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The Arrow and The Song, of Diversity in Japan
No.0328-001243 ICWES16, October 24 at Los Angels, USA
Kayoko SugaharaINWES Board Member and INWES Japan President, APNN ChairVisiting Professor of Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) Gender Equality Office, AdvisorFormer IBM Distinguished Engineer and Member of IBM Academy of Technology
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The Arrow and the Song
I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sightCould not follow it in its flight.
I breathed a song into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For who has sight so keen and strong,That it can follow the flight of song?
Long, long afterward, in an oakI found the arrow, still unbroke;And the song, from beginning to end,I found again in the heart of a friend.
The famous poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Arrow and the Song” , suggests that it is hard for us to evaluate the power of actions immediately, but we could be learn of their great impact later.In the second stanza of the poem, the speaker breathes a song “into the air”. A song suggests us something gentle and free and it breathes our mind into future.
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the equal treatment of men and women regarding such things as recruiting, employment and promotion, …..
Diversity evolution in Japan
Diversity 1.0
Diversity 2.0
Top down & Hard Push
Bottom up& Soft Pull
Diversity 3.0
• The Equal Employment Opportunities Law(enacted in 1985)
• Act on Advancement of Measures to Support Raising Next-Generation Children (enacted in 2003)
Equal Opportunity
Work-Life Balance
Diversity& Inclusion
• Sustainable Framework• Diversity as Social Imperative• Diversity Branding and Reputation• Leadership Accountability• Workload and Pace• Leverage Diverse Talent Globally
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The third arrow
Diversity 3.0
The third arrow has introduced another strong “Quota” discipline, to push companies to promote women be able to have better opportunities.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has committed to the strategy of recovering Japan’s ailing economy. He has focused on three steps of actions and named them as the “Three Arrows”. The first ‘‘two arrows’’ are for loosening monetary policy and boosting public spending. The third arrow with regulatory reforms means to bring more women into the workforce. He promised structural reforms of Work-Life Balance, so that women can work more easily, comfortably, productively and pull their capability to achieve greater results.
Top down & Hard Push
Negative attitudes against Diversity are still hard to sweep away, but strong wind of arrow would blow out them.
Since 2013
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Decreasing population trend Decrease followed by working-age population
Can not be optimistic outlook for the future
Future population of 15-64 year-old by National Institute of Population and Security Research
Birth rate appears to have hit at "bottom", but ...
Number of live births
Number of live births(The worst record)1,037,000 peopleFertility Rate(0.02 percentage points)1.41
2012
(Total Fertility Rate)
Median forecast by National Institute of Population and Security Research
Only 0.02 rise in 25 years
Nikkei, 2013/6/23
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Nikkei, 2013/7/15
Women power, to achieve future economic growth• Women employment rate of OECD
countriesSwedenIceland
Japan (24th in 35)U.S.A
OECD averageKorea
MexicoTurkey 25 to 54 years old
(Employment Outlook 2013)
Women (57.5%)
Total (38.2%)
Men
• Ratio of non-regular workers
Years
The proportion of working women• M-curve improvements
Nikkei, 2013/7/13
Nikkei, 2013/7/13
70% share with 20s and 30s
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Country comparison of women managers’ ratio
(Managers + Directors)
Country comparison of women directors‘ ratio in listed companies (mix of 2011 & 2012 survey)
Country comparison of women managers’ ratio (mix of 2010 & 2012 survey)
Nikkei, 2013/6/28
• Global Gender Gap Report 2013 ranks Japan at 105th among 136 countries, its worst showing since the WEF started the survey in 2006. Japan ranked 101st last year.
