Post on 14-Dec-2015
“Sustainable Power Development through Green
Power Technologies”
“Sustainable Power Development through Green
Power Technologies”
Presented By:
The Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by Developing world
Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge
Climate Change - rising GHG level Continued focus on coal based
generation
Government of India’s National Missions
National Solar Mission 2009 National Renewable Energy Mission
“A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012”
National Mission on Combating Climate Change through Green & Clean Power
National Bio-diesel Mission National Mission of Hydro Potential
Exploitation National Mission on ‘Clean Coal
Technologies’ for Mega Power Generation
CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY INCREASED GHG EMISSION
• Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these, 98% were in developing nations.
• Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO2 emissions at 50%.
• CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm.
• There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century.
• Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.
• China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92% of increase in coal use.• World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum
(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.)
• Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next
Three decades for India (87,093 MW Coal based generation out of 1,63,669 MW total power installed capacity)
Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes
of CO2)
Energy Sector
CO2CO2 equivalent
(CO2+CH4+NOX)
Total Emission 834(58% of total)
928(64% of total)
Source: IAE: 1999
Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment
A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India
To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels
By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal Power:
Thermal 326,000MW Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW Nuclear 20,000 MW Total 450,000 MW
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options
World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US - about 3TW, India - 0.16 TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day.
By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century.
Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.
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Can we address the following issues by roping in renewables? GDP growth must be sustained and lack of
energy availability should not pull it down. Exchange crisis should not recur due to
bulging Oil import bills Climate change is a concern and countries
with low per capita income are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change
The answer seems to be ….yes.
National Solar Mission- Proposed Road MapSegment Target
(2010-13)Target(2013-17)
Target(2017-22)
Solar Collectors(million sq. meters)
7 15 20
Off grid Solar applications, MW
200 1000 2000
Utility grid power including rooftops, MW
1000-2000 4000-10000 20000
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Renewable Energy potential In MPSource Potential
(MW)Installed (MW)
Gap (MW)
Conventional Sources
- 8457(other than
Central Sector)
RENEWABLES
Wind power 1019 229 806
Small Hydro 400 71 329
Bio mass- Agro 1386
Bio mass- Forest & Wasteland
2060
Solar 500
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State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity
StateGross Potential (MW) Total Capacity (MW) till
31.03.2010
Andhra Pradesh 8968 136
Gujarat 10,645 1864
Karnataka 11,531 1473
Kerala 1171 28
Madhya Pradesh 1019 229
Maharashtra 4584 2078
Orissa 255 -
Rajasthan 4858 1088
Tamil Nadu 5530 4907
Others 4
Total (All India)
48,561 11807
The National Solar Mission
The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge.
It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the Global efforts to meet the challenges of Climate Change
INDIANINDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
Total Installed Capacity … 1,63,669 MW Thermal Generation … over 64 % Although no GHG reduction targets for India
but taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization
Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)
GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR
FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
Mission Energy Security and Energy independence Climate Change – Nature’s Fury Solar for irrigation High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells Hydrogen as Fuel for future Accelerated Program on Thorium based
Nuclear Reactor Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport Energy Security by 2020, Energy
Independence by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005
“We conclude that CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO 2
emissions significantly while also allowing coal to meet the world’s pressing energy needs.” – MIT 2007
“Citizens of poor countries have the right to aspire to better standards of living… clean coal is key.” – Arun Ghosh, Global Economic Fellow, Oxford University
“For decades, the coal industry has supported quality high-paying jobs for American workers, and coal has provided an important domestic source of reliable, affordable energy…. Charting a path toward clean coal is essential to achieving my Administration’s goals of providing clean energy…” – President Barack Obama, 2010
Prime Clean Coal Technology Options Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11for India for 11thth & 12 & 12thth Plans Plans
Supercritical Power Plants Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power
Plants
SUPER CRITICAL UNITS
Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC
Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum) Common Off site facility FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6
Heaters.
Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW *
Number of Units 22 Units
* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.
Main advantages ofSuper-Critical Steam Cycle
Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal
efficiency
Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of
Power generated compared to sub-critical
Very good part load efficiencies
Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units
Current State-of-Art
Super-critical Steam Power Generation PlantsPressure - 300 barTemperature - 600oCEfficiency - 45% (LHV Basis)
Nickel based alloys allows up 650oCBy the year 2011 - 620 oCBy the year 2020 - 650-700 oCCycle Efficiency - 50-55%
IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.
Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%.
The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are:
7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant.
- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to
improvements in IGCC are : hot gas de-sulfurisation hot gas particulate removal advanced turbine systems
IGCC
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc.
CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology:
Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.
Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion
Steam to Super Heater
Cyclone
FurnaceCoal FeedHopper
Ash Cooler
Back-Pass
ESP
ExternalHeat-Exchanger
HP Air
Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies
At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects.
0.8-0.981.491.0Relative O&M Cost/kW
1.15-1.42
1.03-1.191.0Relative Capital Cost/kW
41-4236.734.8Cycle Efficiency %
IGCCPF+FGD/
SCRCFBCITEM
Green Energy solutions
Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.
Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology
Energy Farming Energy Efficiency
Major shift towards Green Technologies
Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector
Table: 05Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India
Technology Greenhouse gas emission reduction
Investment cost Cost-effectiveness (dollars/tonne CO2)
Green Power generation
Cogeneration 1.50 kg/kWh 900 dollars/kW 10 (most cost effective)
Combined cycle 0.96 kg/kWh 818 dollars/kW 54 (cost effective)
Inter-cooled steam-injected gas turbine
0.76 kg/kWh 947 dollars/kW 77
Pressurized fluidized bed combustion
0.18 kg/kWh 1894 dollars/kW 503
Integrated gasification combined cycle
0.23 kg/kWh 1578 dollars/kW 340 (at par)
Pulverized coal super-critical boilers
0.18 kg/kWh 1202 dollars/kW 342 (at par)
Coal washing 0.125 kg/kWh 11 dollars/kW 179
CFBC 0.20 kg/kWh 1000 dollars/kW 250
Renewable energy for power
small hydro 1.3 kg/kWh 1950 dollars/kW 88 (cost effective)
wind farms 1.3 kg/kWh 1405 dollars/kW 257
Biomass 1.6 kg/kWh 710 dollars/kW 102 (cost effective)
Solar thermal 1.3 kg/kWh 3730 dollars/kW 592
Solar PV (photovoltaic) 1.6 kg/kWh 5952 dollars/kW 541
Impact Green Projects at RGTU
CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and Biodiesel through Algae route
Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route
Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top
of RGTU High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-
diesel production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel reactors
CO2 Capture & Sequestration Project
An Impact Project of DST at RGPV Bhopal
MODELING & SIMULATION OF CARBON RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
THROUGH CONVERSION OF CO2 INTO USEFUL MULTIPURPOSE
FUEL
Broad area of Research:CO2 SEQUESTRATION (Under the National Program on Carbon Sequestration – NPCS of DST)Sub Area – Project Title: Modeling & Simulation of Carbon Recycling Technology Through Conversion of CO2 Into Multipurpose Fuels.Objectives of the Proposal:1. To establish a pilot plant for CO2 sequestration and conversion in to multipurpose fuel.2. To develop Zero Emission Technology Projects and recycle Carbon-di-oxide to add value to clean energy projects by adopting two pathways: Sequester CO2 and convert the same into fuel molecules. Use CO2 to grow micro algae to produce Bio-diesel and Methane Gas. 3. To develop mathematical & chemical models for CO2 sequestration, Hydro Gasifier, Catalytic conversion & Algae pond systems.
The following four systems have been incorporated:
1. CO2 Capture & sequestration system – Indigenous Development
2. Catalytic Flash Reduction of CO2 using charcoal from gasifier /lignite. Production of Hydrogen from CO
3.Production of Methane using Catalytic Conversion process
4. Production of Algae from CO2 Sequestration with Solar flux.
CO2 Sequestration Pilot Plant installed under the DST Project
Methodology Description of the Pilot Plant:- Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day
Source of CO2: Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass Gasifier of 10kWe
Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA)
SOx & NOx Removal: Na H CO3, NaOH & Lime.
Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit - For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst “R - 01 *
- For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst “R - 02 *
- For CO ... Input CO2 and Lignite /charcoals
MEA-03MEA-02MEA-01
BOILER
STEAM
F.G.
