, and ori-ented towards the incoming radiation. Figure 3: Effective dose conversion coefficients, normalised to the cali-

bration quantity for personal dosemeters, for three selected en-ergies (50 keV, 100 keV and 1 MeV) and horizontally varying photon incidence.

For vertically varying photon incidence (see figure 4), the situation is simi-lar to that for horizontally varying photon incidence, but the angular range for a conservative estimation of effective dose is below 110° and above 250°. This means that the effective dose is still conservatively measured by a dosemeter worn at the front side if the radiation comes from overhead or the ground; for posterior and posteriorly oblique radiation incidence, a dosemeter position at the front is strictly inappropriate.

Figure 4: Effective dose conversion coefficients, normalised to the cali-

bration quantity for personal dosemeters, for three selected en-ergies (50 keV, 100 keV and 1 MeV) and vertically varying photon incidence.

5.4 Geometry correction factors for point sources In the case of irradiation from a source close to the exposed individual, the conversion coefficients derived for parallel photon incidence (i.e., irradia-tion from distant sources) are not entirely adequate. Therefore, radiation incidence from point sources at three distances from the body (0.5 m, 1.5 m, 2.5 m) and three heights above the ground (0 m, 1 m, 1.5 m) was also considered. This was done for AP, PA, LLAT and RLAT photon inci-dence and four selected photon energies (25 keV, 70 keV, 500 keV and 10 MeV). The normalisation quantity for these conversion coefficients was the air kerma free-in-air 1 m above the ground at the location of the body length axis. From the conversion coefficients calculated for the male and female phan-toms separately, the arithmetic mean was evaluated. Then the ratios of

these conversion coefficients for the point sources to those calculated for the broad parallel beams were determined. Finally, from the set of 16 ratios for each organ and each source position (i.e., 4 photon energies and 4 di-rections of photon incidence) the maximum was selected. These maximum ratios can be used as geometry correction factors in the case of irradiation from a point source. For some of the small organs (e.g., eye lenses, ovaries and testes), where the centre of gravity can be determined easily and for which the conversion coefficients calculated by the Monte Carlo method have relatively large statistical uncertainties, source geometry correction factors were calculated differently: the ratio of the distance of the organ's centre of gravity from the source and the distance of the "reference point" (i.e., the point where the normalisation quantity is referring to) from the source were determined. The geometry correction factors for each source position were then evalu-ated as the squares of these ratios. The geometry correction factors are given in table 3, for each organ sepa-rately. For large, extended organs, the factors are close to 1, whereas for small organs they have a strong dependence on the location of both organ and source. For organs located in the upper part of the body, they are greater than 1 for the sources at greater hight and lower than 1 for the sources at ground level; for organs in the lower body part, this is vice versa. The reason is that, due to the beam divergence, the photon fluence for irradiation from a point source is higher in those parts of the body which are closer to the source than the "reference point" (which is at height 1 m above the ground) and lower in the more distant parts, corresponding to the inverse-square law. For increasing source-to-skin distance the cor-rection factors tend to 1, as then the geometry is approaching the situation modelled by the broad parallel beams. In practice, the source geometry factors have to be applied in the following way: multiplication of the dose conversion coefficient for parallel photon incidence with the geometry correction factor for the appropriate source position relative to the exposed person and the ground results in a dose conversion coefficient which is a conservative estimate of the organ or tis-sue dose normalised to air kerma free-in-air at height 1 m above the ground at the location of the exposed person. Multiplication of this conversion co-efficient with a measured value of this normalisation quantity leads to a

conservative estimate of the organ or tissue equivalent dose received by the exposed person. Table 3: Correction factors for irradiation from point sources for various

organs and tissues, depending on source-to-skin distance, dSS, and source-to-ground distance, dSG.

Table 3 (continued)

dSG (in m)

dSS (in m)

0.5 1.5 2.5 Correction factors for the adrenals

0.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1

Correction factors for the bladder 0.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.1 1.1

Correction factors for the brain 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.1

Correction factors for the breast 0.0 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.1

Table 3 (continued)

dSG (in m)

dSS (in m)

0.5 1.5 2.5 Correction factors for the colon

0.0 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the upper large intestine

0.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the lower large intestine

0.0 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the eye lenses 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.5 2.7 1.5 1.2

Correction factors for the kidneys 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1

Correction factors for the liver 0.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1

Correction factors for the lungs 0.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1

Table 3 (continued)

dSG (in m)

dSS (in m)

0.5 1.5 2.5 Correction factors for the muscle

0.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the oesophagus 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.1

Correction factors for the ovaries 0.0 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the pancreas 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1

Correction factors for the red bone marrow

0.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1

Correction factors for the small intestine

0.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the skeleton 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0

dSG (in m)

dSS (in m)

0.5 1.5 2.5 Correction factors for the skin

0.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for the spleen 0.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1

Correction factors for the stomach 0.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1

Correction factors for the testes 0.0 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.8 1.1 1.0

Correction factors for the thymus 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.5 2.2 1.4 1.3

Correction factors for the thyroid 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.5 2.3 1.3 1.2

Correction factors for the uterus 0.0 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0

Correction factors for effective dose 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1

5.5 Environmental source geometries In Appendix B, dose conversion coefficients are given for source geome-tries representing environmental radiation exposures, i.e. whole body irra-diations from a volume source in air (representing a radioactive cloud), a plane source in the ground at a depth of 0.5 g·cm-2 (representing ground contamination by radioactive fall-out) and a volume source in the ground (representing the homogeneous distribution of the natural radionuclides in the soil). The conversion coefficients are given as equivalent doses normalised to air kerma free-in-air at height 1 m above the ground; the unit is Sv·Gy-1. The data are presented in tables and figures showing the dependence of the dose conversion coefficients on (monochromatic) photon energy for the volume source in air and the plane source on the ground. For the volume source in the ground, conversion coefficients for the photon energy distri-butions corresponding to the natural radionuclides of the decay series of 238U, 232Th and 40K are tabulated. To facilitate normalisation to source in-tensity instead of air kerma, calculated values of the air kerma free-in-air at 1 m height above the ground normalised to source intensity are given in table 4 for the semi-infinite volume source in the ground /23/ and in table 5 for the semi-infinite volume source in air and the infinite plane source in the ground /10/. Table 4: Calculated air kerma at height 1 m above the ground for semi-

infinite volume source in the ground due to the natural radionu-clides (data from /23/)

For the environmental irradiation geometries, the dependence of the organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients on photon energy is much more uniform than for the unidirectional geometries considered for occupational

Radionuclides Air kerma per unit source intensity (Gy / (disintegration/kg))

238U series 1.29·10-13 232Th series 1.68·10-13 40K 1.16·10-14

Table 5: Calculated air kerma at height 1 m above the ground for semi-infinite volume source in air and infinite plane source in the ground (data from /10/)

radiation exposures, and depends less on the position of the organ in the body. As the radiation comes from all directions, every organ is quasi deep-lying relative to at least a considerable part of the incoming photons. This is also the reason why the backscatter peak which is most pronounced for superficial organs is not evident with the isotropic geometries. The conversion coefficients for the female model were found to be up to 5% higher than those for the male model, due to the slightly smaller body size of the female model. Considering the two different source types, it can be seen that the equiva-lent dose conversion coefficients for the volume source in air are generally lower than those for the plane source in the ground. This results from the different angular distribution of the radiation impinging on the body: the

Air kerma per unit source intensity Energy (MeV)

Volume source in air (Gy / (γ/m3))

Plane source in ground (Gy / (γ/m2))

0.015 1.47·10-15 8.06·10-19 0.020 1.71·10-15 7.72·10-18 0.030 2.12·10-15 2.63·10-17 0.040 2.40·10-15 3.59·10-17 0.050 2.81·10-15 4.14·10-17 0.060 3.31·10-15 4.65·10-17 0.070 3.79·10-15 5.35·10-17 0.080 4.36·10-15 5.98·10-17 0.100 5.55·10-15 7.54·10-17 0.150 8.68·10-15 1.21·10-16 0.200 1.20·10-14 1.68·10-16 0.300 1.87·10-14 2.61·10-16 0.500 3.21·10-14 4.34·10-16 0.700 4.56·10-14 5.90·10-16 1.000 6.58·10-14 8.09·10-16 1.500 9.08·10-14 1.13·10-15 2.000 1.32·10-13 1.41·10-15 3.000 1.96·10-13 1.91·10-15 6.000 3.85·10-13 3.19·10-15

10.000 6.26·10-13 4.81·10-15

gamma ray field from a source in the air is nearly isotropic with respect to upper 2π direction, while the incident directions of the gamma rays from a plane source have strong horizontal bias, and most photons come from horizontal directions. Since the human body standing vertically has a re-duced shielding effect for photons coming from horizontal directions, this leads to the higher doses resulting from this geometry. However, in most cases, the differences in the conversion coefficients were found to be within 20%. In a recent study /24/, the variation of effective dose for environmental gamma rays was investigated for source distributions other than these three typical ones and for a lying posture further to the standing one. The change of posture of a human body and the biases of environmental sources were found to affect the effective dose by some tens percent. A similar trend is anticipated for the individual organ doses. Therefore, it could be concluded that the conversion coefficients obtained for the three typical environ-mental sources and shown in Appendix B can be used as a reference set of values to derive the organ doses and effective doses of adults from air kerma or source activity obtained by measurement for a variety of envi-ronmental source configurations.