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Women
Men
Childcare leave rate
1% level momentum of male childcare leave acquisition
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare study
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare study
1.89
2.63
1.38
UnknownMore than 18 months
12~18months
5 days ~ 1 month1~6
months
6~12 months
Less than5 days
W
M
• 40% of men who took childcare leaveis less than 5 days
Nikkei, 2013/5/19
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare study
• Very low level of childcare leave rate of male
For women success, men must change
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Support of working women and childcare arethe most important issues of government
The government list of women advantage policies
Support of working women
Capacity ensure 400,000by the end of fiscal 2017
(zero waiting list)
Zero children on the waiting list
The 5 point improvement, 73% employment rateof 2020 (25-44 years)
Rapid increase of Nursery school (with public houses)Treatment improvement of nursery teachers
Top down & Hard Push
Childcare leave three years of women (?)To appoint one or more women directors in all listed companiesSpread of telework to be able to work at home and in a shorter working hourDatabase of women human resourcesSkills support after retuning from childcareGrants and tax incentives to companies to help work-life balance
Since 2013
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Trying to take the lead in breaking Japan's glass ceiling
Top down & Hard Push
“Creating a society where all women can shine"• In an effort, to reach the goal of having women
in 30% of leadership positions by 2020.• Will seek to address the root causes of inhibitors,
including the difficulty of managing work and child care
• Appointed 5 women to Cabinet posts, matching the record for the most female
• Asked to business lobby to set a bar for its target of female division directors: 1%
• Considering rewarding companies that actively employ women with subsidies or extra points toward public works contracts.
• Cabinet finally decided to let companies set own targets for promoting women
• Companies with more than 300 workers, required to disclose targets & action plans
• "We hope that companies would have some freedom to design our own targets”, (chairman of the business lobby)
Since 2014• A Teikoku Databank survey shows that 57.4% of 11,017 companies polled are actively working to increase women in management.
• Kirin will launch leadership training and aims to increase women in management from the current 4% to 12%, or about 300, by 2021.
• Shimizu is planning to double women in managerial positions by fiscal 2018.• Mitsui O.S.K. Lines introduced a system to rehire women, those coming back within four
years are guaranteed the same employment terms.• Nippon Yusen will strengthen support for child care and education abroad to make it easier
for female employees raising young children to work overseas.• Seven & i Holdings has begun training male managers in promoting women and
encouraging men to take child care leave.• Sompo Japan will expand its mentoring program for women to cover those in their early 30s.• ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
Japan Inc. trying new ways to put women in executive suites
Nikkei, August 15, 2014
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Women researchers support model development, “support of Life-Event”
Songs into the air., support models for Life-Event
1) Establishment of support systems of research activities2) Improvement of research environment3) Promotion of awareness4) Promotion of positive action5) Development of the next generation women
The "Life-Event" intended for public universities and research institutes to develop own models.
Bottom up & Soft Pull
There must be commitment at all levels of society“As President Obama often says, “Change comes from the bottom up, not the top down.” ・・・・Women need to reach out to each other, to ask for help from their husbands and partners, co-workers or other family members. We can demonstrate to managers that doing a good job need not mean staying until 9 o'clock at night. “. (U.S. Ambassador Caroline Kennedy told The Nikkei in an exclusive interview, 2014/9/1)
Nikkei, 2014/10/04
Women
Men AcceptNot accept Not decide now
No answer
Depend on the conditions and contents
Survey of Tokyo Metropolitan, 2013
Answers of ‘Yes or No’, If you are asked to be a manager ?
Songs into the air
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Number of papers presented of women researchers, who received research support staffing2.31
0.63
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
supported Researchers general Researchers
Num
ber o
f pap
ers
/ yea
rpe
r cap
ita
3.7 times
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Num
ber o
f ext
erna
l fun
ding
per c
apita
3.2 times
0.81
0.25
Number of patents registered of women researchers, who received research support staffing
0.025
0.038
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
Num
ber o
f pat
ents
regi
ster
ed /
year
pe
r cap
ita
(Estimated)1.5 times
Positive actions of women researchersin the applicable institutions
Number of external funding of women researchers, who received research support staffing
Bottom up & Soft Pull
supported Researchers general Researchers
supported Researchers general Researchers
A
A
A
Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012
A. Development of support models for women researchers
B. Rapid increase of women researchers and leaders
• Program: 2006 ~ 2010 (science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine)• 2006:10 institutions, 2007:10, 2008:13, 2009:12, 2010:10
• Program: 2009 ~ 2014 (science, engineering and agriculture)• 2009:5 institutions, 2010:7 institutions, …..
