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Test your knowledge regarding the concepts of Fundamentals of Nursing! This examination contains 100 questions
about Fundamentals of Nursing. The exam contains questions about: Historical perspectives in nursing, theories in
nursing, health care delivery system, and nursing as a profession.
Guidelines
This post contains 100 questions about Fundamentals of Nursing
Read each question carefully and give the best answer.
To add more to the challenge, limit your time to 1 minute per question.
Answers and rationale are given below.
View also Fundamentals of Nursing Comprehensive Exam: Exam 1 - Exam 2 - Exam 3- Exam 4- Exam 5
1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the
A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
A. Nightingale
B. Benner
C. Swanson
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D. King
3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to
care of the ill person
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or
when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Swanson
D. Neuman
5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stresso rs,
which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
A. Neuman
B. Johnson
C. Watson
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D. Parse
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this
in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A. Henderson
B. Abdellah
C. Levin
D. Peplau
7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health
disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
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D. Swanson
9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It
allows access to higher human spirit.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options.
Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in
the face of the illness.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge
B. It serves specific interest of a group
C. It is altruistic
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D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A. Concerned with quantity
B. Self directed
C. Committed to spirit of inquiry
D. Independent
13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
A. Education
B. Theory
C. Caring
D. Autonomy
14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
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15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A. Initiate modification on clients lifestyle
B. Protect clients right
C. Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care
D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the
institution
17. What best describes nurses as a care provider?
A. Determine clients need
B. Provide direct nursing care
C. Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation
D. Works in combined effort with all those involved in patients care
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18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best
fit that statement?
A. Change agent
B. Client advocate
C. Case manager
D. Collaborator
19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.
A. Dependent
B. Independent
C. Interdependent
D. Intradependent
20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?
A. Total patient care
B. Team nursing
C. Primary Nursing
D. Case management
21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.
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A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
24. Who developed the first theory of nursing?
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A. Hammurabi
B. Alexander
C. Fabiola
D. Nightingale
25. She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.
A. Henderson
B. Nightingale
C. Parse
D. Orlando
26. She described the four conservation principle.
A. Levin
B. Leininger
C. Orlando
D. Parse
27. Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
A. Henderson
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B. Orem
C. Parse
D. Neuman
28. Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
A. Orem
B. Johnson
C. Henderson
D. Parse
29. Developed the CLINICAL NURSING A HELPING ART MODEL
A. Swanson
B. Hall
C. Weidenbach
D. Zderad
30. Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory
A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
B. Neuman
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C. Newman
D. Benner and Wrubel
31. Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
A. Erickson, Tomlin, Swain
B. Peterson,Zderad
C. Bnner,Wrubel
D. Boykin,Schoenhofer
32. Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING
A. Travelbee
B. Swanson
C. Zderad
D. Peplau
33. He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
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D. Peters
34. He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
35. Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
A. Imitation
B. Introjection
C. Identification
D. Regression
36. According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind
and just
A. Zderad and Peterson
B. Benner and Wrubel
C. Fowler and Westerhoff
D. Schulman and Mekler
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37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his
experience.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
38. He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a
persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was its first
superintendent.
A. St. Paul Hospital School of nursing
B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
C. Philippine General Hospital School of nursing
D. St. Lukes Hospital School of nursing
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40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.
A. St. Paul Hospital
B. Iloilo Mission Hospital
C. Philippine General Hospital
D. St. Lukes Hospital
41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and
care of the poor and sick herself.
A. Elizabeth
B. Catherine
C. Nightingale
D. Sairey Gamp
42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.
A. Clara louise Maas
B. Pearl Tucker
C. Isabel Hampton Robb
D. Caroline Hampton Robb
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43. He was called the father of sanitation.
A. Abraham
B. Hippocrates
C. Moses
D. Willam Halstead
44. The country where SHUSHURUTU originated
A. China
B. Egypt
C. India
D. Babylonia
45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
A. Chinese
B. Egyptian
C. Indian
D. Babylonian
46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?
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A. Dark period
B. Intuitive period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
49. Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi
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A. St. Catherine
B. St. Anne
C. St. Clare
D. St. Elizabeth
50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is
A. Like all other men
B. Like some other men
C. Like no other men
D. Like men
52. She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing
environment.
A. Roy
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B. Levin
C. Neuman
D. Newman
53. In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?
A. Affected by matter
B. A sole island in vast ocean
C. Allows input
D. Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and
systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.