6 Conclusions

This report presents a tabulation of organ and tissue equivalent dose as well as effective dose conversion coefficients, normalised to air kerma free-in-air, for exposure situations typical to occupational exposures (simu-lated by idealised source geometries) and environmental exposures of the public (modelled taking into account the precise gamma ray field in the air-over-ground geometry) to external photon radiation. Conversion coefficients are given for the equivalent dose to 23 organs and tissues as well as for effective dose and the equivalent dose of the so-called "remainder". The organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients are given for adult male and female models and - as arithmetic mean of the conver-sion coefficients of both - for an average adult. Furthermore, the angular dependence of effective dose is described for horizontally and vertically varying photon incidence at three photon ener-gies, as well as the angular dependence of the relation of effective dose to the calibration quantity for personal dosemeters. The numerical values of the latter relation show that it is important for an effective occupational ex-posure control that the personal dosemeter is worn at a representative posi-tion on the body: for photon incidence different from anterior or anteriorly oblique directions, a dosemeter position at the front of the body is strictly inappropriate. For sources close to the exposed individual, thus deviating from the paral-lel photon incidence assumed for the idealised geometries, geometry cor-rection factors for the organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients are presented for three source-to-skin and three source-to-ground distances. It is believed that the present study provides a data base from which organ doses can be derived for those situations most relevant to photon exposure of workers and of adult members of the public.

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Other reports from this series

Other reports from the series The Calculation of Dose from External Pho-ton Exposures Using Reference Human Phantoms and Monte Carlo Methods are: Kramer, R., Zankl, M., Williams, G., Drexler, G.: Part I: The Male (Adam) and Female (Eva) Adult Mathematical Phantoms. GSF-Bericht S-885 (1982) Williams, G., Zankl, M., Eckerl, H., Drexler, G.: Part II: Organ Doses from Occupational Exposures. GSF-Bericht S-1079 (1985) (superseded by the present report, Part VII) Drexler, G., Panzer, W., Widenmann, L., Williams, G., Zankl, M.: Part III: Organ Doses in X-Ray Diagnosis. GSF-Bericht 11/90 (1990) Williams, G., Zankl, M., Drexler, G.: Part IV: Organ Doses in Radiother-apy. GSF-Bericht S-1054 (1984) (out of print) Petoussi, N., Zankl, M., Williams, G., Veit, R., Drexler, G.: Part V: Organ Doses from Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer. GSF-Bericht 5/87 (1987) (out of print) Zankl, M., Panzer, W., Drexler, G.: Part VI: Organ Doses from Computed Tomographic Examinations. GSF-Bericht 30/91 (1991)

Appendix A

Conversion coefficients for idealised source geometries

Equivalent doses normalised to air kerma free-in-air

in Sv·Gy-1

A.1 Adrenals (Adam)

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Photon energy (MeV)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Adrenal equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

(MeV) AP PA LAT ROT ISO 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.00089 0.000 0.00019 0.00002 0.020 0.000 0.0354 0.000 0.00450 0.00401 0.030 0.0221 0.344 0.0206 0.111 0.0729 0.040 0.161 0.790 0.101 0.311 0.223 0.050 0.353 1.166 0.212 0.521 0.390 0.060 0.502 1.413 0.315 0.685 0.524 0.070 0.596 1.545 0.387 0.783 0.616 0.080 0.654 1.601 0.431 0.832 0.660 0.100 0.702 1.599 0.453 0.856 0.667 0.150 0.692 1.449 0.434 0.819 0.618 0.200 0.661 1.334 0.457 0.781 0.610 0.300 0.645 1.214 0.492 0.755 0.615 0.400 0.652 1.149 0.503 0.744 0.615 0.500 0.664 1.108 0.512 0.739 0.616 0.600 0.674 1.079 0.526 0.739 0.621 0.800 0.693 1.043 0.556 0.747 0.634 1.000 0.709 1.019 0.583 0.757 0.651 2.000 0.761 0.975 0.659 0.800 0.723 4.000 0.814 0.959 0.725 0.850 0.799 6.000 0.844 0.958 0.757 0.878 0.838 8.000 0.867 0.959 0.777 0.897 0.863 10.000 0.884 0.959 0.791 0.911 0.883

A.2 Bladder (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Bladder equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.3 Brain (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Brain equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.4 Colon (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Colon equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

(MeV) AP PA LLAT RLAT ROT ISO 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.00024 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00009 0.00007 0.020 0.0115 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00089 0.00007 0.030 0.236 0.0593 0.0247 0.0275 0.0866 0.0554 0.040 0.634 0.278 0.131 0.126 0.303 0.210 0.050 1.010 0.553 0.278 0.251 0.545 0.392 0.060 1.265 0.773 0.401 0.352 0.723 0.532 0.070 1.397 0.915 0.474 0.419 0.830 0.618 0.080 1.436 0.986 0.513 0.455 0.876 0.654 0.100 1.399 1.016 0.536 0.470 0.882 0.659 0.150 1.261 0.942 0.521 0.454 0.829 0.625 0.200 1.170 0.892 0.505 0.446 0.801 0.602 0.300 1.092 0.859 0.507 0.455 0.780 0.592 0.400 1.060 0.847 0.519 0.469 0.773 0.596 0.500 1.042 0.844 0.534 0.485 0.772 0.604 0.600 1.032 0.846 0.549 0.501 0.775 0.614 0.800 1.019 0.856 0.579 0.531 0.783 0.634 1.000 1.009 0.864 0.605 0.557 0.792 0.653 2.000 0.974 0.881 0.690 0.646 0.829 0.724 4.000 0.969 0.895 0.759 0.723 0.859 0.784 6.000 0.979 0.904 0.786 0.755 0.869 0.807 8.000 0.981 0.909 0.801 0.775 0.874 0.820 10.000 0.982 0.913 0.812 0.790 0.878 0.829

A.5 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine") (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Upper large intestine equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.6 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Lower large intestine equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.7 Eye lenses (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Eye lens equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.8 Kidneys (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Kidney equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.9 Liver (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Liver equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.10 Lungs (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Lung equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.11 Muscle (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Muscle equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.12 Oesophagus (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Oesophagus equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.13 Pancreas (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Pancreas equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.14 Red bone marrow (Adam)

Photon energy

Red bone marrow equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air

(Sv·Gy-1) (MeV) AP PA LAT ROT ISO 0.010 0.00035 0.00051 0.00008 0.00024 0.00016 0.015 0.00443 0.00762 0.00187 0.00409 0.00314 0.020 0.0151 0.0305 0.00872 0.0166 0.0136 0.030 0.0684 0.164 0.0559 0.0900 0.0707 0.040 0.205 0.436 0.168 0.254 0.205 0.050 0.389 0.755 0.312 0.461 0.375 0.060 0.560 1.020 0.443 0.645 0.525 0.070 0.682 1.196 0.538 0.774 0.632 0.080 0.751 1.288 0.588 0.842 0.685 0.100 0.806 1.336 0.629 0.888 0.717 0.150 0.793 1.244 0.624 0.856 0.696 0.200 0.774 1.166 0.619 0.827 0.680 0.300 0.753 1.082 0.614 0.796 0.660 0.400 0.747 1.039 0.620 0.784 0.656 0.500 0.749 1.013 0.629 0.781 0.660 0.600 0.754 0.998 0.639 0.783 0.667 0.800 0.769 0.981 0.659 0.790 0.684 1.000 0.783 0.972 0.677 0.800 0.700 2.000 0.832 0.967 0.746 0.841 0.758 4.000 0.876 0.980 0.813 0.884 0.817 6.000 0.897 0.991 0.846 0.906 0.848 8.000 0.912 1.000 0.868 0.922 0.869 10.000 0.922 1.004 0.884 0.935 0.884

