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Tanks in World War I
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A British Mark V (Male) tank
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History of the tank
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World War I Interwar
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A British Mark V* tank—on the roof the tank carries an unditching beam on rails, that
could be attached to the tracks and used to extricate itself from difficult muddy
trenches and shell craters
1917: a British tank destroyed by the Germans in the Western Front during WWI
The development of tanks in World War I was a response to the stalemate that
trench warfare had created on the Western Front. Although vehicles that incorporated
the basic principles of the tank (armour, firepower, and all-terrain mobility) had been
projected in the decade or so before the War, it was the heavy casualties sustained in
the first few months of hostilities that stimulated development. Research took place in
both Great Britain and France, with Germany only belatedly following the Allies'
lead.
In Great Britain, an initial vehicle, nicknamed Little Willie, was constructed at
William Foster & Co., during August and September, 1915.[1]
The prototype of a new
design that would become the Mark I tank was demonstrated to the British Army on
February 2, 1916. Although initially termed "landships" by the Landships Committee,
production vehicles were named "tanks", to preserve secrecy. The term was chosen
when it became known that the factory workers at William Foster referred to the first
prototype as "the tank" because of its resemblance to a steel water tank.
The French fielded their first tanks in April, 1917 and went on to produce more tanks
than all the other combatants combined.
The Germans, on the other hand, began development only in response to the
appearance of Allied tanks on the battlefield. Whilst the Allies manufactured several
thousand tanks during the War, Germany deployed only 20 of her own. [2]
The first tanks were highly mechanically unreliable. There were problems that caused
considerable attrition rates during combat deployment and transit. The heavily shelled
terrain was impassable to conventional vehicles, and only highly mobile tanks such as
the Mark and FTs performed reasonably well. The Mark I's rhomboid shape,
caterpillar tracks, and 26 feet length meant that it could navigate obstacles, especially
wide trenches, that wheeled vehicles could not. Along with the tank, the first self-
propelled gun (the British Gun Carrier Mk I) and the first armoured personnel carrier
(the British Mk IX) were also constructed in World War I.
Contents
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1 Conceptual roots of the tank
2 The Landships Committee
3 Trial by fire
4 French developments
5 Battle of Cambrai
6 Villers-Bretonneux: tank against tank
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
10 External links
Conceptual roots of the tank[edit]
See also: History of the tank
Mark 3II; tank no. 799 captured near Arras on 11 April 1917
A German-captured British tank in 1917
1917: British tanks captured by the Germans being transported by rail
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German forces using captured British Mark IVs during the Second Battle of the
Marne
The conceptual roots of the tank go back to ancient times, with siege engines which
were able to provide protection for troops moving up against stone walls or other
fortifications. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the demonstrable
power of steam, James Cowan presented a proposal for a Steam Powered Land Ram
in 1855, towards the end of the Crimean War. Looking like a helmet on 'footed'
Boydell wheels, early forerunners of the Pedrail wheel, it was essentially an armoured
steam tractor equipped with cannon and rotating scythes sprouting from the sides.
Lord Palmerston is said to have dismissed it as 'barbaric'.
Hornsby tractor
Artillery tractors (here a Holt tractor) were in use in the French Army in 1914-1915.
Here, in the Vosges, spring 1915
From 1904 to 1909, David Roberts, the engineer and managing director of Hornsby &
Sons of Grantham, built a series of tractors using his patented 'chain-track' which
were put through their paces by the British Army, a (small) section of which wanted
to evaluate artillery tractors. At one point in 1908, Major William E. Donohue of the
Mechanical Transport Committee remarked to Roberts that he should design a new
machine with armour, capable of carrying its own gun. But, disheartened by years of
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ultimately fruitless tinkering for the Army, Roberts did not take up the idea. In later
years he expressed regret at not having pursued the idea.[3]
An engineer in the Austro-Hungarian Army, Lieutenant Gunther Burstyn, inspired by
Holt tractors, designed a tracked armoured vehicle in 1911 carrying a light gun in a
rotating turret; equipped also with hinged 'arms', two in front and two at the rear,
carrying wheels on the ends to assist with obstacles and trenches, it was a very
forward-looking design, if rather small. The Austrian government said it would be
interested in evaluating it if Burstyn could secure commercial backing to produce a
prototype. Lacking the requisite contacts, he let it drop. An approach to the German
government was similarly fruitless.
