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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.
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Systems Analysis and DesignSystems Analysis and Design
Alan Dennis, Barbara Haley Wixom, and Roberta RothJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slides by Candace S. Garrod Red Rocks Community College
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.
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Project ManagementProject Management
Chapter 3
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 3
Key DefinitionsProject management is the process ofplanning and controlling thedevelopment of a system within aspecified timeframe at a minimum costwith the right functionality.A project manager has the primaryresponsibility for managing the hundredsof tasks and roles that need to becarefully coordinated.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 4
Four Key Steps in ManagingProjects
Identifying project sizeCreating and managing theworkplanStaffing the projectCoordinating project activities
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.
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IDENTIFYING PROJECT SIZEIDENTIFYING PROJECT SIZE
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 6
Project Manager’s Balancing Act
Project Management involvesmaking trade-offs… Project Size
Project C
ost
Projec
t Tim
e
Modifying one elementrequires adjusting the others
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 7
Project Estimation
The process of assigning projectedvalues for time and effortSources of estimates
Methodology in useActual previous projectsExperienced developers
Estimates begin as a range and becomemore specific as the project progresses
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 8
Project Time Using thePlanning Phase Approach
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 9
Project Estimation Using theFunction Point Approach
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 10
Function Point EstimationWorksheet
Step One – Estimate System Size(System Components)
338Total Unadjusted Function Points (TUFF):
252 x 100 x 71 x 53ProgramInterfaces
1500 x 1515 x 100 x 715Files
390 x 1515 x 100 x 715Queries
1015 x 710 x 54 x 419Outputs
231 x 62 x 43 x 36Inputs
TotalHighMediumLowTotalNumber
Description
Complexity
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 11
Function Point EstimationWorksheet
Step One – Estimate System Size(Overall System - Example)
Data Communications 3Heavy use configuration 0Transaction rate 0End-user efficiency 0Complex processing 0Installation ease 0Multiple sites 0Performance 0Distributed functions 2Online data entry 2Reusability 1Operational ease 0Extensibility 0
Total Processing Complexity (PC): 8
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 12
Function Point Estimation Adjusting the Function Points
Processing Complexity (PC): ________(From Step 2)
Adjusted Processing Complexity (PCA) = 0.65 + (0.01 * ____ )
Total Adjusted Function Points: 73 * 338 =
(TUFP -- From Step 1)247
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 13
Function Points EstimationReview of Adjustments
Adjusted Project Complexity
= .065 + (0.01 * Project Complexity)
Total Adjusted Function Points
=
Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 14
Converting Function Points toLines of Code
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 15
Function Point Estimation Step Two – Estimate Effort Required
Function of size and production rateCOCOMO model
(Effort in = 1.4 * thousands-of-lines-of-codePerson Months)
Example:
If LOC = 10000 Then...Effort = (1.4 * 10) = 14 Person Months
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 16
Function Point Estimation Step Three - Schedule Time
Rule of thumb for estimation
Schedule Time (months)=
3.0 * person-months (1/3 is the exponent)
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.
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CREATING AND MANAGINGCREATING AND MANAGINGTHE WORK PLANTHE WORK PLAN
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 18
A Workplan ExampleWork Plan Information Example
Name of task Perform economic feasibilityStart date Jan 05, 2005Completion date Jan 19, 2005Person assigned Project sponsor: Mary SmithDeliverable(s) Cost-benefit analysisCompletion status OpenPriority HighResources needed SpreadsheetEstimated time 16 hoursActual time 14.5 hours
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 19
Identifying Tasks
MethodologyUsing standard list of tasks
Top-down approachIdentify highest level tasksBreak them into increasingly smallerunitsOrganize into work breakdownstructure
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 20
Project Workplan
List of all tasks in the workbreakdown structure, plus
Duration of taskCurrent task statusTask dependenciesMilestone (dates)
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 21
Tracking Project Tasks
Gantt ChartBar chart formatUseful to monitor project status at anypoint in time
PERT ChartFlowchart formatIllustrate task dependencies andcritical path
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 22
Tracking Tasks Using Gantt Chart
Go to Library
Go to Bookstore
Select and Purchase Book
Skim Book
Write Phase One
Read Book Carefully
Write Phase Two
Task Week 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 23
Tracking Tasks Using PERT Chart
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 24
Hurricane Model
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 25
Margins of Error inCost and Time Estimates
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 26
Managing ScopeScope creepJAD and prototypingFormal change approvalDefer additional requirements asfuture system enhancements
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 27
Timeboxing
Fixed deadlineReduced functionality, if necessaryFewer “finishing touches”
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 28
Timeboxing Steps
1. Set delivery dateDeadline should not be impossibleShould be set by development group
2. Prioritize features by importance3. Build the system core4. Postpone unfinished functionality5. Deliver the system with core functionality6. Repeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and
enhancements
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.
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STAFFING THE PROJECTSTAFFING THE PROJECT
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 30
Staffing AttributesStaffing levels will change over aproject’s lifetimeAdding staff may add moreoverhead than additional laborUsing teams of 8-10 reporting in ahierarchical structure can reducecomplexity
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 31
Increasing Complexity withLarger Teams
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 32
Your TurnHow do you know how manypeople to assign to a project?
How do you know what specialskills will be needed forcompletion of the project?
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 33
Key DefinitionsThe staffing plan describes the kindsof people working on the projectThe project charter describes theproject’s objectives and rulesA functional lead manages a groupof analystsA technical lead oversees progressof programmers and technical staffmembers
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 34
MotivationUse monetary rewards cautiouslyUse intrinsic rewards
RecognitionAchievementThe work itselfResponsibilityAdvancementChance to learn new skills
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 35
Handling ConflictClearly define project plansRecognize project importance toorganizationProject charter listing norms andgroundrulesDevelop schedule commitments aheadof timeForecast other priorities and theirpossible impact on the project
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.
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COORDINATING PROJECTCOORDINATING PROJECTACTIVITIESACTIVITIES
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 37
CASE Tools
Planning Analysis Design Implementation
Upper CASE Lower CASE
Integrated CASE (I-CASE)
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 38
Procedural MetadataLogic
Diagrams ScreenDesigns
CASE Repository
CASE Components
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 39
Standards
ExamplesFormal rules for naming filesForms indicating goals reachedProgramming guidelines
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Documentation
Project binderTable of contentsContinual updating
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 41
Managing Risk
Risk assessmentActions to reduce riskRevised assessment
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 42
Classic MistakesOverly optimistic scheduleFailing to monitor scheduleFailing to update scheduleAdding people to a late project
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 43
SummaryProject management is critical tosuccessful development of newsystemsProject management involvesplanning, controlling and reportingon time, labor, and costs.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, W ixom, & Roth Systems Analysis and Design, 3rd EditionCopyright 2006 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A ll rights reserved.3 - 44
Copyright © 2006John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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