A. Roy
B. Rogers
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C. Henderson
D. Johnson
56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
A. Certain needs are common to all people
B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy
C. Needs are stimulated by internal factors
D. Needs are stimulated by external factors
57. Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?
A. May not be deferred
B. Are not interrelated
C. Met in exact and rigid way
D. Priorities are alterable
58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?
A. Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
B. Desires privacy, autonomous
C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth
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D. Problem centered
59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?
A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion
B. Do not predict events
C. Self centered
D. Maximum degree of self conflict
60. This is the essence of mental health
A. Self awareness
B. Self actualization
C. Self esteem
D. Self worth
61. Florence nightingale is born in
A. Germany
B. Britain
C. France
D. Italy
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62. Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?
A. Born May 12, 1840
B. Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old
C. Notes in nursing
D. Notes in hospital
63. What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?
A. Belgium
B. US
C. Germany
D. England
64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?
A. Erikson
B. Madaw
C. Peplau
D. Dunn
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65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of
A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
B. Works for raising funds for nurses benefit
C. Facilitate and establishes acquaintances
D. Assist them and securing jobs abroad
66. Founder of the PNA
A. Julita Sotejo
B. Anastacia Giron Tupas
C. Eufemia Octaviano
D. Anesia Dionisio
67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?
A. R.A 877
B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
D. RA 7164
68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing diagnosis?
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A. She documents it and charts it whenever necessary
B. She can be accused of malpractice
C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility
D. She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill
69. Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?
A. RA 7164
B. RA 9173
C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics
D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among
the neighborhood for a fee is:
A. Primary care nurse
B. Independent nurse practitioner
C. Nurse-Midwife
D. Nurse specialist
71. When was the PNA founded?
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A. September 22, 1922
B. September 02, 1920
C. October 21, 1922
D. September 02, 1922
72. Who was the first president of the PNA ?
A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas
B. Loreto Tupas
C. Rosario Montenegro
D. Ricarda Mendoza
73. Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain
internal environment.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Leddy and Pepper
D. Roy
74. Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
A. Cannon
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B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Roy
75. What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Buffer system
D. Various mechanisms
76. Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.
A. Roy
B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
77. Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.
A. Roy
B. Henderson
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C. Rogers
D. King
78. She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Clark
79. According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the
whole system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Johnson
80. Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the
subsystem of the behavioral system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
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C. Neuman
D. Johnson
81. According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY
A. Leavell and Clark
B. Peterson and Zderad
C. Benner and Wruber
D. Leddy and Pepper
82. He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Clark
83. An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing ones potential within the limitation of the
environment.
A. Well being
B. Health
C. Low level Wellness
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D. High level Wellness
84. What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?
A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
85. According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?
A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
86. Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?
A. Becker
B. Smith
C. Dunn
D. Leavell and Clark
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87. In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence
preventive behavior?
A. Perceived susceptibility to an illness
B. Perceived seriousness of an illness
C. Perceived threat of an illness
D. Perceived curability of an illness
88. Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action?
A. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle
B. Economic factors
C. Accessibility of health care facilities
D. Increase adherence to medical therapies
89. Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of persons potential. Avers that the highest
aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
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90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief
model?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
92. It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
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93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
94. Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
95. According to Leavell and Clarks ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except
A. Reservoir
B. Agent
C. Environment
D. Host
96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within
the environment to pursue health
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A. Ecologic Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Health Promotion Model
D. Health Prevention Model
97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.
A. Health prevention
B. Health promotion
C. Health teaching
D. Self actualization
98. Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities and shortening of life span.
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
99. Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
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A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse
feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
Answers and Rationale
1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the
A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
Rationale:This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes The
nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH
CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingales. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons
environment to assist him towards recovery. She defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities
mediated and enhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment as something that would
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facilitate the persons reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a
persons reparative state.
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
A. Nightingale
B. Benner
C. Swanson
D. King
Rationale: Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet, her
theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise,
nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the clients body the nurturance it needs for repair and
recovery.
3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to
care of the ill person
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
Rationale:Remember the word THEOROYTICAL For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of knowledge that
prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person
as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
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4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or
when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Swanson
D. Neuman
Rationale: In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly
or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self care, are the activities
that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.
5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stressors,
which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
A. Neuman
B. Johnson
C. Watson
D. Parse
Rationale: Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING is
concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through
PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with LEAVELL and
CLARKS level of prevention.
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this
in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible
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A. Henderson
B. Abdellah
C. Levin
D. Peplau
Rationale: This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson.
Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She
describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client
and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking
adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health
disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
Rationale: There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSONS
Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leiningers definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In
There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands
for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question
about CARING.