APPALATROTISO

A.15 Skeleton (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Skeleton equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.16 Skin (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Skin equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.17 Small intestine (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Small intestine equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.18 Spleen (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Spleen equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.19 Stomach (Adam)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Stomach equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.20 Testes

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Testes equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.21 Thymus (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Thymus equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.22 Thyroid (Adam)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Thyroid equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.23 Adrenals (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.24 Bladder (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.25 Brain (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.26 Breast

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Breast equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.27 Colon (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.28 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine") (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.29 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.30 Eye lenses (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.31 Kidneys (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.32 Liver (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.33 Lungs (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.34 Muscle (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.35 Oesophagus (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.36 Ovaries

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Ovary equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.37 Pancreas (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.38 Red bone marrow (Eva)

Photon energy

APPALATROTISO

A.39 Skeleton (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.40 Skin (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.41 Small intestine (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.42 Spleen (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.43 Stomach (Eva)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.44 Thymus (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.45 Thyroid (Eva)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.46 Uterus

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Uterus equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.47 Adrenals (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.48 Bladder (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.49 Brain (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.50 Colon (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.51 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine") (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.52 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.53 Eye lenses (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.54 Gonads

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

Gonad equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.55 Kidneys (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.56 Liver (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.57 Lungs (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.58 Muscle (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.59 Oesophagus (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.60 Pancreas (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.61 Red bone marrow (Adult)

Photon energy

APPALATROTISO

A.62 Skeleton (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.63 Skin (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.64 Small intestine (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.65 Spleen (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.66 Stomach (Adult)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

A.67 Thymus (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.68 Thyroid (Adult)

APPALATROTISO

Photon energy

A.69 Remainder (ten organs)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Remainder equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.70 Effective dose with ten-organ remainder

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Effective dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.71 Remainder (nine organs)

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Remainder equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

A.72 Effective dose with nine-organ remainder

APPALLATRLATROTISO

Photon energy

Effective dose per air kerma free-in-air (Sv·Gy-1)

Appendix B

Conversion coefficients for environmental source geometries

Equivalent doses normalised to air kerma free-in-air

1 m above ground in Sv·Gy-1

B.1 Adrenals (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Adrenal equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

(Sv·Gy-1) (MeV) Volume source in

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00003 0.000 0.020 0.00474 0.00200 0.030 0.0667 0.0607 0.040 0.173 0.191 0.050 0.276 0.327 0.060 0.369 0.445 0.070 0.436 0.530 0.080 0.481 0.585 0.100 0.531 0.639 0.150 0.564 0.662 0.200 0.581 0.655 0.300 0.603 0.649 0.500 0.627 0.661 0.700 0.644 0.676 1.000 0.664 0.694 1.500 0.687 0.717 2.000 0.704 0.734 3.000 0.728 0.759 6.000 0.769 0.800

10.000 0.800 0.830

B.2 Bladder (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Bladder equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00063 0.00011 0.020 0.0109 0.00580 0.030 0.0915 0.0934 0.040 0.215 0.250 0.050 0.322 0.407 0.060 0.405 0.533 0.070 0.467 0.619 0.080 0.509 0.668 0.100 0.550 0.706 0.150 0.577 0.708 0.200 0.581 0.693 0.300 0.586 0.682 0.500 0.604 0.690 0.700 0.621 0.703 1.000 0.642 0.720 1.500 0.668 0.743 2.000 0.687 0.760 3.000 0.716 0.784 6.000 0.764 0.826

10.000 0.798 0.856

B.3 Brain (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Brain equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00002 0.000 0.020 0.00308 0.00062 0.030 0.101 0.0505 0.040 0.313 0.212 0.050 0.485 0.388 0.060 0.610 0.521 0.070 0.695 0.611 0.080 0.744 0.659 0.100 0.798 0.703 0.150 0.839 0.717 0.200 0.837 0.714 0.300 0.835 0.716 0.500 0.849 0.732 0.700 0.864 0.750 1.000 0.876 0.773 1.500 0.890 0.804 2.000 0.900 0.826 3.000 0.913 0.852 6.000 0.926 0.882

10.000 0.932 0.896

B.4 Colon (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Colon equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00003 0.00007 0.020 0.00208 0.00143 0.030 0.0514 0.0492 0.040 0.157 0.186 0.050 0.264 0.343 0.060 0.352 0.473 0.070 0.419 0.567 0.080 0.466 0.620 0.100 0.518 0.662 0.150 0.556 0.680 0.200 0.560 0.671 0.300 0.570 0.665 0.500 0.581 0.675 0.700 0.594 0.696 1.000 0.613 0.721 1.500 0.646 0.753 2.000 0.675 0.777 3.000 0.716 0.807 6.000 0.780 0.848

10.000 0.822 0.875

B.5 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine") (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Upper large intestine equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00003 0.000 0.020 0.00279 0.00143 0.030 0.0594 0.0535 0.040 0.173 0.195 0.050 0.283 0.356 0.060 0.371 0.487 0.070 0.440 0.576 0.080 0.485 0.629 0.100 0.535 0.672 0.150 0.570 0.688 0.200 0.574 0.677 0.300 0.580 0.668 0.500 0.592 0.677 0.700 0.604 0.695 1.000 0.623 0.721 1.500 0.652 0.752 2.000 0.676 0.775 3.000 0.712 0.807 6.000 0.770 0.853

10.000 0.812 0.884

B.6 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Lower large intestine equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00003 0.00015 0.020 0.00114 0.00144 0.030 0.0408 0.0436 0.040 0.135 0.175 0.050 0.239 0.325 0.060 0.326 0.455 0.070 0.392 0.549 0.080 0.440 0.606 0.100 0.495 0.652 0.150 0.539 0.670 0.200 0.546 0.667 0.300 0.555 0.664 0.500 0.569 0.677 0.700 0.584 0.695 1.000 0.606 0.718 1.500 0.638 0.747 2.000 0.665 0.768 3.000 0.706 0.797 6.000 0.777 0.843

10.000 0.829 0.878

B.7 Eye lenses (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Eye lens equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.253 0.143 0.020 0.362 0.294 0.030 0.515 0.494 0.040 0.627 0.606 0.050 0.705 0.675 0.060 0.761 0.724 0.070 0.801 0.759 0.080 0.831 0.781 0.100 0.868 0.803 0.150 0.913 0.820 0.200 0.931 0.828 0.300 0.947 0.839 0.500 0.959 0.852 0.700 0.963 0.860 1.000 0.967 0.869 1.500 0.970 0.880 2.000 0.972 0.888 3.000 0.976 0.899 6.000 0.982 0.916

10.000 0.987 0.928

B.8 Kidneys (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Kidney equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00141 0.00035 0.020 0.0215 0.0131 0.030 0.140 0.135 0.040 0.272 0.308 0.050 0.387 0.457 0.060 0.469 0.568 0.070 0.527 0.645 0.080 0.566 0.689 0.100 0.608 0.719 0.150 0.629 0.720 0.200 0.630 0.706 0.300 0.636 0.694 0.500 0.647 0.705 0.700 0.660 0.723 1.000 0.679 0.746 1.500 0.705 0.774 2.000 0.727 0.794 3.000 0.757 0.820 6.000 0.804 0.855

10.000 0.837 0.877

B.9 Liver (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Liver equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00044 0.00009 0.020 0.00912 0.00483 0.030 0.0970 0.0895 0.040 0.238 0.262 0.050 0.366 0.432 0.060 0.460 0.559 0.070 0.529 0.647 0.080 0.573 0.694 0.100 0.618 0.724 0.150 0.644 0.723 0.200 0.644 0.709 0.300 0.647 0.695 0.500 0.656 0.702 0.700 0.669 0.721 1.000 0.686 0.743 1.500 0.711 0.771 2.000 0.734 0.793 3.000 0.765 0.822 6.000 0.809 0.855

10.000 0.836 0.873

B.10 Lungs (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Lung equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00077 0.00014 0.020 0.0128 0.00653 0.030 0.130 0.117 0.040 0.308 0.323 0.050 0.452 0.508 0.060 0.557 0.641 0.070 0.629 0.726 0.080 0.673 0.767 0.100 0.710 0.794 0.150 0.730 0.781 0.200 0.724 0.764 0.300 0.720 0.750 0.500 0.730 0.757 0.700 0.742 0.772 1.000 0.757 0.791 1.500 0.780 0.818 2.000 0.798 0.839 3.000 0.823 0.864 6.000 0.859 0.894