In 1912, A South Australian, Lancelot De Mole, submitted a proposal to the British
War Office for a "chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy
loads over rough ground and trenches". De Mole made several more proposals to the
War Office after 1912, in 1914 and 1916, with a culminating proposal in late 1917,
accompanied by a huge one-eighth scale model, yet all fell on substantially deaf ears.
De Mole's proposal already had the climbing face, so typical of the later World War I
British tanks, but it is unknown whether there was some connection. Inquiries from
the government of Australia, after the war, yielded polite responses that Mr. De
Mole's ideas had unfortunately been too advanced for the time to be properly
recognised at their just value. The Commission on Awards to Inventors in 1919,
which adjudicated all the competing claims to the development of the tank,
recognised the brilliance of De Mole's design, even considering that it was superior to
the machines actually developed, but due to its narrow remit, could only make a
payment of £987 to De Mole to cover his expenses. De Mole noted in 1919 that he
was urged by friends before the war to approach the Germans with his design, but
declined to do so for patriotic reasons.
French armored car: the Charron-Girardot-Voigt 1902
Before World War I, motorized vehicles were still relatively uncommon, and their use
on the battlefield was initially limited, especially of heavier vehicles. Armoured cars
soon became more commonplace with most belligerents, especially in more open
terrain. On August 23, 1914, the French Colonel Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne, later
a major proponent of tanks, declared: Messieurs, la victoire appartiendra dans cette
guerre à celui des deux belligérants qui parviendra le premier à placer un canon de
75 sur une voiture capable de se mouvoir en tout terrain ("Gentlemen, the victory will
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belong, in this war, to the one of the two belligerents who will be the first to succeed
in mounting a 75 mm gun on a vehicle capable of moving in all types of terrain").
Armored cars did indeed prove useful in open land such as in deserts, but were not
very good at crossing obstacles (e.g. trenches, barriers) or in more challenging terrain.
The other issue was that it was very hard to add much protection or armament.
The main limitation was the wheels, which gave a high ground pressure for the
vehicle's weight. This could be solved by adding more wheels, but unless they also
were driven, the effect was to reduce traction on the powered wheels. Driving extra
wheels meant more drive train weight, in turn requiring a larger and heavier engine to
maintain performance. Even worse, none of this extra weight was put into an
improvement of armor or armament carried, and the vehicles were still incapable of
crossing very rough terrain.
The adoption of caterpillar tracks offered a new solution to the problem. The tracks
spread the weight of the vehicles over a much greater area, which was all used for
traction to move the vehicle. The limitation on armor and firepower was no longer
ground pressure but the power and weight of the power-plant.
Swinton (now Colonel) with Benjamin Holt in Stockton, California, relaying gratitude
to the inventor for his company's contribution to the war effort
The remaining issue was how to utilise and configure a vehicle. Major Ernest Dunlop
Swinton RE, was the official British war correspondent serving in France in 1914. He
recounts in his book Eyewitness how the idea of using caterpillar tracks to drive an
armoured fighting vehicle came to him on October 19, 1914, while he was driving
through northern France. In July 1914 he had received a letter from a friend, Hugh
Marriott, a mining engineer, drawing his attention to a Holt caterpillar tractor that
Marriott had seen in Belgium. Marriot thought it might be useful for transport over
difficult ground, and Swinton had passed the information on to the appropriate
departments. Now Swinton suggested the idea of an armoured tracked vehicle to the
military authorities, by sending a proposal to Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Hankey.
