Post on 26-Mar-2015
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Effect of gender on energy Effect of gender on energy utilizationutilization
Jean Noblet
INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
Jean.Noblet@rennes.inra.fr
A L I M E N T A T I O N
A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N E M E N T
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
France
Saint-Gilles
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
IntroductionIntroduction
Feed # 60% of cost of pig meat productionEnergy is the main feed cost More and more available ingredients (by-
products)
Energy requirement is dependent on animal
characteristics (gender, genotype, BW, etc.), its
environment (climate, housing, etc.) and
production objectives
Energy=regulator of growth (appetite,
restriction, etc.)
Precise nutritional values and precise
recommendations?
Effect of gender?
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Feed energy systems Feed energy systems for pig feeds?for pig feeds?
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Digestible Energy (DE)
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Gross Energy (GE)
Fecal energy
Urinary and gas energy
Net Energy (NE)Heat increment
dE
ME/DE
k
Energy utilization
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
60
80
100
10 15 20 25 30 35 40NDF, %
dE
, %
Digestibility of energy in pigs
- 0.90
- 0.64
Adult pig
Growing pig
Le Goff and Noblet, 2001
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
ME = DE – E in urines – E in gas
o E in urines = 0.19+0.031xN urines (g/kg DM)
o E in gas: # negligible (in young pigs)
N in urines = f (digestible N)
o N in urines = 50% of digestible N
Metabolizable energy in (growing) pigs
(MJ or g per kg DM)
Noblet et al., 2002
MEs = DE – (0.19+0.015*digestible N)
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Noblet et al., 1993; 1994
Crude protein 58
Crude fat 90
Starch 82
Dietary fiber 58
Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in (growing) pigs (kg, %)
NE = 0.75 ME (cereals + SBM diet)
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
DEIngredients
* As % of the energy value of a compound feed (wheat: 67%, soybean meal: 16%, fat: 2.5%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, …)
Fat
Corn
Wheat
Soybean meal
243
103
101
107
ME
252
105
102
102
+
=
=
-
Comparison of energy systems for pig feeds*
INRA&AFZ feeding tables
NE
300
112
106
82
++
+
+
-
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
DE, ME and NE for growing pigs
DE, ME and NE for adult pigs (sows)
No effect of gender on energy value
MJ (kJ) or MCal (kcal)
Most studies on requirements = ME basis (or DE)
(NE = 0.75 ME) (ME/DE # 0.96)
Energy systems and Units
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Energy requirements:Energy requirements:
Effect of gender?Effect of gender?
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Energy requirementsEnergy requirements
Requirements for maintenance + protein gain + fat gain
Requirements for maintenance + tissues (adipose, lean, etc.) gain
+ Thermoregulati
on
&
∆ activity
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Metabolic body size ?Metabolic body size ?Adult pigAdult pig # 0.75# 0.75Growing pigGrowing pig < 0.75< 0.75 0.600.60
ME for maintenanceME for maintenance
Adult pigAdult pig 0.45 MJ/kg BW0.45 MJ/kg BW0.750.75
Growing pigGrowing pig # 1.05 MJ/kg BW# 1.05 MJ/kg BW0.600.60
No effect of gender on MEmNo effect of gender on MEm
Energy requirements for Energy requirements for maintenancemaintenance
INRA data
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Physical activity in growing Physical activity in growing pigspigs
Average: 200 kJ/kg BW0.60/day# 20% of MEm# 8% of ME intake
+10 kJ / kg BW / 100 minutes (+80 g feed /100 minutes at 100 kg BW)
Increased activity in boars when approaching sexual maturity? Interactions with genotype, management, etc.