10.000 0.881 0.913

B.11 Muscle (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Muscle equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0263 0.0163 0.020 0.0713 0.0605 0.030 0.207 0.216 0.040 0.351 0.395 0.050 0.459 0.544 0.060 0.538 0.651 0.070 0.597 0.728 0.080 0.630 0.763 0.100 0.666 0.791 0.150 0.692 0.790 0.200 0.690 0.779 0.300 0.698 0.771 0.500 0.705 0.777 0.700 0.721 0.796 1.000 0.728 0.807 1.500 0.754 0.832 2.000 0.779 0.853 3.000 0.809 0.880 6.000 0.843 0.902

10.000 0.858 0.907

B.12 Oesophagus (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Oesophagus equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00055 0.00009 0.030 0.0311 0.0180 0.040 0.125 0.117 0.050 0.241 0.260 0.060 0.341 0.388 0.070 0.417 0.481 0.080 0.468 0.540 0.100 0.526 0.600 0.150 0.566 0.636 0.200 0.585 0.639 0.300 0.604 0.635 0.500 0.631 0.643 0.700 0.651 0.658 1.000 0.675 0.681 1.500 0.705 0.713 2.000 0.727 0.737 3.000 0.757 0.772 6.000 0.808 0.831

10.000 0.844 0.875

B.13 Pancreas (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Pancreas equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00055 0.00016 0.030 0.0330 0.0299 0.040 0.135 0.151 0.050 0.244 0.301 0.060 0.340 0.434 0.070 0.410 0.528 0.080 0.459 0.584 0.100 0.515 0.635 0.150 0.558 0.644 0.200 0.568 0.637 0.300 0.580 0.634 0.500 0.596 0.651 0.700 0.608 0.672 1.000 0.626 0.697 1.500 0.653 0.727 2.000 0.676 0.749 3.000 0.713 0.779 6.000 0.778 0.828

10.000 0.825 0.864

B.14 Red bone marrow (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Red bone marrow equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00365 0.00114 0.020 0.0152 0.00822 0.030 0.0713 0.0588 0.040 0.169 0.167 0.050 0.273 0.303 0.060 0.368 0.428 0.070 0.444 0.532 0.080 0.498 0.594 0.100 0.561 0.659 0.150 0.623 0.696 0.200 0.639 0.694 0.300 0.651 0.690 0.500 0.663 0.698 0.700 0.677 0.714 1.000 0.691 0.731 1.500 0.715 0.758 2.000 0.737 0.780 3.000 0.770 0.813 6.000 0.822 0.864

10.000 0.859 0.900

B.15 Skeleton (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Skeleton equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0227 0.00834 0.020 0.0901 0.0550 0.030 0.388 0.356 0.040 0.795 0.848 0.050 1.105 1.272 0.060 1.296 1.521 0.070 1.398 1.629 0.080 1.425 1.620 0.100 1.385 1.496 0.150 1.219 1.210 0.200 1.088 1.049 0.300 0.957 0.910 0.500 0.849 0.831 0.700 0.815 0.818 1.000 0.787 0.810 1.500 0.783 0.819 2.000 0.792 0.834 3.000 0.812 0.859 6.000 0.850 0.897

10.000 0.878 0.927

B.16 Skin (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Skin equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.302 0.262 0.020 0.380 0.367 0.030 0.507 0.519 0.040 0.611 0.637 0.050 0.679 0.725 0.060 0.725 0.794 0.070 0.767 0.846 0.080 0.787 0.867 0.100 0.812 0.887 0.150 0.830 0.886 0.200 0.826 0.880 0.300 0.829 0.871 0.500 0.831 0.870 0.700 0.837 0.880 1.000 0.843 0.888 1.500 0.857 0.903 2.000 0.870 0.917 3.000 0.887 0.933 6.000 0.905 0.947

10.000 0.915 0.950

B.17 Small intestine (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Small intestine equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00002 0.000 0.020 0.00177 0.00082 0.030 0.0452 0.0395 0.040 0.145 0.164 0.050 0.252 0.320 0.060 0.339 0.451 0.070 0.408 0.544 0.080 0.457 0.600 0.100 0.506 0.646 0.150 0.545 0.659 0.200 0.555 0.652 0.300 0.564 0.647 0.500 0.580 0.662 0.700 0.595 0.682 1.000 0.613 0.707 1.500 0.642 0.741 2.000 0.668 0.766 3.000 0.705 0.797 6.000 0.762 0.836

10.000 0.798 0.858

B.18 Spleen (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Spleen equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000119 0.00002 0.020 0.00605 0.00305 0.030 0.0903 0.0838 0.040 0.233 0.260 0.050 0.358 0.434 0.060 0.455 0.562 0.070 0.526 0.646 0.080 0.573 0.694 0.100 0.617 0.729 0.150 0.638 0.722 0.200 0.641 0.705 0.300 0.644 0.697 0.500 0.653 0.707 0.700 0.666 0.723 1.000 0.685 0.741 1.500 0.713 0.764 2.000 0.735 0.783 3.000 0.765 0.810 6.000 0.810 0.856

10.000 0.842 0.889

B.19 Stomach (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Stomach equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.9794E-03 0.2205E-03 0.020 0.1306E-01 0.7894E-02 0.030 0.109 0.103 0.040 0.249 0.279 0.050 0.369 0.442 0.060 0.461 0.567 0.070 0.527 0.647 0.080 0.571 0.691 0.100 0.612 0.724 0.150 0.640 0.721 0.200 0.643 0.705 0.300 0.643 0.696 0.500 0.655 0.701 0.700 0.665 0.715 1.000 0.678 0.735 1.500 0.696 0.761 2.000 0.713 0.779 3.000 0.742 0.805 6.000 0.794 0.848

10.000 0.833 0.877

B.20 Testes

airground

Photon energy

Testes equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0365 0.0526 0.020 0.0984 0.157 0.030 0.254 0.364 0.040 0.399 0.532 0.050 0.499 0.653 0.060 0.563 0.734 0.070 0.603 0.784 0.080 0.628 0.811 0.100 0.657 0.829 0.150 0.683 0.831 0.200 0.681 0.819 0.300 0.678 0.803 0.500 0.683 0.798 0.700 0.692 0.803 1.000 0.706 0.812 1.500 0.725 0.826 2.000 0.739 0.838 3.000 0.759 0.856 6.000 0.794 0.888

10.000 0.821 0.911

B.21 Thymus (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Thymus equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00180 0.00038 0.020 0.0230 0.0114 0.030 0.144 0.134 0.040 0.309 0.330 0.050 0.440 0.485 0.060 0.539 0.599 0.070 0.609 0.679 0.080 0.652 0.726 0.100 0.693 0.759 0.150 0.708 0.744 0.200 0.703 0.728 0.300 0.697 0.721 0.500 0.694 0.730 0.700 0.699 0.742 1.000 0.709 0.759 1.500 0.726 0.777 2.000 0.742 0.788 3.000 0.765 0.802 6.000 0.803 0.821

10.000 0.832 0.834

B.22 Thyroid (Adam)

airground

Photon energy

Thyroid equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0112 0.00091 0.020 0.0535 0.0176 0.030 0.190 0.144 0.040 0.363 0.326 0.050 0.505 0.491 0.060 0.599 0.608 0.070 0.666 0.679 0.080 0.712 0.723 0.100 0.756 0.767 0.150 0.771 0.773 0.200 0.768 0.757 0.300 0.770 0.745 0.500 0.783 0.750 0.700 0.795 0.762 1.000 0.811 0.778 1.500 0.830 0.796 2.000 0.844 0.810 3.000 0.862 0.830 6.000 0.893 0.865

10.000 0.915 0.891

B.23 Adrenals (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00008 0.000 0.020 0.00520 0.00282 0.030 0.0813 0.0700 0.040 0.190 0.204 0.050 0.292 0.347 0.060 0.378 0.464 0.070 0.445 0.547 0.080 0.493 0.599 0.100 0.551 0.647 0.150 0.615 0.679 0.200 0.630 0.683 0.300 0.634 0.681 0.500 0.637 0.683 0.700 0.642 0.690 1.000 0.652 0.705 1.500 0.668 0.727 2.000 0.680 0.745 3.000 0.699 0.772 6.000 0.731 0.818