8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A. Benner
B. Watson
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C. Leininger
D. Swanson
Rationale: Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being with
emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient when he
is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend maturational and developmental
stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these events.
9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It
allows access to higher human spirit.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
Rationale: The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the limits
of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options.
Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in
the face of the illness.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
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Rationale: I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means
being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and re
establish connection.
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge
B. It serves specific interest of a group
C. It is altruistic
D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
Rationale: Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is asked in
the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a specific intrest of a group.
Everything else, are correct.
12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A. Concerned with quantity
B. Self directed
C. Committed to spirit of inquiry
D. Independent
Rationale: A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of quality
assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned with QUANTITY of
care provided.
13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
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A. Education
B. Theory
C. Caring
D. Autonomy
Rationale: Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the delineate
Nursing from other professions.
14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
Rationale: Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or
the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of ones talents, behavior, appearance, mood,
character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give
our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a persons character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent.
Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
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D. Character
Rationale: Refer to number 14
16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A. Initiate modification on clients lifestyle
B. Protect clients right
C. Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care
D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the
institution
Rationale: A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a case manager while D basically
summarized functions of a nurse manager. If you havent read Lydia Venzons Book : NURSING MANAGEMENT
TOWARDS QUALITY CARE, I suggest reading it in advance for your management subjects in the graduate school.
Formulating philosophy and vision is in PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education
programs are included in DIRECTING. These are the processes of Nursing Management, I just forgot to add
ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and developing
qualifications and job descriptions.
17. What best describes nurses as a care provider?
A. Determine clients need
B. Provide direct nursing care
C. Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation
D. Works in combined effort with all those involved in patients care
Rationale: You can never provide nursing care if you dont know what are the needs of the client. How can you
provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the clients secretion. Therefore, the
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best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the clients need to be able to render
an appropriate nursing care.
18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best
fit that statement?
A. Change agent
B. Client advocate
C. Case manager
D. Collaborator
Rationale: As a clients advocate, Nurses are to protect the clients right and promotes what is best for the client.
Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the clients pain,
The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide the best
possible care.
19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.
A. Dependent
B. Independent
C. Interdependent
D. Intradependent
Rationale: Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple health professionals.
Example is when A child was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek
then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given to the child,
Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low,
moderate or high protein, In the U.S, Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as the
local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC DIET.
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20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?
A. Total patient care
B. Team nursing
C. Primary Nursing
D. Case management
Rationale: This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned to one
patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in
critical or isolation units.
21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
Rationale: Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.
22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
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C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
Rationale: Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task expertise
and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to task mastery. This care is
not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care.
23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.
A. Functional nursing
B. Team nursing
C. Primary nursing
D. Total patient care
Rationale: Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily means the nurse is awake for
24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not arround.
24. Who developed the first theory of nursing?
A. Hammurabi
B. Alexander
C. Fabiola
D. Nightingale
Rationale: Refer to question # 2. Hammurabi is the king of babylon that introduces the LEX TALIONES law, If you kill
me, you should be killed If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Alexander
the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is
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known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldiers medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will
die anyway, just to relieve their suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a
hospital.
25. She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.
A. Henderson
B. Nightingale
C. Parse
D. Orlando
Rationale: Refer to question # 6.
26. She described the four conservation principle.
A. Levin
B. Leininger
C. Orlando
D. Parse
Rationale: Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an
individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We mus
maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering
our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality.
SOCIAL INTEGRITY : Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow individuals.
27. Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
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A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Parse
D. Neuman
Rationale: Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables affecting
the individuals response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the individual, INTER
means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by
PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these
stressors.
28. Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
A. Orem
B. Johnson
C. Henderson
D. Parse
Rationale: According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a behavioral system that is composed of 7 subsystems.
Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED PATTERN OF RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to meet
the demands of the environment, and is able to modified his behavior to support these demands.
29. Developed the CLINICAL NURSING A HELPING ART MODEL
A. Swanson
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B. Hall
C. Weidenbach
D. Zderad
Rationale: Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL.
30. Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory
A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
B. Neuman
C. Newman
D. Benner and Wrubel
31. Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
A. Erickson, Tomlin, Swain
B. Peterson,Zderad
C. Bnner,Wrubel
D. Boykin,Schoenhofer
Rationale: This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks that ALL MAN ARE
CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call. According to them, CARING IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE,
meaning, ALL PEOPLE will tend to help a man who fell down the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.
32. Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING
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A. Travelbee
B. Swanson
C. Zderad
D. Peplau
Rationale: Travelbees theory was referred to as INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that NURSING is
to assist the individual and all people that affects this individual to cope with illness, recover and FIND MEANING to
this experience. For her, Nursing is a HUMAN TO HUMAN relationship that is formed during illness. To her, an
individual is a UNIQUE and irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. PLEASE
do remember, that it is PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN BECOMING and not TRAVELBEE, for I read
books that say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.
33. He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
Rationale: Kohlber states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the levels of morality
development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or preconventional, A child do things and label them as BAD
or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, fairness and
equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing, mama smiles and give
me a new toy, then I am doing something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based on
the response of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations, laws and morality the society upholds. Ifthe law states that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would not. However, in the Post
conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part
of these rules according to his own MORALITY. He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed.
Example is that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order because he believes
that the client can still recover and his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.
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34. He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Kohlberg
D. Peters
Rationale: Remember PETERS for PRINCIPLES. P is to P. He believes that morality has 3 components : EMOTION
or how one feels, JUDGEMENT or how one reason and BEHAVIOR or how one actuates his EMOTION and
JUDGEMENT. He believes that MORALITY evolves with the development of PRINCPLES or the persons vitrue and
traits. He also believes in AUTOMATICITY of virtues or he calls HABIT, like kindness, charity, honesty, sincerity and
thirft which are innate to a person and therfore, will be performed automatically.
35. Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
A. Imitation
B. Introjection
C. Identification
D. Regression
Rationale: A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms through identication. A
good example is the corned beef commercial WALK LIKE A MAN, TALK LIKE A MAN Where the child identifies
with his father by wearing the same clothes and doing the same thing.
36. According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind
and just
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A. Zderad and Peterson
B. Benner and Wrubel
C. Fowler and Westerhoff
D. Schulman and Mekler
Rationale: According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes an action MORAL : The intention
should be good and the Act must be just. A good example is ROBIN HOOD, His intention is GOOD but the act is
UNJUST, which makes his action IMMORAL.
37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his
experience.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
D. Freud
Rationale: There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff.
What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a
meaning to a persons life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.
38. He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a
persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.
A. Giligan
B. Westerhoff
C. Fowler
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D. Freud
Rationale: Refer to # 37
39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was its first
superintendent.
A. St. Paul Hospital School of nursing
B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
C. Philippine General Hospital School of nursing
D. St. Lukes Hospital School of nursing
40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.
A. St. Paul Hospital
B. Iloilo Mission Hospital
C. Philippine General Hospital
D. St. Lukes Hospital
41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and
care of the poor and sick herself.
A. Elizabeth
B. Catherine
C. Nightingale
D. Sairey Gamp
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Rationale:Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses. She build hospitals
and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdoms money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the
hungry and serving the sick.
42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.
A. Clara louise Maas
B. Pearl Tucker
C. Isabel Hampton Robb
D. Caroline Hampton Robb
Rationale: Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do not
believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten
by the vector and after days, She died.
43. He was called the father of sanitation.
A. Abraham
B. Hippocrates
C. Moses
D. Willam Halstead
44. The country where SHUSHURUTU originated
A. China
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B. Egypt
C. India
D. Babylonia
45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
A. Chinese
B. Egyptian
C. Indian
D. Babylonian
Rationale: Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those demons, they put female clothes
to their male newborn.
46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?
A. Dark period
B. Intuitive period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
Rationale: Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their heads. To
release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patients skull and it is called TREPHINING.
47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses
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A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
Rationale: What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were established.
During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training
inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But
almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal
school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.
48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
Rationale: Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life and the
practice of nursing.
49. Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi
A. St. Catherine
B. St. Anne
C. St. Clare
D. St. Elizabeth
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Rationale: The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis
himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is
the patron saint of Nursing.
50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.
A. Apprentice period
B. Dark period
C. Contemporary period
D. Educative period
Rationale: Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the Dark
period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and
schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least desirable of women.
51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is
A. Like all other men
B. Like some other men
C. Like no other men
D. Like men
Rationale: According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and Biologic being,
Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL
theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage.
52. She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing
environment.
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A. Roy
B. Levin
C. Neuman
D. Newman
Rationale: OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the environment.
Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and
continuously interact and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you
cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for
combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.
53. In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?
A. Affected by matter
B. A sole island in vast ocean
C. Allows input
D. Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
Rationale: The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his
dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The
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mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another
wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and
State and divorce Anne himself by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was
beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body
and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their
GOLDEN AGE.
55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and
systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.