Hankey in turn tried to interest Lord Kitchener in the idea; when this failed he sent a
memorandum in December to the Committee of Imperial Defence, of which he was
himself the secretary; Winston Churchill the First Lord of the Admiralty was one of
the members of the committee. Hankey proposed to build a gigantic steel roller,
pushed by tracked tractors, to shield the advancing infantry. Churchill in turn wrote a
note on January 5 to the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, in which he warned that the
Germans might any moment introduce a comparable system. A worried Asquith now
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ordered Kitchener to form a committee, headed by General Scott-Moncrieff, to study
the feasibility of Swinton's idea; however, after trials with a Holt 75 h.p. machine the
committee concluded in February 1915 that the idea was impractical.
The Landships Committee[edit]
Winston Churchill however decided that if the Army wouldn't take up the idea, the
Navy should proceed independently, even if it were to exceed the limits of his
authority. He created the Landships Committee in February 1915, initially to
investigate designs for a massive troop transporter. As a truer picture of front-line
conditions was developed the aims of the investigation changed. A requirement was
formulated for an armoured vehicle capable of 4 mph (6 km/h), climbing a 5 feet (1.5
m) high parapet, crossing an 8 feet (2.4 m) wide gap, and armed with machine guns
and a light artillery piece. A similar proposal was working its way through the Army
GHQ in France, and in June the Landships Committee was made a joint service
venture between the War Office and the Admiralty. The Naval involvement in AFV
design had originally come about through the Royal Naval Air Service Armoured Car
Division, the only British unit fielding AFVs in 1914; surprisingly, until the end of
the war most experimentation on heavy land vehicles would be done by Royal Naval
Air Service Squadron 20.
The Russian Tsar tank
At first, protecting heavy gun tractors with armour appeared the most promising line
of development. Alternative early 'big wheel' designs on the lines of the Russian tzar
tank of 1915 were soon understood to be impractical. However, adapting the existing
Holt Company caterpillar designs — the only robust tracked tractors available in 1915
— into a fighting machine, as France and Germany did, was decided against. While
armour and weapon systems were easy to acquire, other existing caterpillar and
suspension units were too weak, existing engines were underpowered for the vehicles
that the designers had in mind, and trench-crossing ability was poor because of the
shortness of the wheelbase. The Killen-Strait tractor with three tracks was used for the
first experiments in June but was much too small to be developed further. The large
Pedrail monotrack vehicle proved to be unsuitable. Trials to couple two American
Bullock tractors failed. There also were considerable differences of opinion between
the several committee members. Col R.E.B. Crompton, a veteran military engineer
and electrical pioneer, drafted numerous designs with Lucien Legros for armoured
troop carrying vehicles and gun-armed vehicles, to have used either Bullock tracks or
variants of the Pedrail. At the same time, Lt Robert Macfie, of the RNAS, and Albert
Nesfield, an Ealing-based engineer, devised a number of armoured tracked vehicles,
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which incorporated an angled front 'climbing face' to the tracks. The two men were to
fall out bitterly as their plans came to nought, Macfie in particular pursuing a vendetta
against the other members of the Landships Committee after the war.
Little Willie showing its rear steering wheels
To resolve the threatened dissipation of effort, it was ordered in late July that a
contract was to be placed with William Foster & Co. Ltd, a company having done
some prewar design work on heavy tractors and known to Churchill from an earlier
experiment with a trench-crossing supply vehicle, to produce a proof-of-concept
vehicle with two tracks, based on a lengthened Bullock tractor chassis. Construction
work began three weeks later.
A Mark I tank, moving from left to right. The rhomboidal shape allowed it to climb
parapets and cross trenches. Photo by Ernest Brooks.
Fosters of Lincoln built the 14 ton "Little Willie", which first ran on 8 September.