10.000 0.754 0.850

B.24 Bladder (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00099 0.00031 0.020 0.0137 0.00936 0.030 0.106 0.109 0.040 0.228 0.282 0.050 0.345 0.444 0.060 0.433 0.568 0.070 0.493 0.652 0.080 0.532 0.702 0.100 0.571 0.740 0.150 0.609 0.739 0.200 0.617 0.728 0.300 0.625 0.711 0.500 0.639 0.714 0.700 0.649 0.727 1.000 0.663 0.746 1.500 0.683 0.770 2.000 0.698 0.788 3.000 0.722 0.815 6.000 0.764 0.858

10.000 0.795 0.889

B.25 Brain (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00002 0.000 0.020 0.00382 0.00082 0.030 0.112 0.0590 0.040 0.333 0.235 0.050 0.510 0.415 0.060 0.630 0.551 0.070 0.716 0.639 0.080 0.765 0.687 0.100 0.809 0.727 0.150 0.846 0.740 0.200 0.846 0.740 0.300 0.853 0.739 0.500 0.867 0.755 0.700 0.878 0.774 1.000 0.889 0.796 1.500 0.902 0.823 2.000 0.913 0.844 3.000 0.928 0.867 6.000 0.942 0.890

10.000 0.948 0.901

B.26 Breast

airground

Photon energy

Breast equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0687 0.0544 0.020 0.176 0.160 0.030 0.402 0.400 0.040 0.561 0.575 0.050 0.654 0.699 0.060 0.722 0.781 0.070 0.767 0.830 0.080 0.791 0.848 0.100 0.811 0.857 0.150 0.816 0.846 0.200 0.814 0.833 0.300 0.814 0.824 0.500 0.813 0.824 0.700 0.816 0.834 1.000 0.826 0.847 1.500 0.841 0.865 2.000 0.852 0.878 3.000 0.867 0.894 6.000 0.889 0.916

10.000 0.905 0.930

B.27 Colon (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00007 0.00015 0.020 0.00283 0.00229 0.030 0.0588 0.0609 0.040 0.173 0.211 0.050 0.291 0.378 0.060 0.384 0.514 0.070 0.453 0.608 0.080 0.496 0.661 0.100 0.541 0.701 0.150 0.576 0.707 0.200 0.580 0.698 0.300 0.591 0.686 0.500 0.608 0.699 0.700 0.618 0.717 1.000 0.633 0.739 1.500 0.662 0.768 2.000 0.687 0.792 3.000 0.723 0.824 6.000 0.782 0.865

10.000 0.822 0.890

B.28 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine") (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00008 0.000 0.020 0.00370 0.00186 0.030 0.0681 0.0638 0.040 0.186 0.218 0.050 0.306 0.386 0.060 0.403 0.519 0.070 0.471 0.610 0.080 0.514 0.667 0.100 0.558 0.710 0.150 0.588 0.712 0.200 0.594 0.702 0.300 0.604 0.692 0.500 0.618 0.701 0.700 0.628 0.716 1.000 0.642 0.738 1.500 0.666 0.766 2.000 0.687 0.787 3.000 0.719 0.816 6.000 0.776 0.864

10.000 0.818 0.896

B.29 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00005 0.00034 0.020 0.00168 0.00286 0.030 0.0468 0.0572 0.040 0.155 0.202 0.050 0.270 0.367 0.060 0.361 0.506 0.070 0.427 0.600 0.080 0.471 0.651 0.100 0.520 0.693 0.150 0.560 0.703 0.200 0.566 0.694 0.300 0.574 0.684 0.500 0.592 0.696 0.700 0.607 0.714 1.000 0.628 0.737 1.500 0.658 0.767 2.000 0.681 0.789 3.000 0.716 0.820 6.000 0.774 0.865

10.000 0.817 0.897

B.30 Eye lenses (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.269 0.147 0.020 0.371 0.287 0.030 0.513 0.481 0.040 0.627 0.602 0.050 0.712 0.688 0.060 0.768 0.748 0.070 0.805 0.791 0.080 0.829 0.821 0.100 0.859 0.857 0.150 0.881 0.879 0.200 0.887 0.881 0.300 0.896 0.881 0.500 0.911 0.884 0.700 0.922 0.888 1.000 0.933 0.892 1.500 0.944 0.897 2.000 0.951 0.901 3.000 0.960 0.906 6.000 0.974 0.916

10.000 0.983 0.924

B.31 Kidneys (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00191 0.00049 0.020 0.0246 0.0155 0.030 0.149 0.149 0.040 0.286 0.326 0.050 0.401 0.479 0.060 0.486 0.594 0.070 0.548 0.672 0.080 0.588 0.715 0.100 0.622 0.747 0.150 0.643 0.748 0.200 0.643 0.730 0.300 0.647 0.715 0.500 0.663 0.722 0.700 0.679 0.739 1.000 0.698 0.762 1.500 0.722 0.789 2.000 0.741 0.807 3.000 0.769 0.830 6.000 0.815 0.863

10.000 0.848 0.885

B.32 Liver (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00054 0.00012 0.020 0.0103 0.00569 0.030 0.103 0.0988 0.040 0.247 0.283 0.050 0.374 0.457 0.060 0.471 0.588 0.070 0.538 0.675 0.080 0.582 0.720 0.100 0.623 0.750 0.150 0.652 0.744 0.200 0.654 0.729 0.300 0.659 0.715 0.500 0.665 0.723 0.700 0.676 0.737 1.000 0.694 0.757 1.500 0.723 0.787 2.000 0.746 0.810 3.000 0.776 0.837 6.000 0.817 0.867

10.000 0.840 0.883

B.33 Lungs (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00055 0.00013 0.020 0.0114 0.00613 0.030 0.131 0.116 0.040 0.311 0.327 0.050 0.458 0.513 0.060 0.563 0.646 0.070 0.634 0.733 0.080 0.677 0.775 0.100 0.715 0.802 0.150 0.734 0.786 0.200 0.728 0.768 0.300 0.725 0.756 0.500 0.733 0.764 0.700 0.743 0.777 1.000 0.755 0.794 1.500 0.777 0.821 2.000 0.797 0.842 3.000 0.825 0.866 6.000 0.866 0.890

10.000 0.894 0.903

B.34 Muscle (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0277 0.0178 0.020 0.0747 0.0648 0.030 0.217 0.228 0.040 0.366 0.414 0.050 0.478 0.567 0.060 0.557 0.676 0.070 0.615 0.753 0.080 0.649 0.787 0.100 0.685 0.816 0.150 0.710 0.813 0.200 0.707 0.802 0.300 0.716 0.792 0.500 0.722 0.797 0.700 0.738 0.817 1.000 0.745 0.826 1.500 0.770 0.850 2.000 0.793 0.873 3.000 0.825 0.898 6.000 0.854 0.916

10.000 0.870 0.919

B.35 Oesophagus (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00001 0.000 0.020 0.00071 0.00009 0.030 0.0344 0.0213 0.040 0.140 0.128 0.050 0.260 0.275 0.060 0.357 0.403 0.070 0.429 0.499 0.080 0.481 0.562 0.100 0.545 0.631 0.150 0.613 0.658 0.200 0.630 0.654 0.300 0.642 0.651 0.500 0.657 0.669 0.700 0.672 0.690 1.000 0.691 0.714 1.500 0.716 0.743 2.000 0.734 0.764 3.000 0.761 0.793 6.000 0.807 0.840

10.000 0.842 0.873

B.36 Ovaries

airground

Photon energy

Ovary equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00045 0.00023 0.030 0.0319 0.0350 0.040 0.128 0.165 0.050 0.240 0.320 0.060 0.332 0.450 0.070 0.402 0.543 0.080 0.452 0.605 0.100 0.511 0.667 0.150 0.552 0.702 0.200 0.560 0.704 0.300 0.569 0.701 0.500 0.589 0.703 0.700 0.604 0.710 1.000 0.620 0.722 1.500 0.640 0.740 2.000 0.655 0.755 3.000 0.678 0.775 6.000 0.719 0.810

10.000 0.750 0.836

B.37 Pancreas (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00066 0.00026 0.030 0.0380 0.0341 0.040 0.147 0.171 0.050 0.259 0.331 0.060 0.355 0.464 0.070 0.425 0.560 0.080 0.476 0.618 0.100 0.532 0.669 0.150 0.576 0.678 0.200 0.583 0.665 0.300 0.590 0.658 0.500 0.607 0.671 0.700 0.623 0.691 1.000 0.643 0.716 1.500 0.669 0.747 2.000 0.690 0.769 3.000 0.721 0.800 6.000 0.775 0.849