A. Roy
B. Rogers
C. Henderson
D. Johnson
Rationale: According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs
and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that when any of these
systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual.
56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
A. Certain needs are common to all people
B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy
C. Needs are stimulated by internal factors
D. Needs are stimulated by external factors
Rationale:Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movies climax. I can save my
money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for
some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
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57. Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?
A. May not be deferred
B. Are not interrelated
C. Met in exact and rigid way
D. Priorities are alterable
Rationale:Refer to question # 56.
58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?
A. Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
B. Desires privacy, autonomous
C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth
D. Problem centered
Rationale: A,B and D are all qualities of a self actualized person. A self actualized person do not follow the decision of
majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?
A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion
B. Do not predict events
C. Self centered
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D. Maximum degree of self conflict
Rationale: Refer to question # 58.
60. This is the essence of mental health
A. Self awareness
B. Self actualization
C. Self esteem
D. Self worth
Rationale: The peak of maslows hierarchy is the essence of mental health.
61. Florence nightingale is born in
A. Germany
B. Britain
C. France
D. Italy
Rationale: Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in Germany and Practiced in
England.
62. Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?
A. Born May 12, 1840
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B. Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old
C. Notes in nursing
D. Notes in hospital
63. What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?
A. Belgium
B. US
C. Germany
D. England
64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?
A. Erikson
B. Madaw
C. Peplau
D. Dunn
Rationale: According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the
limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and
unfavorable environment.
65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of
A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
B. Works for raising funds for nurses benefit
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C. Facilitate and establishes acquaintances
D. Assist them and securing jobs abroad
66. Founder of the PNA
A. Julita Sotejo
B. Anastacia Giron Tupas
C. Eufemia Octaviano
D. Anesia Dionisio
67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?
A. R.A 877
B. 1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
D. RA 7164
Rationale: This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 a lso known as the
Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17, A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited
professional organization which is the PNA.
68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing d iagnosis?
A. She documents it and charts it whenever necessary
B. She can be accused of malpractice
C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility
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D. She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill
69. Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?
A. RA 7164
B. RA 9173
C. BON Res. Code Of Ethics
D. BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
Rationale:7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173.
70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among
the neighborhood for a fee is:
A. Primary care nurse
B. Independent nurse practitioner
C. Nurse-Midwife
D. Nurse specialist
71. When was the PNA founded?
A. September 22, 1922
B. September 02, 1920
C. October 21, 1922
D. September 02, 1922
Rationale: According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.
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72. Who was the first president of the PNA ?
A. Anastacia Giron-Tupas
B. Loreto Tupas
C. Rosario Montenegro
D. Ricarda Mendoza
Rationale: Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the first President was Rosario
Montenegro.
73. Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain
internal environment.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Leddy and Pepper
D. Roy
Rationale: According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and Illness is the failure to
maintain the internal environment.
74. Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
A. Cannon
B. Bernard
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C. Dunn
D. Roy
Rationale:According to ROY, Health is a state and process of becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED Person.
75. What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?
A. Positive feedback
B. Negative feedback
C. Buffer system
D. Various mechanisms
Rationale: The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon. According
to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A good example is that when we
overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback that signals us that our arm needs a rest.
76. Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.
A. Roy
B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
Rationale: Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and WELLNESS is
subjective depending on the definition of ones culture.
77. Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.
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A. Roy
B. Henderson
C. Rogers
D. King
Rationale: Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any interference on this cycle. I
enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life
cycle.
78. She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Clark
Rationale: Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and WHOLENESS of developed human structure and of bodily
and mental functioning.
79. According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the
whole system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
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D. Johnson
Rationale: Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are in harmony with the whole
system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with the SUB and SUPRA systems of martha rogers.
80. Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the
subsystem of the behavioral system.
A. Orem
B. Henderson
C. Neuman
D. Johnson
Rationale: Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.
81. According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY
A. Leavell and Clark
B. Peterson and Zderad
C. Benner and Wruber
D. Leddy and Pepper
Rationale: According to Leddy and Pepper, Wellness is subjective and depends on an individuals perception of
balance, harmony and vitality. Leavell and Clark postulared the ecologic model of health and illness or the AGENT-
HOST-ENVIRONMENT model. Peterson and Zderad developed the HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE theory
while Benner and Wruber postulate the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.
82. He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.
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A. Cannon
B. Bernard
C. Dunn
D. Clark
83. An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing ones potential within the limitation of the
environment.
A. Well being
B. Health
C. Low level Wellness
D. High level Wellness
84. What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?
A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
Rationale: Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other lifestyle choices.
Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over crowding. Heridity includes congenital and diseases acquired
through the genes. There are no social precursors according to DUNN.
85. According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?
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A. Heredity
B. Social
C. Behavioral
D. Environmental
86. Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?
A. Becker
B. Smith
C. Dunn
D. Leavell and Clark
Rationale: According to Becker, The belief of an individual greatly affects his behavior. If a man believes that he is
susceptible to an illness, He will alter his behavior in order to prevent its occurence. For example, If a man thinks that
diabetes is acquired through high intake of sugar and simple carbohydrates, then he will limit the intake of foods rich
in these components.
87. In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence
preventive behavior?
A. Perceived susceptibility to an illness
B. Perceived seriousness of an illness
C. Perceived threat of an illness
D. Perceived curability of an illness
Rationale: If a man think he is susceptibe to a certain disease, thinks that the disease is serious and it is a threat to
his life and functions, he will use preventive behaviors to avoid the occurence of this threat.
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88. Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action?
A. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle
B. Economic factors
C. Accessibility of health care facilities
D. Increase adherence to medical therapies
Rationale:Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individuals health preventive actions. Both A and B
can affect the individuals ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. C and D are called Preventive Health
Behaviors which enhances the individuals preventive capabilities.
89. Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of persons potential. Avers that the highest
aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.
A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
Rationale: Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and
symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of
a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is
healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person
adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health
according to smith is the actualization of a persons fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop selfactualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.
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A. Clinical Model
B. Role performance Model
C. Adaptive Model
D. Eudaemonistic Model
Rationale: Refer to question # 89.
91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief
model?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
Rationale:Modifying variables in Beckers health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc.
SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact
with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media
and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
92. It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
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Rationale: Refer to question # 91.
93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
Rationale: Refer to question # 91.
94. Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?
A. Demographic
B. Sociopsychologic
C. Structural
D. Cues to action
Rationale: Refer to question # 91.
95. According to Leavell and Clarks ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except
A. Reservoir
B. Agent
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C. Environment
D. Host
Rationale: According to L&Cs Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are the
AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST are persons that may or may not
be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not p redispose him to
the AGENT.
96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within
the environment to pursue health
A. Ecologic Model
B. Health Belief Model
C. Health Promotion Model
D. Health Prevention Model
Rationale: Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual
engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise,
immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate
risks and threats of health.
97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.
A. Health prevention
B. Health promotion
C. Health teaching
D. Self actualization
Rationale: Refer to question # 96.
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98. Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities and shortening of life span.
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
Rationale: Disease are alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capabilities or shortening of life span.
99. Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
Rationale: Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels
unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities,
people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or
clinical sign and symptoms.
100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse
feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.
A. Benner
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B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
Rationale: This is Jean Watsons definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06' NLE.
Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in
nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defind the 4 conservation
principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring.
Navigation
Here are the answers & rationale for Fundamentals of Nursing Comprehensive Exam: Illness, Infection, Asepsis
(100 Items)1. When the General adaptation syndrome is activated, FLIGHT OR FIGHT response sets in. Sympathetic nervous
system releases norepinephrine while the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Which of the following is true with
regards to that statement?
A. Pupils will constrict
B. Client will be lethargic
C. Lungs will bronchodilate
D. Gastric motility will increase
Rationale:To better understand the concept : The autonomic nervous system is composed of SYMPATHETIC and
PARASYMPATHETIC Nervous system. It is called AUTONOMIC Because it is Involuntary and stimuli based. You
cannot tell your heart to kindly beat for 60 per minute, Nor, Tell your blood vessels, Please constrict, because you
need to wear skirt today and your varicosities are bulging. Sympathetic Nervous system is the FIGHT or FLIGHT
mechanism. When people FIGHT or RUN, we tend to stimulate the ANS and dominate over SNS. Just Imagine a
person FIGHTING and RUNNING to get the idea on the signs of SNS Domination. Imagine a resting and digesting
person to get a picture of PNS Domination. A person RUNNING or FIGHTING Needs to bronchodilate, because the
oxygen need is increased due to higher demand of the body. Pupils will DILATE to be able to see the enemy clearly.
Client will be fully alert to dodge attacks and leap through obstacles during running. The clients gastric motility will
DECREASE Because you cannot afford to urinate or defecate during fighting nor running.
2. Which of the following response is not expected to a person whose GAS is activated and the FIGHT OR FLIGHT
response sets in?
