Post on 01-Sep-2021
Technical information supporting the 2020
climate (projected temperature)
Environmental Trend and Condition Report
Card
Department for Environment and Water
November, 2020
DEW Technical note 2020/23
DEW Technical note 2020/23 i
Department for Environment and Water
Government of South Australia
November 2020
81-95 Waymouth St, ADELAIDE SA 5000
Telephone +61 (8) 8463 6946
Facsimile +61 (8) 8463 6999
ABN 36702093234
www.environment.sa.gov.au
Disclaimer
The Department for Environment and Water and its employees do not warrant or make any representation
regarding the use, or results of the use, of the information contained herein as regards to its correctness, accuracy,
reliability, currency or otherwise. The Department for Environment and Water and its employees expressly
disclaims all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice. Information contained in this
document is correct at the time of writing.
With the exception of the Piping Shrike emblem, other material or devices protected by Aboriginal rights or a
trademark, and subject to review by the Government of South Australia at all times, the content of this document
is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence. All other rights are reserved.
© Crown in right of the State of South Australia, through the Department for Environment and Water 2020
ISBN 978-1-925964-61-5
Preferred way to cite this publication
Department for Environment and Water (2020). Technical information supporting the 2020 climate (projected
temperature) Environmental Trend and Condition Report Card, DEW Technical report 2020/23, Government of
South Australia, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide.
Download this document at https://data.environment.sa.gov.au
DEW Technical note 2020/23 ii
Acknowledgements
This document was prepared by Graham Green (DEW). Improvements were made to this report and the associated
report card based on reviews by Jason Vanlaarhoven, Fi Taylor and Michelle Bald.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 iii
Contents
Acknowledgements ii
Summary iv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Environmental trend and condition reporting 1
1.2 Purpose and benefits of SA’s trend and condition report cards 1
2 Methods 2
2.1 Data sources and collection 2
2.1.1 Projected changes in regional average daily temperatures 2
2.1.2 Change in Frequency of Days of Over 40oC in Adelaide 3
2.2 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4
2.3 Analysis of Trend, Condition and Information Reliability 7
2.3.1 Trend 7
2.3.2 Condition 8
2.3.3 Reliability 8
3 Discussion 11
3.1 Trend 11
3.2 Condition 11
4 References 12
List of figures
Figure 2.1 Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘top figure’ – projected changes in average annual
temperature in SA regions 2030 – 2050, compared with mean annual temperature in 1986 – 2005. 2
Figure 2.2. Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘bottom figure’ – the projected change in average annual
occurrence of days with a maximum temperature over 40oC in the period 2016-2045, compared with
average annual occurrence in 1986 – 2005. 3
List of tables
Table 2.1 Summary of information sources and analysis 4
Table 2.2. Trend definitions 8
Table 2.3. Guides for applying information currency 8
Table 2.4. Guides for applying information applicability 8
Table 2.5. Guides for applying spatial representation of information (sampling design) 9
Table 2.6. Guides for applying accuracy information 9
Table 2.7. Information reliability scores for projected temperature 10
DEW Technical note 2020/23 iv
Summary
This document describes the indicators, data sources, analysis methods and results used to develop the 2020
report card on Climate: Projected temperature. The reliability of data sources for their use in this context are also
described.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 1
1 Introduction
1.1 Environmental trend and condition reporting
The Minister for Environment and Water under the Landscape South Australia Act 2019 is required to “monitor,
evaluate and audit the state and condition of the State's natural resources, coasts and seas; and to report on the
state and condition of the State's natural resources, coasts and seas” (9(1(a-b)). Environmental trend and condition
report cards are produced as the primary means for the Minister to undertake this reporting. The Environment
Protection Act 1993, also requires the development of a State of the Environment Report (SOE), and states that the
SOE must:
Include an assessment of the condition of the major environmental resources of South Australia 112(3(a))
Include a specific assessment of the state of the River Murray, especially taking into account the Objectives for
a Healthy River Murray under the River Murray Act 2003 112(3(ab))
Identify significant trends in environmental quality based on an analysis of indicators of environmental quality
112(3(b)).