Powered by a 105 hp (78 kW) Daimler engine, the 10-foot-high (3.0 m) armoured box
was initially fitted with a low Bullock caterpillar. A rotating top turret was planned
with a 40 mm gun but abandoned due to weight problems, leaving the final vehicle
unarmed and little more than a test-bed for the difficult track system. Difficulties with
the commercial tracks supplied led to Tritton designing a completely new track
system different from, and vastly more robust than, any other system then in use. The
next design by Lieutenant Walter Gordon Wilson RNAS, a pre-war motor engineer,
added a larger track frame to the hull of "Little Willie". In order to achieve the
demanded gap clearance a rhomboidal shape was chosen—stretching the form to
improve the track footprint and climbing capacity. To keep a low centre of gravity the
rotating turret design was dropped in favour of sponsons on the sides of the hull fitted
with naval 6-pounder (57 mm) guns. A final specification was agreed on in late
September for trials in early 1916, and the resulting 30 ton "Big Willie" (later called
"Mother") together with "Little Willie" underwent trials at Hatfield Park on 29
January and 2 February. Attendees at the second trial included Lord Kitchener, Lloyd
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George, Reginald McKenna and other political luminaries. On 12 February an initial
order for 100 "Mother" type vehicles was made, later expanded to 150.
Although landship was a natural term coming from an Admiralty committee, it was
considered too descriptive and could give away British intentions. The committee
therefore looked for an appropriate code term for the vehicles. Factory workers
assembling the vehicles had been told they were producing "mobile water tanks" for
desert warfare in Mesopotamia. Water Container was therefore considered but
rejected because the committee would inevitably be known as the WC Committee
(WC meaning water closet was a common British term for a toilet). The term tank, as
in water tank, was in December 1915 finally accepted as its official designation. From
then on, the term "tank" was established among British and also German soldiers, but
rejected by the French. While in German Tank specifically refers to the World War I
type (as opposed to modern Panzer), in English, Russian and other languages the
name even for contemporary armoured vehicles is still based on the word tank.
A captured British tank in German hands destroying a tree
It is sometimes mistakenly stated that after completion the tanks were shipped to
France in large wooden crates. For secrecy and in order to not arouse any curiosity,
the crates and the tanks themselves were then each labelled with a destination in
Russian, "With Care to Petrograd". In fact the tanks were never shipped in crates: the
inscription in Russian was applied on the hull for their transport from the factory to
the first training centre at Thetford.
The first fifty had been delivered to France on 30 August. They were 'male' or
'female', depending upon whether their armament comprised two 6-pounder cannon
and three Hotchkiss machine guns or four Vickers machine guns and one Hotchkiss. It
had a crew of eight, four of whom were needed to handle the steering and drive gears.
The tanks were capable of, at best, 6 km/h (4 mph), matching the speed of marching
infantry with whom they were to be integrated to aid in the destruction of enemy
machine guns. In practice, their speed on broken ground could be as little as 1 mph.
After the war the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors decided that the principal
inventors of the Tank were Sir William Tritton, managing director of Fosters, and
Major Walter Gordon Wilson.
Trial by fire[edit]
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The Schneider CA1 the first French tank
The first use of tanks on the battlefield was the use of 49 British Mark I tanks at the
Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the Battle of the Somme) on 15 September 1916,
with mixed results; many broke down, but nearly a third succeeded in breaking
through. Of the forty-nine tanks shipped to the Somme, only thirty-two were able to
begin the first attack in which they were used and only nine made it across "no man's
land" to the German lines. The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design
was mature enough (against Churchill's wishes) and the number was small but their
use gave important feedback on how to design newer tanks, the soundness of the
concept, and their potential to affect the course of the war. On the other hand, the
French Army was critical of the British employment of small numbers of tanks at this
battle. They felt the British had sacrificed the secrecy of the weapon while employing
it in numbers too small to be decisive. Considering that the British attack was part of
an Anglo-French offensive while the Russians were also attacking at the same time,
Haig felt justified in making a maximum effort, regardless of the limitations of the
tank force.
The Mark Is were capable of performing on the real battlefield of World War I, one of
the most difficult battlefield terrains ever. They did have reliability problems, but
when they were working they could cross trenches or craters of 9 feet (2.7 m) and
drive right through barbed wire. It was still common for them to get stuck, especially
in larger bomb craters, but overall the rhomboid shape allowed for extreme terrain
mobility.