10.000 0.816 0.883

B.38 Red bone marrow (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00355 0.00108 0.020 0.0155 0.00839 0.030 0.0756 0.0627 0.040 0.178 0.179 0.050 0.289 0.321 0.060 0.386 0.452 0.070 0.463 0.557 0.080 0.517 0.620 0.100 0.580 0.686 0.150 0.641 0.722 0.200 0.655 0.721 0.300 0.667 0.709 0.500 0.681 0.713 0.700 0.692 0.729 1.000 0.702 0.745 1.500 0.726 0.771 2.000 0.748 0.794 3.000 0.782 0.828 6.000 0.834 0.876

10.000 0.872 0.908

B.39 Skeleton (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0216 0.00770 0.020 0.0911 0.0553 0.030 0.404 0.371 0.040 0.822 0.877 0.050 1.135 1.301 0.060 1.321 1.542 0.070 1.414 1.641 0.080 1.435 1.623 0.100 1.387 1.491 0.150 1.211 1.192 0.200 1.077 1.033 0.300 0.945 0.891 0.500 0.838 0.811 0.700 0.801 0.797 1.000 0.770 0.789 1.500 0.765 0.798 2.000 0.774 0.814 3.000 0.794 0.837 6.000 0.829 0.874

10.000 0.855 0.901

B.40 Skin (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.299 0.260 0.020 0.377 0.364 0.030 0.509 0.519 0.040 0.611 0.641 0.050 0.682 0.732 0.060 0.730 0.800 0.070 0.772 0.853 0.080 0.791 0.872 0.100 0.815 0.894 0.150 0.835 0.894 0.200 0.830 0.887 0.300 0.835 0.878 0.500 0.834 0.878 0.700 0.841 0.888 1.000 0.848 0.896 1.500 0.861 0.910 2.000 0.873 0.922 3.000 0.890 0.939 6.000 0.907 0.949

10.000 0.914 0.947

B.41 Small intestine (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00005 0.000 0.020 0.00260 0.00127 0.030 0.0538 0.0484 0.040 0.163 0.188 0.050 0.281 0.354 0.060 0.371 0.491 0.070 0.439 0.586 0.080 0.487 0.643 0.100 0.534 0.689 0.150 0.570 0.694 0.200 0.578 0.685 0.300 0.585 0.675 0.500 0.601 0.684 0.700 0.618 0.703 1.000 0.638 0.729 1.500 0.668 0.763 2.000 0.691 0.788 3.000 0.726 0.819 6.000 0.784 0.857

10.000 0.826 0.878

B.42 Spleen (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00018 0.00003 0.020 0.00743 0.00395 0.030 0.0998 0.0950 0.040 0.248 0.282 0.050 0.384 0.461 0.060 0.479 0.587 0.070 0.544 0.670 0.080 0.590 0.720 0.100 0.635 0.762 0.150 0.658 0.753 0.200 0.658 0.737 0.300 0.661 0.726 0.500 0.671 0.733 0.700 0.682 0.746 1.000 0.700 0.764 1.500 0.724 0.789 2.000 0.744 0.806 3.000 0.774 0.829 6.000 0.821 0.861

10.000 0.855 0.885

B.43 Stomach (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00127 0.00031 0.020 0.0154 0.00946 0.030 0.115 0.113 0.040 0.252 0.295 0.050 0.375 0.464 0.060 0.468 0.588 0.070 0.534 0.674 0.080 0.579 0.720 0.100 0.625 0.751 0.150 0.650 0.742 0.200 0.649 0.729 0.300 0.649 0.718 0.500 0.658 0.723 0.700 0.670 0.739 1.000 0.686 0.760 1.500 0.709 0.787 2.000 0.727 0.806 3.000 0.753 0.834 6.000 0.797 0.876

10.000 0.828 0.906

B.44 Thymus (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00227 0.00034 0.020 0.0232 0.0125 0.030 0.159 0.134 0.040 0.322 0.326 0.050 0.459 0.494 0.060 0.555 0.616 0.070 0.621 0.689 0.080 0.667 0.728 0.100 0.711 0.760 0.150 0.736 0.761 0.200 0.735 0.751 0.300 0.727 0.748 0.500 0.728 0.762 0.700 0.737 0.775 1.000 0.753 0.792 1.500 0.774 0.812 2.000 0.789 0.826 3.000 0.812 0.845 6.000 0.851 0.878

10.000 0.879 0.903

B.45 Thyroid (Eva)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0122 0.00095 0.020 0.0550 0.0192 0.030 0.220 0.161 0.040 0.391 0.373 0.050 0.541 0.542 0.060 0.656 0.661 0.070 0.731 0.734 0.080 0.772 0.777 0.100 0.802 0.815 0.150 0.812 0.822 0.200 0.822 0.818 0.300 0.834 0.812 0.500 0.845 0.811 0.700 0.853 0.818 1.000 0.862 0.832 1.500 0.872 0.852 2.000 0.878 0.868 3.000 0.886 0.889 6.000 0.900 0.925

10.000 0.911 0.952

B.46 Uterus

airground

Photon energy

Uterus equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00135 0.00060 0.030 0.0389 0.0417 0.040 0.134 0.171 0.050 0.244 0.327 0.060 0.335 0.460 0.070 0.400 0.548 0.080 0.444 0.603 0.100 0.488 0.655 0.150 0.520 0.664 0.200 0.532 0.653 0.300 0.544 0.640 0.500 0.554 0.646 0.700 0.569 0.664 1.000 0.590 0.689 1.500 0.618 0.722 2.000 0.641 0.747 3.000 0.676 0.779 6.000 0.735 0.823

10.000 0.777 0.853

B.47 Adrenals (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00005 0.000 0.020 0.00496 0.00241 0.030 0.0738 0.0649 0.040 0.182 0.196 0.050 0.283 0.337 0.060 0.375 0.457 0.070 0.443 0.544 0.080 0.489 0.597 0.100 0.542 0.642 0.150 0.589 0.666 0.200 0.603 0.663 0.300 0.614 0.658 0.500 0.626 0.667 0.700 0.639 0.682 1.000 0.656 0.702 1.500 0.679 0.730 2.000 0.696 0.751 3.000 0.721 0.781 6.000 0.763 0.830

10.000 0.794 0.866

B.48 Bladder (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00081 0.00021 0.020 0.0123 0.00758 0.030 0.0985 0.101 0.040 0.222 0.266 0.050 0.334 0.426 0.060 0.419 0.552 0.070 0.481 0.638 0.080 0.522 0.688 0.100 0.560 0.721 0.150 0.592 0.722 0.200 0.598 0.709 0.300 0.604 0.693 0.500 0.621 0.702 0.700 0.635 0.717 1.000 0.653 0.737 1.500 0.677 0.761 2.000 0.695 0.780 3.000 0.722 0.805 6.000 0.770 0.846

10.000 0.804 0.876

B.49 Brain (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00002 0.000 0.020 0.00345 0.00072 0.030 0.107 0.0547 0.040 0.323 0.223 0.050 0.497 0.401 0.060 0.620 0.536 0.070 0.707 0.626 0.080 0.754 0.673 0.100 0.803 0.715 0.150 0.843 0.729 0.200 0.841 0.727 0.300 0.844 0.727 0.500 0.858 0.744 0.700 0.872 0.762 1.000 0.882 0.784 1.500 0.895 0.814 2.000 0.907 0.836 3.000 0.922 0.862 6.000 0.934 0.886

10.000 0.939 0.897

B.50 Colon (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00005 0.00011 0.020 0.00245 0.00186 0.030 0.0551 0.0550 0.040 0.165 0.198 0.050 0.278 0.360 0.060 0.368 0.494 0.070 0.437 0.588 0.080 0.481 0.641 0.100 0.529 0.681 0.150 0.567 0.693 0.200 0.570 0.685 0.300 0.581 0.675 0.500 0.595 0.687 0.700 0.605 0.707 1.000 0.622 0.730 1.500 0.654 0.761 2.000 0.682 0.785 3.000 0.723 0.818 6.000 0.783 0.857

10.000 0.820 0.879

B.51 Colon ascending + transverse ("upper large intestine") (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00005 0.000 0.020 0.00324 0.00164 0.030 0.0637 0.0586 0.040 0.180 0.206 0.050 0.295 0.371 0.060 0.387 0.503 0.070 0.456 0.594 0.080 0.500 0.648 0.100 0.546 0.691 0.150 0.579 0.699 0.200 0.583 0.689 0.300 0.592 0.679 0.500 0.605 0.688 0.700 0.615 0.706 1.000 0.631 0.730 1.500 0.659 0.760 2.000 0.683 0.783 3.000 0.718 0.814 6.000 0.777 0.859