1.2 Purpose and benefits of SA’s trend and condition report cards
South Australia’s environmental trend and condition report cards focus on the State’s priority environmental
assets and the pressures that impact on these assets. The report cards present information on trend, condition and
information reliability in a succinct visual summary.
The full suite of report cards capture patterns in trend and condition at a state scale, and give insight to changes
in a particular asset over time. They also highlight gaps in our knowledge on priority assets that prevents us from
assessing trend and condition, and might impede our ability to make evidence based decisions.
Both the trend and condition are considered important, however, the report cards give particular emphasis to
trend. Trend shows how the environment has responded to past drivers, decisions, and actions, and is what we
seek to influence through future decisions and actions.
The recognised benefits of trend and condition report cards include to:
Provide insight into our environment by tracking its change over time
Interpret complex information in a simple and accessible format
Provide a transparent and open evidence base for decision-making
Highlight those knowledge gaps that will impede South Australia’s ability to make decisions
Drive alignment of environmental reporting, ensuring we ‘do once, use many times’
Identify opportunities for further investment and on-ground action.
The initial development of the South Australian environmental trend and condition report cards was guided by the
NRM State and Condition Reporting Framework (Government of South Australia 2012). The format, design and
accessibly of the report cards has been modified and improved with each release. Environmental Trend and
Condition Report Cards are designed to align with and inform both South Australian and National State of the
Environment Reporting.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 2
2 Methods
2.1 Data sources and collection
2.1.1 Projected changes in regional average daily temperatures
The text of the projected temperature report card discusses main features of the graphs presented in the two
figures. These are graphs of the projected changes in the average annual temperature (oC) in Landscape regions of
SA at future time horizons of 2030 and 2050. The projected temperature changes are relative to the mean
temperature projected by the same models for a historic baseline period of 1986 – 2005.
The ranges of temperature change described in the text of the report card are simply the range between the highest
and lowest mean projected temperature change under the intermediate and high emissions scenarios, in the eight
regions, as shown in the graph in Figure 2.1.
It should be noted that these time horizon years are not intended to represent the exact years by which
temperature is projected to change by these percentages. Rather, they are marker years, each for a thirty year
period spanning the marker year. For example, the temperature change projection for the 2050 time horizon
represents the difference in the mean temperature in the period 2036 – 2065, compared with the historic baseline
period of 1986 – 2005.
Figure 2.1 Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘top figure’ – projected changes in average annual temperature in
SA regions 2030 – 2050, compared with mean annual temperature in 1986 – 2005.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 3
The graph in Figure 2.1 was prepared using data from the regional projections of the SA Climate Ready / Goyder
Institute downscaled climate change projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015) and their mean projections of
temperature change in each region at the time horizons of 2030 and 2050.
The SA Climate Ready / Goyder Institute project generated detailed, local scale data for each region using 15 Global
Climate Models (GCM) and applying a technique called “downscaling” at selected weather stations. While using 15
GCMs provides a broader range of possible future climate changes, the Projected Temperature report card is based
on data from a subset of the 6 “best” GCMs. These models were chosen because they were found to perform better
at representing climate drivers that are particularly influential on temperature in South Australia, such as the El Nino
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole. Further information on methods, data and outputs is
available in the full regional report available at www.goyderinstitute.org .
The graph shows only the mean projections of the six “best” climate models for each region and for intermediate
(RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.8) greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. There is considerable variability among the six
models in their projections of temperature change for each region. This variation is summarised in Table 1 (after
Charles and Fu, 2015).
2.1.2 Change in Frequency of Days of Over 40oC in Adelaide
The lower figure in the Climate: Projected temperature report card (Figure 2.2) shows the projected change in the
frequency of occurrence of days of over 40oC in Adelaide at the 2030 time horizon (2016 – 2045).
Figure 2.2. Climate: Project Temperature report card ‘bottom figure’ – the projected change in average annual
occurrence of days with a maximum temperature over 40oC in the period 2016-2045, compared with average annual
occurrence in 1986 – 2005.