Splatter mask used by tank crews in World War One
Most World War I tanks could travel only at about a walking pace at best. Their steel
armour could stop small arms fire and fragments from high-explosive artillery shells.
However they were vulnerable to a direct hit from artillery and mortar shells. The
environment inside was extremely unpleasant; as ventilation was inadequate the
atmosphere was heavy with poisonous carbon monoxide from the engine and firing
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the weapons, fuel and oil vapours from the engine and cordite fumes from the
weapons. Temperatures inside could reach 50°C (122°F). Entire crews lost
consciousness inside the tanks, or collapsed when again exposed to fresh air.[4]
To counter the fumes inside and the danger of bullet splash or fragments and rivets
knocked off the inside of the hull, the crew wore helmets with goggles and chainmail
masks. Gas masks were also standard issue, as they were to all soldiers at this point in
the war due to the use of chemical warfare. The side armour of 8 mm initially made
them largely immune to small arms fire, but could be penetrated by the recently
developed armour-piercing K bullets. There was also the danger of being overrun by
infantry and attacked with grenades. The next generation had thicker armour, making
them nearly immune to the K bullets. In response, the Germans developed a larger
purpose-made anti-tank rifle, and also a Geballte Ladung ("Bunched Charge")—
several regular stick grenades bundled together for a much bigger explosion.
Engine power was a primary limitation on the tanks; the roughly one hundred
horsepower engines gave a power-to-weight ratio of 3.3 hp/ton (2.5 kW/ton). By the
end of the 20th century, power-to-weight ratios exceeded 20 hp/ton (15 kW/ton).
Many feel that because the British Commander Field Marshal Douglas Haig was
himself a horse cavalryman, his command failed to appreciate the value of tanks. In
fact, horse cavalry doctrine in World War I was to "follow up a breakthrough with
harassing attacks in the rear", but there were no breakthroughs on the Western Front
until the tanks came along. Despite these supposed views of Haig, he made an order
for 1,000 tanks shortly after the failure at the Somme and always remained firmly in
favour of further production.
In 1919, Major General Sir Louis Jackson said: "The tank was a freak. The
circumstances which called it into existence were exceptional and not likely to recur.
If they do, they can be dealt with by other means."[5]
French developments[edit]
Renault FT tanks being operated by the US Army in France. Light tanks with a crew
of only two, these were mass-produced during World War I.
France at the same time developed its own tracked AFVs, but the situation there was
very different. In Britain a single committee had coordinated design, and had to
overcome the initial resistance of the Army, while the major industries remained
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corditehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_maskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_bullethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser_1918_T-Gewehrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanks_in_World_War_I&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FT-17-argonne-1918.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FT-17-argonne-1918.gif
passive. Almost all production effort was thus concentrated into the Mark I and its
direct successors, all very similar in shape. In France, on the other hand, there were
multiple and conflicting lines of development which were badly integrated, resulting
in three major and quite disparate production types. A major arms producer,
Schneider, took the lead in January 1915 and tried to build a first armoured vehicle
based on the Baby Holt tractor but initially the development process was slow until in
July they received political, even presidential, support by combining their project with
that of a mechanical wire cutter devised by engineer and politician Jean-Louis Bréton.
In December 1915, the influential Colonel Estienne made the Supreme Command
very enthusiastic about the idea of creating an armoured force based on these
vehicles; strong Army support for tanks would be a constant during the decades to
come. Already in January and February 1916 quite substantial orders were made, at
that moment with a total number of 800 much larger than the British ones.
French Saint-Chamond tanks had long bodies with a lot of the vehicle projecting
forward off of the short caterpillar tracks, making them more liable to get ditched in
trenches.
Army enthusiasm and haste would have its immediate drawbacks however. As a
result of the involvement of inexperienced army officers ordered to devise a new tank
based on the larger 75 hp Holt chassis in a very short period of time, the first French
tanks were poorly designed with respect to the need to cross trenches and did not take
the sponson-mounting route of the British tanks. The first, the Char Schneider CA
equipped with a short 75 mm howitzer, had poor mobility due to a short track length
combined with a hull that overhung front and rear. It was unreliable as well; a
maximum of only about 130 of the 400 built were ever operational at the same time.
