THE 4 SECTIONS

• WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM• EXPLAIN HOWTHE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACT

WITH ONE ANOTHER IN AN IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE

• BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

• EXPLAIN WHAT VACCINES ARE, HOW THEY ARE MADE AND

• HOW THEY WORK

Bacteria and Viruses

Viruses

• The biggest viruses are only as big as the tiniest bacteria.

• They use the cells as a factory to reproduce.

• They are neither dead nor alive.

• Once you have the virus you have to fight it or die.

The

Aids Virus

The AIDS Virus• Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome• the HIV virus attacks the helper T cells

so that the body can’t recognize invaders.

• There is no cure yet for this virus• Is fatal

The Ebola Virus

The Ebola Virus

• It’s one of the Most lethal viruses known.

• Ebola has a 90% fatality rate.

• The virus makes your body bleed non-stop.

The HerpesVirus

The Herpes Virus

• Herpes means “to Creep” in Greek.

• HSV-1(a type of Herpes) appears in the mouth at the crisis of simple fevers.

• HSV-2(another type of Herpes) appears in the pubic areas.

• This virus is contagious.

Bacteria

BACTERIA

• 1. HELICOBACTER PYLORI• THESE SPIRAL BACTERIA CAN SURVIVE THE STRONG ACID

ENVIRONMENT OF THE THE STOMACH AND WERE RECENTLY DISCOVERED AS THE AGENT OF STOMACH UCLEARS.

• 2.STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES• THESE SPHERICAL BACTERIA ARE COMMON INHABITANTS OF

THE THROAT. SOMETIMES THEY CAUSESTREP THROAT OR EVEN MORE SERIOUS DISEASES LIKE NECROTIZING FASCIITIS (FLESH-EATING DISEASE)

Parts of the Immune System• Macrophages- A large and versatile immune cell

that acts as a microbe, a devouring phagocyte, an antigen presenting cell, and an important source of immune system secretions.

• B-cells- Small white blood cells crucial to the immune system defenses. They are also known as B-lymphocytes and they are derived from bone marrow and they develop into plasma cells that are the source of antibodies.

• Helper T-cells- They identify the invader and signal the B-cells to make the appropriate antibodies.

Parts of the Immune System (cont’d)

• Killer T-cells- When turned on or activated, they can target and destroy cancerous cells and cells harboring viruses.

• Suppresser T-cells- A subset of cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses.

• Thymus Gland- A primary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T-cells learn their jobs.

• Lymphnodes- Small bean-shaped organs distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. This is where B-cells make antibodies.

Parts of the Immune System (cont’d)

• Antibodies- A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B-cells in response to an antigen, which is capable of binding to that specific antigen.

• Antigens- Any substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized by the immune system (the markers on the invaders).

• Memory T-cells- These cells “remember” the antigen and initiate a quick response if the antigen is detected again (secondary response).

EXPLAIN HOW THE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN AN IMMUNE

SYSTEN RESPONSE.

• YOUR SKIN IS THE FIRST DEFENSE AGAINST GERMS

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE THE ONES WHO FIGHT GERMS

• THEY DIVIDE INTO 2 CLASSES: CALLED LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS AND T CELLS) AND PHAGOCYTES (MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS)

T AND B CELLS

• T-CEllS

• MATURES IN THE THYMUS (AN ORGAN NEAR YOUR HEART) T STANDS FOR THYMUS

• THEY ARE THE COMMANDER IN CHIEFS

• THEY CALL MACROPHAGES WHEN GERMS ENTER THE BODY

• B-CELLS

• THEY COMPLETE THE MATURATION OF BONES, AND ARE LATER FOUND IN LYMPHNODES, WHICH TRAVEL THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATETIC VESSELS, AND IS A FLUID CALLED LYMPH WHICH BATHES THE BODY’S TISSUES

• THEY BECOME PLASMA CELLS TO SPREAD ANTI BODIES

MACROPHAGES

• WHEN CALLED, THEY WILL MULTIPLY BY THE THOUSANDS AND GO TO WAR

• MEANS “CELL-EATER”

• EATS AWAY DEAD CELLS, GERMS AND OTHER WASTES

• MONOCYTES ARE PHAGOCYTES THAT CIRCULATE THE BLOOD, WHEN THEY MIGRATE: THEY BECOME MACROPHAGES

SMALLER DEFENSES

• ANTI BODIES HOLD ON TO THE ANTIGENS OF GERMS AND WAITS UNTIL A MACROPHAGE COMES AND EATS IT

• ANTIGENS ARE A SIGN THAT TRIGGERS AN IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE

• ANTI BODIES CAN KILL GERMS WITH THE HELP OF COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

• COMPLEMENT PROTEINS WORK WITH ANTI BODIES TO CREATE HOLES IN INVADERS AND INJECT A FLUID INTO GERMS UNTIL THEY POP

OTHER

• NEUTROPHILS ARE SIMILAR TO MONOCYTES EXCEPT SMALLER

• PHAGOCYTE MEANS “CELL EATER”

• LYMPHOKINS ARE CHEMICALS THAT CELLS USE TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACHY OTHER

• LYMPHNODESARE PLACES WHERE BATTLES OCCUR (FOUND IN ARMPIT, NECK AND GROIN) AND IS WHERE B AND T PLATOONS WAIT FOR INVADERS. A SWOLLEN GLAND IS A SIGN OF A RAGING BATTLE.

• PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA• THESE ARE COMMON SOIL BACTERIA THAT SOMEIMES CAUSE

INFECTIONS.

• SMALL POX• FIRST VIRUS FROM NATURE

• LEAST UNDERSTOOD AND VERY DESTRUCTIVE

• ONE DROPLET OF EXHALED MOISTURE FROM SOMEONE INFECTED CONTAINS A THOUSAND MORE VIRUSES THAN NEEDED TO INFECT A PERSON

WHAT ARE VACCINES, AND HOW ARE THEY MADE?

• VACCINES ARE A WAY OF BUILDING YOUR OWN ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO A VIRUS

• SCIENTISITS AND DOCTORS GROW THE VIRUS AND USE DEAD OR WEAKEN PARTICLES TO GIVE TO PEOPLE

HOW DO VACCINES WORK?

• VACCINES WORK BY GETTING A SHOT AND IT TEACHES YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM HOW TO FIGHT THE VIRUS

RESOURCES

• MRS. SZYCH’S HOMEPAGE

• CELLSALIVE.COM