The data in Figure 2.2 is derived from two sources:
i. The frequency of days over 40oC (1986-2005) in the first column is derived from a simple
count of the frequency of days with a daily maximum temperature of 40.0 oC or greater in
the 20-year period from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 2005 within the historic
observation record, drawn from the ACORN-SAT dataset for the Adelaide BOM station.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 4
ii. The projected frequency of days over 40oC (2016-2045) in the second column is drawn
from projections of changes in hot day frequency in Australia’s major cities, reported in
Chapter 7 of the CSIRO and BOM Climate Change in Australia Technical Report (CSIRO
and Bureau of Meteorology 2015). A range of frequency of 4.7 – 7.2 days per year is
projected for Adelaide for the 2030 time horizon under RCP4.5 greenhouse gas
concentration pathway (representing intermediate emissions). The frequency of 5.9 days
per year is the median projected frequency within this range.
2.2 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
The graph of the mean projected changes in annual temperature includes projections that are conditional on two
scenarios of global atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, representing intermediate and high greenhouse
gas emission scenarios. Projections of temperature are included which accord to the climate model projections
under two representative concentration pathways: RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, which respectively represent intermediate
and high emissions scenarios through the 21st century. These are two of a range of four Representative
Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the greenhouse gas concentration trajectories adopted by the IPCC for its fifth (and
latest) Assessment Report (AR5).
The climate projection information provided by SA Climate Ready is based on selected future climate change
scenarios, projected to occur under two emissions scenarios defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The IPCC describe these as “representative concentration pathways” (RCPs). The high emissions
scenario referred to in this document is RCP8.5 and the intermediate emission scenario is RCP4.5. The IPCC’s
emissions scenarios are the product of an innovative collaboration between integrated assessment modellers,
climate modellers, ecosystem modellers as well as social scientists working on emissions, economics, policy,
vulnerability and impacts.
IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al., eds., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1
(WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5),
Cambridge University Press, Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
The content of the Climate: Projected temperature report card includes a combination of elements of textual
information, graphical figures, trend and condition ratings, and summary statements about the projected future
temperature in South Australia. The information sources and analyses applied to derive each element of the report
card content are summarised in table 2.1. The method of selection of the Trend, Condition and Information
Reliability ratings is described in section 2.2.
Table 2.1 Summary of information sources and analysis
Report card
element
Content Data sources
Trend quote Average daily maximum
temperatures across South Australia
are projected to increase by between
1.0 and 2.1 degrees Celsius (oC) by
2050 under plausible emissions
scenarios.
The range of projected temperature change
identified here (1 to 2.1 oC) is simply the highest and
lowest mean projected temperature change among
the regions included in the projected annual
temperature graph (top figure) at the time horizon of
2050. The temperature changes illustrated by the
graph are drawn from the regional projections of the
SA Climate Ready downscaled climate change
projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015) and their
mean projections of temperature change in each
region at the time horizon of 2050.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 5
Trend text This assessment draws from the
SA Climate Ready temperature
projections for South Australia. The
temperature projections are relative
to a baseline period spanning 1986-
2005.
Under an intermediate emissions
scenario, average maximum
temperatures could increase by
between 0.7 °C and 1.0 °C by 2030,
and by between 1.0 °C and 1.4 °C by
2050. Changes are even greater
under a high emissions scenario, with
projected increases of between 0.8 °C
and 1.3 °C by 2030, and between 1.4
°C and 2.1 °C by 2050 (top figure).
The average annual number of days
reaching 40oC or more in Adelaide in
the 30 years from 2016-2045 is
projected to be 5.9 days per year,
compared to 2.9 days per year during
the 1986-2005 period (bottom
figure).
The ranges of annual temperature change described
are simply the highest and lowest mean projected
temperature change among the regions included in
the annual temperature graph (top figure) at the time
horizons of 2030 and 2050.
The temperature changes illustrated by the graph are
drawn from the regional projections of the SA
Climate Ready downscaled climate change
projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015) and their
mean projections of temperature change in each
region at the time horizons of 2030 and 2050.