Then industrial rivalry began to play a detrimental role: it created the heavy Char St
Chamond, a parallel development not ordered by the Army but approved by
government through industrial lobby, which mounted much more impressive
weaponry — its 75 mm was the most powerful gun fielded by any operational tank up
till 1941 — but also combined many of the Schneider CA's faults with an even larger
overhanging body. Its innovative petro-electrical transmission, while allowing for
easy steering, was insufficiently developed and led to a large number of breakdowns.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_CA1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chamond_(tank)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Chamond_(tank)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Chamond.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Chamond.jpg
The Renault FT, the first "modern" tank
But industrial initiative also led to swift advances. The car industry, already used to
vehicle mass production and having much more experience in vehicle layout, in 1916
designed the first practical light tanks, a class largely neglected by the British. It
would be Renault's excellent small tank design, the FT, incorporating a proper
climbing face for the tracks, that was the first tank to incorporate a top-mounted turret
with a full 360º traverse capability. In fact the FT was in many respects the first truly
'modern' tank having a layout that has been followed by almost all designs ever since:
driver at the front; main armament in a fully rotating turret on top; engine at the rear.
Previous models had been "box tanks", with a single crowded space combining the
role of engine room, fighting compartment, ammunition stock and driver's cabin. (A
very similar Peugeot prototype, with a fixed casemate mounting a short 75mm
cannon, was trialled in 1918 but the idea was not pursued). The FT would have the
largest production run of any tank of the war, with over 3700 built, more numerous
than all British tanks combined. That this would happen was at first far from certain;
some in the French army lobbied for the alternative mass production of super-heavy
tanks. Much design effort was put in this line of development resulting in the gigantic
Char 2C, the most complex and technologically advanced tank of its day. Its very
complexity ensured it being produced too late to participate in World War I and in the
very small number of just ten, but it would be the first tank with a three-man turret;
the heaviest to enter service until late in World War II and still the largest ever
operational.
French production at first lagged behind the British. After August 1916 however,
British tank manufacture was temporarily halted to wait for better designs, allowing
the French to overtake their allies in numbers. When the French used tanks for the
first time on 16 April 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, they had four times more
tanks available. But that would not last long as the offensive was a major failure; the
Schneiders were badly deployed and suffered 50% losses from German long-range
artillery. The Saint-Chamond tanks, first deployed on 5 May, proved to be so badly
designed that they were unable to cross the first line of German trenches.
Battle of Cambrai[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelle_Offensivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanks_in_World_War_I&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault-FT17-Saumur.0004gw9y.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault-FT17-Saumur.0004gw9y.jpg
British-operated FT tank attached to Canadian troops
The first really successful use of tanks came in the Battle of Cambrai in 1917. British
Colonel J.F.C. Fuller, chief of staff of the Tank Corps, was responsible for the tanks'
role in the battle. They made an unprecedented breakthrough but, as ever on the
Western front, the opportunity was not exploited. Ironically, it was the soon-to-be-
supplanted horse cavalry that had been assigned the task of following up the
motorised tank attack.
Tanks became more effective as the lesson of the early tanks was absorbed. The
British produced the Mark IV in 1917. Similar to the early Marks in appearance, its
construction was considered to produce a more reliable machine, the long-barrelled
naval guns were shortened (the barrels of the earlier, longer, guns, being prone to
digging in the mud when negotiating obstacles) and armour was increased just enough
to defeat the standard German armour-piercing bullet.
The continued need for four men to drive the tank was solved with the Mark V which
used Wilson's epicyclic gearing in 1918. Also in 1918 the French produced the
Renault FT, the result of a co-operation between Estienne and Louis Renault. As
mentioned before, it had the innovative turret position, and was operated by two men.