A
B
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Increase of women researchers in the applicable institutions Changes in the number of women researchers,
in the applicable institutions (total)N
umbe
r of w
omen
rese
arch
ers
7154 7507 7881 81498855 9228
5K
10K 9487
0‘05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11
Bottom up & Soft Pull
A
Changes in the adoption number of women researchers (per institutions)
1.7
0.6 0.7 0.4
6.2
2.6 2.41.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total Science Engineering Agriculture
Previous year of startAnnual average (1-3 year) after start
Wom
en re
sear
cher
s ad
optio
n nu
mbe
r / y
ear
(per
inst
itutio
ns)
B Num
ber o
f wom
en re
sear
cher
s
理学 工
学 農学
理工農
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
EngineeringScience
Agriculture Total
’08 ’09 ’10 ’11
B
Changes in the number of women researchers
in the applicable institutions
Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012
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Changes in researchers % in the applicable institutions
Bottom up & Soft Pull
12.511.9
12.913.3
13.613
14.515.1
15.4
11.912.4
1313.6 13.8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Wom
en re
sear
cher
ratio
(%)
Applicable Institution Whole country
’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11
Changes in women researchers %
87.5 87.187.686.7
87.086.4
85.584.9 84.6
88.1 88.1
86.4 86.2
80
82
84
86
88
90
’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11
Men
rese
arch
er ra
tio (%
)
Applicable Institution Whole country
A
A
Changes in women researchers %
Wom
en re
sear
cher
ratio
(%)
•理学 工学 農学理工農
EngineeringScience
Agriculture Total
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
0’08 ’09 ’10 ’11
B
Changes in men researchers %
Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012
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Decrease of women researchers’ quittinga job for reasons other than retirement
Decrease of women researchers’ quitting a jobin the applicable institutions
‘05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0Wom
en re
sear
cher
s’ jo
b se
para
tion
(num
ber p
er in
stitu
tions
)
(Women)
Trends in age group of women researchers’ quitting a job
20s30s40s50s60s
(Women)20
15
10
5
0‘05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11W
omen
rese
arch
ers’
job
sepa
ratio
n (n
umbe
r per
inst
itutio
ns)
Bottom up & Soft Pull
A A
Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012
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Changes in number of women researchers' promotion to Professor or Associate Professor
Previous Year3RD Year from start
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Professor Associate Professor
Wom
en re
sear
cher
s(n
umbe
r per
inst
itutio
ns)
ScienceEngineering
Agriculture
ScienceEngineering
Agriculture
B
Changes in women researcher ratioof own and foreign nationality
0
7.69.4
13.8
23.5 24.128.2 29.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
1st year 2nd yearForeign nationality
Own students
Averageof foreign nationality 3.7%W
omen
rese
arch
er ra
tio (%
)
Averageof own students 42%
3rd yearPrevious year
B
Increase of leaders and diversity
Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012
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Achievement of Applicable Institutions (%)
Institution (Universities) No. Percentage of Applicable Institutions (%)
Rise of enrollment rate of women to undergraduate
D、E、F、G、H、I、J 7 12.7
Rise of enrollment rate of women to graduate school
A、F、K、L、F、H、G、N、O、P、Q、R、J、S、T 15 27.3
Rise of enrollment rate of women to PhD
A、E、L、F、M、G、P、Q 8 14.5
Development of the next generation women
Bottom up & Soft Pull
A
Upward trend of women student ratio in Natural Sciences, Faculty and Graduate
Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012
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Thank You !Thank You !