A. The client will not urinate due to relaxation of the detrusor muscle
B. The client will be restless and alert
C. Clients BP will increase, there will be vasodilation
D. There will be increase glycogenolysis, Pancrease will decrease insulin secretion
Rationale:If vasodilation will occur, The BP will not increase but decrease. It is true that Blood pressure increases
during SNS Stimulation due to the fact that we need more BLOOD to circulate during the FIGHT or FLIGHT
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Response because the oxygen demand has increased, but this is facilitated by vasoconstriction and not vasodilation.
A,B and D are all correct. The liver will increase glycogenolysis or glycogen store utilization due to a heightened
demand for energy. Pancrease will decrease insulin secretion because almost every aspect of digestion that is
controlled by Parasympathetic nervous system is inhibited when the SNS dominates.
3. State in which a persons physical, emotional, intellectual and social development or spiritual functioning isdiminished or impaired compared with a previous experience.
A. Illness
B. Disease
C. Health
D. Wellness
Rationale:Disease is a PROVEN FACT based on a medical theory, standards, diagnosis and clinical feature while
ILLNESS Is a subjective state of not feeling well based on subjective appraisal, previous experience, peer advice etc.
4. This is the first stage of illness wherein, the person starts to believe that something is wrong. Also known as the
transition phase from wellness to illness.
A. Symptom Experience
B. Assumption of sick role
C. Medical care contact
D. Dependent patient role
Rationale:A favorite board question are Stages of Illness. When a person starts to believe something is wrong, that
person is experiencing signs and symptoms of an illness. The patient will then ASSUME that he is sick. This is called
assumption of the sick role where the patient accepts he is Ill and try to give up some activities. Since the client only
ASSUMES his illness, he will try to ask someone to validate if what he is experiencing is a disease, This is now called
as MEDICAL CARE CONTACT. The client seeks professional advice for validation, reassurance, clarification and
explanation of the symptoms he is experiencing. client will then start his dependent patient role of receiving care from
the health care providers. The last stage of Illness is the RECOVERY stage where the patient gives up the sick role
and assumes the previous normal gunctions.
5. In this stage of illness, the person accepts or rejects a professionals suggestion. The person also becomes passive
and may regress to an earlier stage.
A. Symptom Experience
B. Assumption of sick role
C. Medical care contact
D. Dependent patient role
Rationale:In the dependent patient role stage, Client needs professionals for help. They have a choice either to
accept or reject the professionals decisions but patients are usually passive and accepting. Regression tends to
occur more in this period.
6. In this stage of illness, The person learns to accept the illness.
A. Symptom Experience
B. Assumption of sick role
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C. Medical care contact
D. Dependent patient role
Rationale:Acceptance of illness occurs in the Assumption of sick role phase of illness.
7. In this stage, the person tries to find answers for his illness. He wants his illness to be validated, his symptoms
explained and the outcome reassured or predicted
A. Symptom Experience
B. Assumption of sick role
C. Medical care contact
D. Dependent patient role
Rationale:At this stage, The patient seeks for validation of his symptom experience. He wants to find out if what he
feels are normal or not normal. He wants someone to explain why is he feeling these signs and symptoms and wants
to know the probable outcome of this experience.
8. The following are true with regards to aspect of the sick role except
A. One should be held responsible for his condition
B. One is excused from his societal role
C. One is obliged to get well as soon as possible
D. One is obliged to seek competent help
Rationale:The nurse should not judge the patient and not view the patient as the cause or someone responsible for
his illness. A sick client is excused from his societal roles, Oblige to get well as soon as possible and Obliged to seek
competent help.
9. Refers to conditions that increases vulnerability of individual or group to illness or accident
A. Predisposing factorB. Etiology
C. Risk factor
D. Modifiable Risks
10. Refers to the degree of resistance the potential host has against a certain pathogen
A. Susceptibility
B. Immunity
C. Virulence
D. Etiology
Rationale:Immunity is the ABSOLUTE Resistance to a pathogen considering that person has an INTACT IMMUNITY
while susceptibility is the DEGREE of resistance. Degree of resistance means how well would the individual combat
the pathogens and repel infection or invasion of these disease causing organisms. A susceptible person is someone
who has a very low degree of resistance to combat pathogens. An Immune person is someone that can easily repel
specific pathogens. However, Remember that even if a person is IMMUNE [ Vaccination ] Immunity can always be
impaired in cases of chemotherapy, HIV, Burns, etc.