At just 8 tons it was half the weight of the Medium A Whippet but the version with
the cannon had more firepower. It was conceived for mass production, and the FT
would become the most produced tank of World War I by a wide margin, with over
3,000 delivered to the French Army. Large numbers were used by the Americans and
several were also loaned to the British.
In July 1918, the French used 480 tanks (mostly FTs) in 1918 at the Battle of
Soissons, and there were even larger assaults planned for 1919. The Entente had
hoped to commit over 30,000 tanks to battle in that year.
Villers-Bretonneux: tank against tank[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.F.C._Fullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_I_tank#Mark_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_I_tank#Mark_V_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_FThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippet_(tank)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Ententehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanks_in_World_War_I&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316,_Westfront,_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpg
German A7V tank at Roye on March 21, 1918.
Film clip of World War I-era tanks.
Main article: Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
The German General Staff did not have enthusiasm for the tanks, but allowed the
development of anti-tank weapons. Regardless, development of a German tank was
under way. The only project to be produced and fielded was the A7V, although only
twenty were built. The majority of the fifty or so tanks fielded by Germany were
captured British vehicles. A7Vs were captured by the Allies, but they were not used,
and most ended up being scrapped.
The first tank-versus-tank battles took place 24 April 1918. It was an unexpected
engagement between three German 7Vs and three British Mk. IVs at Villers-
Bretonneux.
Fuller's Plan 1919 involving massive use of tanks for an offensive, was never used
because the blockade of Germany and the entry of the US brought an end to the war.
The plan itself would become the inspiration for German blitzkrieg tactics in World
War II. As a military planner and later journalist, Fuller continued to develop his
doctrine of using tanks supported by infantry to break through enemy lines to attack
communications in the rear.
Finally, in a preview of later developments, the British developed the Whippet. This
tank was specifically designed to exploit breaches in the enemy front. The Whippet
was faster than most other tanks, although it carried only machinegun armament.
Postwar tank designs would reflect this trend towards greater tactical mobility.
By 1918, the Germans had learned to deal with tanks. At the Battle of Amiens (1918)
72% of the Allied Tank Corps was destroyed in the first 4 days. 41.4% of all British
tanks had been destroyed by the 64th day. On November 5, there were only 8 tanks
left in the British tank corps.[6]
See also[edit]
Tank portal
History of the tank
Comparison of World War I tanks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roye,_Sommehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Tanks_of_WWI.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Villers-Bretonneuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A7Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.F.C._Fullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Mark_A_Whippethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanks_in_World_War_I&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_World_War_I_tankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P1013-316,_Westfront,_deutscher_Panzer_in_Roye.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanks_of_WWI.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMISOM_T-55.jpg
Tanks of the interwar period
Tanks in World War II
Comparison of early World War II tanks
Notes and references[edit]
1. Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25109879 2. Jump up ^ Showalter, D.E. "More Than Nuts And Bolts: Technology And The
German Army, 1870–1945." Historian 65.1 (Fall 2002): 123-143. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 16 Feb. 2012.
3. Jump up ^ The Devil's Chariots: The Birth and Secret Battles of the First Tanks. John Glanfield (Sutton Publishing, 2001) p16
4. Jump up ^ Macpherson WG, Herringham WP, Elliot TR, Balfour A. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Medical Services Diseases of the War. Vol
2. London, England: His Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1923. in Weyandt, Timothy B.
and Charles David Ridgely. "Carbon Monoxide." Occupational Health: The Soldier
and the Industrial Base. 1993: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the
Army. p. 402-403. Web. 16 Feb 2012
5. Jump up ^ Military Blunders, page 152 6. Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg, pages 109-10
Glanfield, John (2001) Devil's Chariots: the birth and secret battles of the first
tanks. Stroud: Sutton
http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/ww1-tanks.asp
Further reading[edit]
Townsend, Reginald T. (December 1916). ""Tanks" And "The Hose Of
Death"". The World's Work: A History of Our Time: 195–207. Retrieved 2009-
08-04.
External links[edit]
Lancelot De Mole's tank models
[show]
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