10.000 0.819 0.887

B.52 Colon descending + sigmoid ("lower large intestine") (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00004 0.00024 0.020 0.00141 0.00215 0.030 0.0437 0.0504 0.040 0.145 0.188 0.050 0.255 0.346 0.060 0.343 0.481 0.070 0.410 0.576 0.080 0.456 0.630 0.100 0.507 0.671 0.150 0.549 0.686 0.200 0.554 0.680 0.300 0.564 0.672 0.500 0.581 0.686 0.700 0.595 0.705 1.000 0.616 0.729 1.500 0.648 0.759 2.000 0.675 0.781 3.000 0.714 0.811 6.000 0.780 0.854

10.000 0.827 0.884

B.53 Eye lenses (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.261 0.145 0.020 0.367 0.290 0.030 0.511 0.489 0.040 0.627 0.604 0.050 0.711 0.681 0.060 0.768 0.737 0.070 0.806 0.778 0.080 0.832 0.805 0.100 0.864 0.832 0.150 0.893 0.844 0.200 0.901 0.845 0.300 0.911 0.850 0.500 0.925 0.860 0.700 0.934 0.868 1.000 0.942 0.878 1.500 0.950 0.889 2.000 0.955 0.898 3.000 0.961 0.909 6.000 0.972 0.928

10.000 0.980 0.941

B.54 Gonads

airground

Photon energy

Gonad equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0183 0.0263 0.020 0.0497 0.0784 0.030 0.144 0.201 0.040 0.264 0.349 0.050 0.370 0.487 0.060 0.448 0.595 0.070 0.503 0.668 0.080 0.541 0.712 0.100 0.585 0.748 0.150 0.616 0.762 0.200 0.616 0.757 0.300 0.619 0.745 0.500 0.635 0.745 0.700 0.649 0.754 1.000 0.665 0.769 1.500 0.686 0.790 2.000 0.701 0.806 3.000 0.725 0.829 6.000 0.768 0.867

10.000 0.801 0.895

B.55 Kidneys (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00166 0.00042 0.020 0.0230 0.0143 0.030 0.145 0.142 0.040 0.279 0.317 0.050 0.394 0.469 0.060 0.477 0.581 0.070 0.538 0.660 0.080 0.578 0.703 0.100 0.615 0.732 0.150 0.636 0.734 0.200 0.636 0.717 0.300 0.641 0.703 0.500 0.655 0.714 0.700 0.670 0.732 1.000 0.688 0.755 1.500 0.714 0.783 2.000 0.735 0.803 3.000 0.765 0.827 6.000 0.811 0.858

10.000 0.842 0.877

B.56 Liver (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00049 0.00010 0.020 0.00969 0.00526 0.030 0.0999 0.0941 0.040 0.243 0.273 0.050 0.370 0.445 0.060 0.466 0.573 0.070 0.533 0.662 0.080 0.578 0.707 0.100 0.620 0.737 0.150 0.648 0.733 0.200 0.648 0.719 0.300 0.653 0.705 0.500 0.660 0.712 0.700 0.673 0.730 1.000 0.690 0.749 1.500 0.717 0.779 2.000 0.741 0.802 3.000 0.773 0.831 6.000 0.814 0.862

10.000 0.837 0.876

B.57 Lungs (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00066 0.00014 0.020 0.0121 0.00633 0.030 0.131 0.116 0.040 0.309 0.325 0.050 0.455 0.510 0.060 0.560 0.643 0.070 0.632 0.730 0.080 0.675 0.771 0.100 0.712 0.798 0.150 0.732 0.783 0.200 0.726 0.766 0.300 0.722 0.753 0.500 0.731 0.761 0.700 0.743 0.775 1.000 0.756 0.792 1.500 0.779 0.820 2.000 0.798 0.842 3.000 0.826 0.868 6.000 0.864 0.892

10.000 0.886 0.904

B.58 Muscle (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0270 0.0171 0.020 0.0730 0.0627 0.030 0.212 0.222 0.040 0.358 0.404 0.050 0.469 0.555 0.060 0.547 0.664 0.070 0.606 0.741 0.080 0.640 0.775 0.100 0.675 0.803 0.150 0.701 0.802 0.200 0.699 0.791 0.300 0.707 0.782 0.500 0.713 0.787 0.700 0.730 0.807 1.000 0.736 0.816 1.500 0.762 0.841 2.000 0.786 0.863 3.000 0.817 0.889 6.000 0.848 0.909

10.000 0.864 0.912

B.59 Oesophagus (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00063 0.00009 0.030 0.0327 0.0196 0.040 0.132 0.122 0.050 0.251 0.268 0.060 0.350 0.397 0.070 0.424 0.492 0.080 0.475 0.553 0.100 0.536 0.616 0.150 0.589 0.645 0.200 0.606 0.644 0.300 0.620 0.638 0.500 0.641 0.654 0.700 0.660 0.675 1.000 0.683 0.701 1.500 0.713 0.733 2.000 0.734 0.757 3.000 0.764 0.789 6.000 0.813 0.841

10.000 0.849 0.878

B.60 Pancreas (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.00061 0.00021 0.030 0.0354 0.0319 0.040 0.141 0.161 0.050 0.251 0.316 0.060 0.348 0.450 0.070 0.418 0.546 0.080 0.468 0.602 0.100 0.523 0.651 0.150 0.567 0.660 0.200 0.574 0.650 0.300 0.584 0.644 0.500 0.601 0.661 0.700 0.615 0.683 1.000 0.633 0.709 1.500 0.661 0.740 2.000 0.684 0.762 3.000 0.721 0.792 6.000 0.783 0.838

10.000 0.827 0.871

B.61 Red bone marrow (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00360 0.00111 0.020 0.0154 0.00830 0.030 0.0735 0.0608 0.040 0.174 0.173 0.050 0.281 0.312 0.060 0.377 0.440 0.070 0.453 0.545 0.080 0.507 0.607 0.100 0.570 0.673 0.150 0.632 0.709 0.200 0.647 0.707 0.300 0.659 0.699 0.500 0.671 0.705 0.700 0.685 0.722 1.000 0.695 0.737 1.500 0.720 0.764 2.000 0.743 0.788 3.000 0.777 0.821 6.000 0.828 0.870

10.000 0.866 0.903

B.62 Skeleton (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0221 0.00802 0.020 0.0906 0.0552 0.030 0.396 0.363 0.040 0.809 0.863 0.050 1.121 1.287 0.060 1.309 1.531 0.070 1.407 1.637 0.080 1.429 1.621 0.100 1.386 1.493 0.150 1.215 1.201 0.200 1.082 1.041 0.300 0.951 0.901 0.500 0.843 0.821 0.700 0.809 0.808 1.000 0.778 0.799 1.500 0.774 0.809 2.000 0.784 0.824 3.000 0.804 0.848 6.000 0.839 0.885

10.000 0.866 0.912

B.63 Skin (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.301 0.261 0.020 0.378 0.365 0.030 0.508 0.519 0.040 0.611 0.639 0.050 0.680 0.729 0.060 0.728 0.797 0.070 0.770 0.850 0.080 0.789 0.869 0.100 0.814 0.891 0.150 0.833 0.890 0.200 0.828 0.883 0.300 0.832 0.874 0.500 0.832 0.873 0.700 0.840 0.885 1.000 0.845 0.892 1.500 0.858 0.906 2.000 0.872 0.920 3.000 0.890 0.937 6.000 0.906 0.949

10.000 0.914 0.948

B.64 Small intestine (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00004 0.000 0.020 0.00219 0.00104 0.030 0.0495 0.0439 0.040 0.154 0.176 0.050 0.267 0.337 0.060 0.355 0.471 0.070 0.423 0.566 0.080 0.472 0.622 0.100 0.520 0.667 0.150 0.558 0.677 0.200 0.566 0.669 0.300 0.574 0.661 0.500 0.590 0.673 0.700 0.607 0.693 1.000 0.625 0.717 1.500 0.654 0.753 2.000 0.680 0.779 3.000 0.717 0.811 6.000 0.774 0.846

10.000 0.811 0.867

B.65 Spleen (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00015 0.00003 0.020 0.00674 0.00350 0.030 0.0949 0.0893 0.040 0.241 0.270 0.050 0.372 0.449 0.060 0.467 0.575 0.070 0.535 0.659 0.080 0.582 0.708 0.100 0.626 0.746 0.150 0.648 0.736 0.200 0.648 0.720 0.300 0.653 0.711 0.500 0.661 0.721 0.700 0.673 0.736 1.000 0.692 0.754 1.500 0.720 0.778 2.000 0.742 0.797 3.000 0.774 0.822 6.000 0.818 0.859