The projected temperature changes are relative to
the mean temperature projected by the same models
for a historic baseline period of 1986 to 2005.
Note, the time horizon years of 2030 and 2050 are
not intended to represent the exact years by which
temperature is projected to change by these
percentages. Rather, they are marker years, each for a
thirty year period spanning the marker year. For
example, the temperature change projection for the
2050 time horizon represents the difference in the
mean temperature in the period 2036 – 2065,
compared with the historic baseline period of 1986 –
2005.
The comment on the projected average frequency of
days over 40oC in the period 2016-2045 compared
with the baseline period (1986-2005) is a description
of the quantities illustrated in the graph in the
bottom figure of the report card.
Condition
quote
Because this assessment is of
projected temperatures under likely
climate scenarios, a condition rating
is not applicable.
The report card condition rating is intended to report
on the current status of the reported variable. As the
Projected Temperature report card reports only on
projected future temperature change, it does not
provide an assessment of the current condition of
temperature.
Condition text
The top figure shows the average
projected changes in temperature
between 2030 and 2050 for eight
regions across the state. The
projections are from a range of
global climate models under two
scenarios of global atmospheric
greenhouse gas concentrations
(representing intermediate and high
greenhouse gas emission scenarios).
Note that each model projects some
variability around the averages
shown.
As this report card does not report on the condition
of temperature, the condition text is replaced by
explanatory text on the nature and source of the
temperature projections.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 6
Quote Higher maximum temperatures and
more days above 40 oC are projected
for South Australia.
This is a general statement based on both the
projected increase in frequency of days above 40oC in
Adelaide, illustrated by the graph in the bottom
figure, and by the increases in average daily
temperatures projected for all regions illustrated in
the top figure.
Top figure
The graph of projected changes in average daily
temperatures for the regions of SA was prepared
using data from the regional projections of the SA
Climate Ready / Goyder Institute downscaled climate
change projections dataset (Charles and Fu, 2015)
and their mean projections of temperature change in
each region for the time horizons of 2030 and 2050.
The graphs show only the mean projections of the six
“best” climate models for each region and for
intermediate (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) greenhouse
gas emissions scenarios. There is considerable
variability among the six models in their projections
of temperature change for each region, which is not
conveyed within these graphs of mean projected
changes.
http://www.goyderinstitute.org/_r91/media/system/attrib/fi
le/82/CC%20Task%203%20CSIRO%20Final%20Report_web.
Bottom figure
The graph of the historic and projected frequency
(days per year) of days over 40oC in Adelaide was
constructed from data from two sources.
The baseline period frequency of days over 40oC in
the first column of the graph is derived from a count
of the frequency of days with a daily maximum
temperature of 40.0oC or greater in the 20-year
period from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 2005
within the historic observation record, drawn from
the ACORN SAT dataset for the Adelaide BOM station
(Bureau of Meteorology, 2018).
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-
sat/#tabs=ACORN%E2%80%90SAT
The projected frequency of days over 40oC (2016-
2045) in the second column is drawn from
projections of changes in hot day frequency in
Australia’s major cities, reported in Chapter 7 of the
CSIRO and BOM Climate Change in Australia
Technical Report (CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology,
2015). A range of frequency of 4.7 – 7.2 days per year
is projected for Adelaide for the 2030 time horizon
under RCP4.5 greenhouse gas concentration pathway
(representing intermediate emissions). The frequency
of 5.9 days per year is the median projected
frequency within this range.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 7
https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.
1.6/cms_page_media/168/CCIA_2015_NRM_TR_Chapter%20
7.pdf
Why is climate
important?
Climate affects almost every part of
our lives. Communities, industries,
landscapes and ecosystems all
develop with a tolerance for a range
of climate variation. If the climate
changes beyond that range of
tolerance, then they must either
adapt, migrate, transform or decline.
This is a general comment on the rationale for
providing a report on the status of sea level in South
Australia.
What are the
drivers?