CO2
MEA
CO
H2
CH4
LEGEND
SATURATED CO2
MEA -07
CO2 STRIPPER05
COCONVERTOR
P2
LIGNITE
ASH
ST ST
STEAM
CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT
CATALYTIC CONVERTER
METHANE
HYDROGEN PRODUCER
GAS SCRUBBER04
PURE MEA06
P1
FLUE GAS FROM GASIFIER
H2 N2 N2
PURE H2 FOR FULE CELL
NaHCO3
CH4
FLUE GAS
Scheme Diagram of CO2 Capture Pilot Plant
Innovations: • Capture of CO2 from Biomass and a Boiler on Pilot Scale and achieving capture efficiency of the order of 78% • Production of CO in stable form and Water Gas shift reaction to produce fuel molecules like H2
• Catalyst development to produce Methane from the captured CO2
• Enhancing productivity of selected Micro-Algae for production of Bio- diesel• Plant Cost optimization through in-house designing and erection work
THE ROAD MAP Government of India has declared its
policy on CO2 abatement by the announcement and adoption of the ‘National Action Plan on Climate Change’.
It has also made voluntary commitment at the Copenhagen Summit that the Country shall decrease its Carbon Intensity by 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050.
The bulk of CO2 is emitted by the Thermal Plants in the Power Sector. For EPA regulations to be implemented there have to be a road map as to how this can be done without major impact on the cost or efficiency of the Thermal Plants
Solution lies in… The thermal plants in India have a
thermal efficiency of 35% and an emission ratio of 0.90Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions as published by CEA. The reduction of 20% intensity would translate to a decrease of 0.20Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions i.e. below 0.70Kg/kWh CO2 emissions by 2020.
This decrease is possible by a combination of abatement and recycling measures. The CO2 reduction by an Amine system of 30% CO2 capture would mean a decrease of Thermal Efficiency by 2%
Recycling of CO2 The CO2 so captured needs to be either
compressed to be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery or recycled. The better option would be that the same be recycled.
The system additions to the existing thermal plants would be a two stage gasifier to use up this CO2. This would help recycle the Carbon of the CO2 and the treated/ converted CO would be re-fed into the Boiler by means of a Gas Burner.
This two stage gasifier would be made of a Gasifier Chamber where the Coal is gasified by an Oxy Fuel Process and this heated Gas fed into the second Reactor where treated Carbon is fed to react with the CO2 being fed from the Amine stripper. The CO2 so fed would be converted into CO having a LHV of 2414 kcal/Kg or 64.37% coal equivalent in terms of the Indian Coal having an average heat value of 3750 kcal/Kg
Application Potential:
Long Term• Deployment of the Technology to Actual Power Plants of NTPC through BHEL / TOSHIBA or any other major player
Immediate• Green Energy Technology Centre (GETC) being set-up for Teaching & Research (M. Tech & PhD)
Future action plan:Efforts are underway to extend the scope of the process by incorporation a Coal gasifier and recycling of carbon through collaborative research and Distributive Research Initiatives (DRI) with Research Organizations and Power Industries.
• India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear.
We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. • Some of the demo pilot projects include.
-Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS
will depend on this technology being cost effective.
-Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)
Carbon Capture & Sequestration
CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector
Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today Fuel switching (Coal NG) Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture &
Sequestration (CCS) (Post –Combustion CO2 Capture) Gasification/ Reforming + CCS (Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture) Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS
Demo Project –Strategy Plan Retrofit of existing 500MW coal fired thermal power plant in India. Demo with Post Combustion Capture and CO2 Usage
CoalAir
Boiler
Stack
CO2 Capture
Flue Gas
Ste
am
Con
dens
ate
TurbineGenerator
CO2
Electricity
Flue GasTreatment
N2 , O2 ,H2O
N2 , CO2,O2 , H2O,
COConverter
Coal
Plant engineers construction or modification
RGTU specifies requirements – Industry partnerEngineers’ construction or modification
AlgaePlant
Bio-Fuel
Recycled Fuel
H2Converter
CO
FGD
H2
Storage/EOR
Modification to turbine cycle
Scale of carbon capture 30%
First full by-pass CO2, then to recycling
Implementation strategy:Algae plant from beginning
Catalyst Dev.
Addition of gas treatment facility required,depending on present application
Work on burnerBy OEM
Storage or EOR
CO2 Capture/Sequestration
200
150
100
50
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Nuclear
200
150
100
50
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Renewable200
150
100
50
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000Million tones CO2
Figure: Comparison of CO2 capture & Sequestration Technologies with other leading mid-to long-term option
$ p
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on
ne
CO
2 av
oid
ed$
per
to
nn
e C
O2
avo
ided
$ p
er t
on
ne
CO
2 av
oid
ed
Issues before the house Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies Technology break thoughts in the areas like
CO2 capture and Clean Coal Technologies Development of low cost solar photo voltaic
cells Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy
Conservation on the top of the National Agenda Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of
Energy Efficiency and Green Environment initiatives.
Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and Green Technologies need to be redefined.