10.000 0.848 0.884

B.66 Stomach (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00112 0.00026 0.020 0.0142 0.00868 0.030 0.112 0.108 0.040 0.251 0.287 0.050 0.372 0.453 0.060 0.464 0.578 0.070 0.531 0.662 0.080 0.576 0.707 0.100 0.618 0.737 0.150 0.645 0.730 0.200 0.645 0.716 0.300 0.645 0.706 0.500 0.657 0.712 0.700 0.668 0.727 1.000 0.682 0.749 1.500 0.702 0.776 2.000 0.721 0.796 3.000 0.749 0.822 6.000 0.799 0.862

10.000 0.835 0.889

B.67 Thymus (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00204 0.00036 0.020 0.0231 0.0120 0.030 0.151 0.133 0.040 0.316 0.329 0.050 0.449 0.489 0.060 0.547 0.609 0.070 0.616 0.686 0.080 0.661 0.729 0.100 0.702 0.759 0.150 0.721 0.749 0.200 0.718 0.737 0.300 0.710 0.734 0.500 0.708 0.747 0.700 0.718 0.761 1.000 0.733 0.779 1.500 0.755 0.799 2.000 0.772 0.811 3.000 0.797 0.826 6.000 0.837 0.848

10.000 0.865 0.862

B.68 Thyroid (Adult)

airground

Photon energy

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0117 0.00093 0.020 0.0542 0.0184 0.030 0.205 0.152 0.040 0.376 0.349 0.050 0.524 0.518 0.060 0.628 0.637 0.070 0.700 0.708 0.080 0.744 0.751 0.100 0.778 0.791 0.150 0.789 0.795 0.200 0.795 0.785 0.300 0.802 0.777 0.500 0.815 0.779 0.700 0.825 0.791 1.000 0.839 0.807 1.500 0.853 0.829 2.000 0.863 0.845 3.000 0.876 0.866 6.000 0.897 0.902

10.000 0.913 0.927

B.69 Remainder (ten organs)

airground

Photon energy

Remainder equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00310 0.00179 0.020 0.0142 0.00991 0.030 0.0971 0.0883 0.040 0.231 0.245 0.050 0.352 0.405 0.060 0.446 0.530 0.070 0.514 0.617 0.080 0.559 0.666 0.100 0.604 0.706 0.150 0.636 0.712 0.200 0.640 0.702 0.300 0.646 0.694 0.500 0.657 0.705 0.700 0.671 0.723 1.000 0.687 0.744 1.500 0.712 0.772 2.000 0.733 0.793 3.000 0.763 0.820 6.000 0.808 0.856

10.000 0.839 0.878

B.70 Effective dose with ten-organ remainder

airground

Photon energy

Effective dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00118 0.0110 0.020 0.0333 0.0330 0.030 0.129 0.133 0.040 0.263 0.294 0.050 0.383 0.452 0.060 0.474 0.574 0.070 0.540 0.659 0.080 0.583 0.705 0.100 0.626 0.741 0.150 0.656 0.746 0.200 0.658 0.735 0.300 0.661 0.723 0.500 0.673 0.729 0.700 0.684 0.743 1.000 0.699 0.761 1.500 0.722 0.786 2.000 0.741 0.807 3.000 0.769 0.833 6.000 0.813 0.871

10.000 0.845 0.896

B.71 Remainder (nine organs)

airground

Photon energy

Remainder equivalent dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.00344 0.00199 0.020 0.0154 0.0108 0.030 0.101 0.0916 0.040 0.236 0.250 0.050 0.358 0.409 0.060 0.452 0.534 0.070 0.521 0.620 0.080 0.565 0.668 0.100 0.610 0.708 0.150 0.642 0.713 0.200 0.646 0.703 0.300 0.652 0.696 0.500 0.663 0.707 0.700 0.677 0.724 1.000 0.693 0.745 1.500 0.718 0.773 2.000 0.738 0.794 3.000 0.768 0.821 6.000 0.811 0.855

10.000 0.841 0.877

B.72 Effective dose with nine-organ remainder

airground

Photon energy

Effective dose per air kerma 1 m above ground

air Plane source in

ground 0.015 0.0118 0.0110 0.020 0.0333 0.0330 0.030 0.129 0.133 0.040 0.263 0.295 0.050 0.383 0.452 0.060 0.474 0.574 0.070 0.540 0.659 0.080 0.583 0.705 0.100 0.626 0.742 0.150 0.657 0.746 0.200 0.658 0.735 0.300 0.662 0.723 0.500 0.673 0.729 0.700 0.685 0.743 1.000 0.699 0.761 1.500 0.722 0.787 2.000 0.741 0.807 3.000 0.769 0.833 6.000 0.814 0.871

10.000 0.845 0.896

B.73 Organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the natural ra-dionuclides (Adam)

Organ Organ equivalent dose per air kerma free-in-air 1 m above ground (Sv·Gy-1)

238U series 232Th series 40K Adrenals 0.572 0.632 0.635 Bladder 0.630 0.681 0.683 Brain 0.676 0.712 0.717 Colon 0.616 0.640 0.650 Colon asc. + transv. 0.617 0.649 0.664 Colon desc. + sigmoid 0.614 0.628 0.632 Eye lenses 0.861 0.868 0.872 Kidneys 0.660 0.696 0.690 Liver 0.650 0.676 0.683 Lungs 0.706 0.733 0.736 Muscle 0.729 0.753 0.758 Oesophagus 0.605 0.641 0.617 Pancreas 0.589 0.624 0.651 Red bone marrow 0.646 0.674 0.680 Skeleton 0.778 0.802 0.774 Skin 0.845 0.861 0.861 Small intestine 0.610 0.637 0.640 Spleen 0.635 0.692 0.689 Stomach 0.653 0.663 0.670 Testes 0.728 0.766 0.791 Thymus 0.694 0.737 0.723 Thyroid 0.623 0.756 0.700

B.74 Organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the natural ra-dionuclides (Eva)

238U series 232Th series 40K Adrenals 0.605 0.601 0.632 Bladder 0.665 0.680 0.700 Brain 0.702 0.717 0.737 Breast 0.796 0.816 0.817 Colon 0.637 0.669 0.667 Colon asc. + transv. 0.642 0.659 0.662 Colon desc. + sigmoid 0.631 0.683 0.675 Eye lenses 0.882 0.884 1.022 Kidneys 0.687 0.704 0.710 Liver 0.666 0.692 0.700 Lungs 0.711 0.730 0.743 Muscle 0.745 0.769 0.775 Oesophagus 0.610 0.628 0.659 Ovaries 0.636 0.596 0.685 Pancreas 0.610 0.629 0.672 Red bone marrow 0.666 0.686 0.694 Skeleton 0.761 0.782 0.753 Skin 0.852 0.865 0.861 Small intestine 0.630 0.665 0.664 Spleen 0.656 0.705 0.717 Stomach 0.667 0.678 0.698 Thymus 0.656 0.768 0.742 Thyroid 0.695 0.795 0.762 Uterus 0.595 0.631 0.638

B.75 Organ equivalent dose conversion coefficients for the natural ra-dionuclides (Adult)

238U series 232Th series 40K Adrenals 0.589 0.617 0.634 Bladder 0.648 0.681 0.692 Brain 0.689 0.715 0.727 Colon 0.627 0.655 0.659 Colon asc. + transv. 0.630 0.654 0.663 Colon desc. + sigmoid 0.623 0.656 0.654 Eye lenses 0.872 0.876 0.947 Gonads 0.682 0.681 0.738 Kidneys 0.674 0.700 0.700 Liver 0.658 0.684 0.692 Lungs 0.709 0.732 0.740 Muscle 0.737 0.761 0.767 Oesophagus 0.608 0.635 0.638 Pancreas 0.600 0.627 0.662 Red bone marrow 0.656 0.680 0.687 Skeleton 0.770 0.792 0.764 Skin 0.849 0.863 0.861 Small intestine 0.620 0.651 0.652 Spleen 0.646 0.699 0.703 Stomach 0.660 0.671 0.684 Thymus 0.675 0.753 0.733 Thyroid 0.659 0.776 0.731 Remainder (ten organs) 0.646 0.681 0.688 Effective dose (ten-organ remainder)

0.672 0.695 0.709

Remainder (nine organs) 0.647 0.684 0.691 Effective dose (nine-organ remainder)

0.672 0.695 0.709

The Calculation of Dose from External Photon Exposures ......iv A.71 Remainder (nine organs) 109...

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