According to the Australian Academy
of Science, ‘Earth’s climate has
changed over the past century. The
atmosphere and oceans have
warmed, sea levels have risen, and
glaciers and ice sheets have
decreased in size. The best available
evidence indicates that greenhouse
gas emissions from human activities
are the main cause. Continuing
increases in greenhouse gases will
produce further warming and other
changes in Earth’s physical
environment and ecosystems.’
This statement from the Australian Academy of
Science was selected to describe this pressure as it
encapsulates a statement of the primary cause of
warming, the effects on the Earth’s physical
environment in the past and future. The statement is
drawn from Australian Academy of Science (2015)
www.science.org.au/climatechange
What’s being
done?
Climate change projections, including
temperature projections, are
periodically improved and updated in
line with advancements in climate
modelling.
Management actions in response to
the changing climate include those
that mitigate the state’s emissions as
part of a global effort to stem further
change in the global climate. To
accelerate the transition to net zero
emissions by 2050, the South
Australian Government has set an
interim goal to reduce the state’s net
emissions by more than 50% from
2005 levels by 2030.
Information on the maintenance of temperature
monitoring and trend maps by the AWAP project are
drawn from the Bureau of Meteorology’s summary of
the Australian Climate Observations Reference
Network – Surface Air Temperature dataset website:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-
sat/#tabs=ACORN%E2%80%90SAT
Information on climate change projections modelling
and advancements in the science are drawn from the
CSIRO / BOM Climate Change in Australia website:
https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-
campus/modelling-and-projections/
2.3 Analysis of Trend, Condition and Information Reliability
2.3.1 Trend
The trend rating for projected temperature was determined to be ‘Getting Worse’ as the projected changes for all
regions are for a rise in temperatures in the future. A rise in temperature is assessed to be a trend that is ‘getting
DEW Technical note 2020/23 8
worse’ due to the increased risks of extreme heat events, higher water demand affecting water security and
potential impacts to agriculture and ecosystems that may result from higher average temperatures, particularly in
regions that already have a warm and arid or semi-arid climate.
Table 2.2. Trend definitions
Trend Trend Definition
Getting better Over a scale relevant to tracking change in the indicator it is improving in status with good
confidence
Stable Over a scale relevant to tracking change in the indicator it is neither improving nor declining
in status
Getting worse Over a scale relevant to tracking change in the indicator it is declining in status with good
confidence
Unknown Data are not available, or are not available at relevant temporal scales, to determine any
trend in the status of this resource
Not applicable This indicator of the natural resource does not lend itself to being classified into one of the
above trend classes
2.3.2 Condition
As this assessment is of projected temperature under future climate scenarios, a condition rating is not considered
to be applicable.
2.3.3 Reliability
The reliability of the information used in the report card is rated based on the average of subjective scores (1 [worst]
to 5 [best]) given for information currency, applicability, level of spatial representation and accuracy. Definitions
guiding the application of these scores are provided in Table 2.3 for currency, Table 2.4 for applicability, Table 2.5
for spatial representation and Table 2.6 for accuracy. The overall reliability rating for this report card is ‘Fair’. This is
the rating ascribed to an overall score of 2 (out of a maximum of 5), based on the average of the ratings ascribed to
applicability, currency and spatial representation of the information (Table 2.7).
Table 2.3. Guides for applying information currency
Currency score Criteria
1 Most recent information >10 years old
2 Most recent information up to 10 years old
3 Most recent information up to 7 years old
4 Most recent information up to 5 years old
5 Most recent information up to 3 years old
The temperature projections datasets of SA Climate Ready are less than 5 years old. A currency score of 4 is
determined for these data.
Table 2.4. Guides for applying information applicability
Applicability score Criteria
1 Data are based on expert opinion of the measure
DEW Technical note 2020/23 9
2 All data based on indirect indicators of the measure
3 Most data based on indirect indicators of the measure
4 Most data based on direct indicators of the measure
5 All data based on direct indicators of the measure
The projected changes in temperature are determined from a combination of large scale modelling of climate
systems and statistical modelling of historic weather at a location. The projections of future temperature change
that result from these modelling processes are data based on indirect indicators of the measure of future
temperature. An information applicability score of 2 is determined for these data.