INRA data
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Energy requirements for growthEnergy requirements for growth
Protein gain 40 kJ ME/g
Lipid gain 50 kJ ME/g
kp # 60%
kf # 80%
Noblet et al., 1999
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Chemical composition of tissues gainChemical composition of tissues gain in growing pigs in growing pigs
Lean
69.917.910.28.5
Water, %Proteins, %Lipids, %Energy, kJ/g
(LW males ; 20 to 95 kg)
Adipose
18.75.4
75.431.3
INRA data
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Energy requirements for tissues deposition (kJ ME/g)
BoarsBoars FemalesFemalesBarrowsBarrows
LeanLean 12.112.1 13.313.3 14.714.7
AdiposeAdipose 39.339.3 40.440.4 42.042.0
(20 to 90 kg eBW ; LW breed)
INRA data
Adipose # 3 x Lean
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Piétrain
Meishan
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Composition of eBW gain in Composition of eBW gain in growing pigsgrowing pigs
Piétrain
M
17.4
18.2
58.0
18.1
11.2
Meishan
B
11.1
48.8
24.2
43.0
22.1
Protein, %
Lipid, %
Muscles, %
Adipose, %
Energy, kJ/g
Noblet et al., 1994(20-95 kg)(20-95 kg)
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Effect of gender on composition of Effect of gender on composition of eBW gain in growing pigseBW gain in growing pigs
Lean, % 52.8 53.3 51.0
Adipose, % 15.0 18.9 22.2
Energy, kJ/g 12.6 13.8 15.8
Noblet et al., 1994(20-95 kg; LW genotype)
Gender Boars FemalesBarrows
ME, kJ/g 17.7 19.1 21.7
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
50
100
150
200
250
300
20 25 30 35 40
ME intake, MJ /d
+4.0 g/MJ
+11.0 g/MJ
Protein
LipidGain, g/d
Quiniou et al., 1996Barrows; 45 to 100 kg BW
ME intake and protein and lipid gain
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
10 15 20 25 30 35 400
50
100
150
200
E. intake, MJ/d
Protein gain, g/d
INRA
E intake, genotype and protein gain
Improved
Control
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Quiniou et al., 1996; Campbell et al., 1985
20 25 30 35 4080
100
120
140
160
180
E. intake, MJ/d
Protein gain, g/d
Castrates PP x LW
Males PP x LW
E intake, castration and protein gain
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Response of growing pigs to E. intake (g / ∆ MJ ME)
Protein, g +6.0 +4.0
Lipid, g +13.0 +13.0
Gender Boars Barrows
Quiniou et al., 1996
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
18 23 28 33ME, MJ /d
Gai
n, g
/dLean
Adipose
boar
barrow
barrow
boar
ME intake and tissues gains
Quiniou et al., 1996
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Response of growing pigs to E. intake (g / ∆ MJ ME)
Lean, g +21 +16
Adipose, g +10 +10
ADG, g +36 +28
Gender Boars Barrows
Quiniou et al., 1996
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Effect of gender on energy intake Effect of gender on energy intake and performanceand performance
Intake, kg/d 2.41 2.45 2.70
Gender Boars FemalesBarrows
ADG, g 1069 988 1032
Lean meat, % 60.0 60.5 57.0
F:G 2.26 2.48 2.62
(25-120 kg BW) Quiniou et al., 2010
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Feed efficiency and gender-Feed efficiency and gender-genotype-…genotype-…
F:G = (1/[ME]) x (1/kg) x [E]ADG x (FL/[FL-1])
[E]ADG : Energy content of BW gainFL: feeding level (x MEm)
Feed efficiency is depressed linearly with increase of [E]ADG (males castration, poor genotype, protein limitation, etc.)
Feed efficiency is marginally improved with increase of feed intake
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Efficiencies and gender-genotype-Efficiencies and gender-genotype-……
% of boars
Gender Boars Females Barrows
ADG/ME 33.5 g/MJ 81 77
Lean/ME 17.0 g/MJ 77 72
RE/ME 0.40 90 96
Lean E/ME 0.15 84 87
Noblet et al., 1994
These data should be updated with modern breeds
(20 to 95 kg BW; LW)
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Efficiencies and gender-genotype-Efficiencies and gender-genotype-……
Gender Boars Barrows, % boars
ADG/ME 31.2 g/MJ 87
Lean/ME 16.9 g/MJ 89
RE/ME 0.39 101
Quiniou et al., 1995(45 to 100 kg BW; crossbred)
Other (in)efficiencies: C/Lean, C/RE, etc.
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Lysine and gender-genotype-….Lysine and gender-genotype-….
ME/ADG (or F:G): variable with body composition and feeding level
Lysine/ADG: rather constant (18-20 g LysD/kg gain)
Lysine/ME (or Lysine%) is directly dependent on feed efficiency
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
ConclusionsConclusions No difference in feed E value between genders Differences in ME utilization between genders =
differences between genotypes, BW stages, etc.: the animal’s response must be characterized.
Body composition ([E] in ADG) is the most important factor of variation of feed efficiency and requirements (lysine): Boars<Gilts<Barrows
Differences between genders depend on interactions (with housing, stocking density, genotype, BW, etc.)
Regulation of E intake (boars?)? Feed restriction (barrows?)? Feed E concentration?
Effects of immunocastration?
Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010
Thanks
Jean.Noblet@rennes.inra.frA L I M E N T A T I O N
A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N E M E N T