11. A group of symptoms that sums up or constitute a disease
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A. Syndrome
B. Symptoms
C. Signs
D. Etiology
Rationale:Symptoms are individual manifestation of a certain disease. For example, In Tourette syndrome, patient will
manifest TICS, but this alone is not enough to diagnose the patient as other diseases has the same tic manifestation.
Syndrome means COLLECTION of these symptoms that occurs together to characterize a certain disease. Tics with
coprolalia, echolalia, palilalia, choreas or other movement disorders are characteristics of TOURETTE SYNDROME.
12. A woman undergoing radiation therapy developed redness and burning of the skin around the best. This is best
classified as what type of disease?
A. Neoplastic
B. Traumatic
C. Nosocomial
D. Iatrogenic
Rationale:Iatrogenic diseases refers to those that resulted from treatment of a certain disease. For example, A child
frequently exposed to the X-RAY Machine develops redness and partial thickness burns over the chest area.
Neoplastic are malignant diseases cause by proliferation of abnormally growing cells. Traumatic are brought about by
injuries like Motor vehicular accidents. Nosocomial are infections that acquired INSIDE the hospital. Example is UTI
Because of catheterization, This is commonly caused by E.Coli.
13. The classification of CANCER according to its etiology Is best described as
1. Nosocomial
2. Idiopathic
3. Neoplastic
4. Traumatic
5. Congenital
6. Degenrative
A. 5 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 3 and 5
Rationale:Aside from being NEOPLASTIC, Cancer is considered as IDIOPATHIC because the cause is UNKNOWN.
14. Term to describe the reactiviation and recurrence of pronounced symptoms of a disease
A. Remission
B. Emission
C. Exacerbation
D. Sub acute
15. A type of illness characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation
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A. Chronic
B. Acute
C. Sub acute
D. Sub chronic
Rationale:A good example is Multiple sclerosis that characterized by periods of remissions and exacerbation and it is
a CHRONIC Disease. An acute and sub acute diseases occurs too short to manifest remissions. Chronic diseases
persists longer than 6 months that is why remissions and exacerbation are observable.
16. Diseases that results from changes in the normal structure, from recognizable anatomical changes in an organ or
body tissue is termed as
A. Functional
B. Occupational
C. Inorganic
D. Organic
Rationale:As the word implies, ORGANIC Diseases are those that causes a CHANGE in the structure of the organs
and systems. Inorganic diseases is synonymous with FUNCTIONAL diseases wherein, There is no evident structural,
anatomical or physical change in the structure of the organ or system but function is altered due to other causes,
which is usually due to abnormal response of the organ to stressors. Therefore, ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME are
anatomic and physiologic change in the BRAIN that is NON PROGRESSIVE BUT IRREVERSIBLE caused by
alteration in structure of the brain and its supporting structure which manifests different sign and symptoms of
neurological, physiologic and psychologic alterations. Mental disorders manifesting symptoms of psychoses without
any evident organic or structural damage are termed as INORGANIC PSYCHOSES while alteration in the organ
structures that causes symptoms of bizaare pyschotic behavior is termed as ORGANIC PSYCHOSES.
17. It is the science of organism as affected by factors in their environment. It deals with the relationship between
disease and geographical environment.
A. Epidemiology
B. Ecology
C. Statistics
D. Geography
Rationale:Ecology is the science that deals with the ECOSYSTEM and its effects on living things in the biosphere. It
deals with diseases in relationship with the environment. Epidimiology is simply the Study of diseases and its
occurence and distribution in man for the purpose of controlling and preventing diseases. This was asked during the
previous boards.
18. This is the study of the patterns of health and disease. Its occurrence and distribution in man, for the purpose of
control and prevention of disease.
A. Epidemiology
B. Ecology
C. Statistics
D. Geography
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Rationale:Refer to number 17.
19. Refers to diseases that produced no anatomic changes but as a result from abnormal response to a stimuli.
A. Functional
B. Occupational
C. Inorganic
D. Organic
Rationale:Refer to number 16.
20. In what level of prevention according to Leavell and Clark does the nurse support the client in obtaining OPTIMAL
HEALTH STATUS after a disease or injury?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. None of the aboveRationale:Perhaps one of the easiest concept but asked frequently in the NLE. Primary refers to preventions that
aims in preventing the disease. Examples are healthy lifestyle, good nutrition, knowledge seeking behaviors etc.
Secondary prevention are those that deals with early diagnostics, case finding and treatments. Examples are monthly
breast self exam, Chest X-RAY, Antibiotic treatment to cure infection, Iron therapy to treat anemia etc. Tertiary
prevention aims on maintaining