Table 2.5. Guides for applying spatial representation of information (sampling design)
Spatial score Criteria
1 From an area that represents less than 5% the spatial distribution of the asset within the
region/state or spatial representation unknown
2 From an area that represents less than 25% the spatial distribution of the asset within the
region/state
3 From an area that represents less than half the spatial distribution of the asset within the
region/state
4 From across the whole region/state (or whole distribution of asset within the region/state)
using a sampling design that is not stratified
5 From across the whole region/state (or whole distribution of asset within the region/state)
using a stratified sampling design
The projected changes in temperature are determined from a combination of large scale modelling of climate
systems and statistical modelling of historic weather at a variable number of locations within each region. While the
large scale climate systems are representative of areas covering more than the whole of each region, the weather
station locations can only be representative of the climate of a fraction (typically <25%) of each region. A spatial
representation score of 2 is determined for the future temperature projections.
Table 2.6. Guides for applying accuracy information
Reliability Criteria
1 Better than could be expected by chance
2 > 60% better than could be expected by chance
3 > 70 % better than could be expected by chance
4 > 80 % better than could be expected by chance
5 > 90 % better than could be expected by chance
As the projected changes in temperature are only modelled projections of future changes in temperature under
scenarios of future greenhouse gas concentrations, the accuracy of the data cannot be compared against
measurement. However, the projection of regional temperature change under uncertain future climate scenarios is
subject to several layers of compounding uncertainty. As a result, the accuracy of the projections has been ascribed
a score of 1.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 10
Table 2.7. Information reliability scores for projected temperature
Indicator Applicability Currency Spatial Accuracy Reliability
Projected future average
daily temperature
4 2 2 1 2.3
DEW Technical note 2020/23 11
3 Discussion
The Climate: Projected Temperature report card reports on the decadal timescale outlook for temperature change
in South Australia under future climate scenarios, according to the projections of the SA Climate Ready
downscaled climate change projections for South Australia (https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Climate/SA-
Climate-Ready/). These projections were developed by the CSIRO as the major component of the Goyder Institute
for Water Research project “An Agreed Set of Climate Change Projections for South Australia” (Charles and Fu,
2015).
The report card provides textual comments on the trends in projected future temperature in two graphs presented
in the card. These graphs show the mean percentage change in temperature, averaged across the projections of
the six selected climate models, for each region.
3.1 Trend
The trend rating for projected temperature was determined to be ‘Getting Worse’ as the projected changes for all
regions are for a decline in temperature in the future.
3.2 Condition
As this assessment is of projected temperature under future climate scenarios, a condition rating is not considered
to be applicable.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 12
4 References
Australian Academy of Science (2015). “The science of climate change: Questions and answers”, Australian
Academy of Science, Canberra, 2015. www.science.org.au/climatechange
Bureau of Meteorology (2018), Australian Climate Observations Reference Network – Surface Air Temperature
(ACORN-SAT), http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-sat/#tabs=ACORN%E2%80%90SAT
Charles SP and Fu G, (2015). Statistically Downscaled Projections for South Australia – Task 3 CSIRO Final Report,
Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 15/1, Adelaide, South Australia.
CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (2015), Climate Change in Australia Information for Australia’s Natural
Resource Management Regions: Technical Report, CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology, Australia,
https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-campus/australian-climate-change/australian-trends/
DEWNR (2017). Trend and Condition Report Cards for South Australia’s Environment and Natural Resources.
Report. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia. Available at:
https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/NRM-Report-Cards/Documents/Trend_Condition_Report_Cards_2017.pdf
Government of South Australia (2012a). Natural Resource Management State and Condition Reporting Framework
SA. Report. Adelaide. Available at:
https://www.waterconnect.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/DEWNR/91913%20NRM%20Reporting%20Framework
%202012%20Final%20Draft%20v7.pdf
IPCC AR5 WG1 (2013), Stocker, T.F.; et al., eds., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1
(WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5),
Cambridge University Press.
DEW Technical note 2020/23 13