Sustainable Development: An Introduction

Ninika Dhawan & Rumbidzai Faith MasawiEmail: ninika.dhawan@gmail.com

Rumbidzai.Masawi@teri.res.in

Research Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

23 March 2015International Centre for Environment Audit and Sustainable Development (iCED)

Jaipur

QUESTION

What do you understand by sustainable development? Why are we understanding this concept?

Nation’s Conscience Keeper

Structure

Part I: Theoretical understanding of sustainable development and related concepts

Activity

Part II: Case study: Sustainable mega events in developing countries

PART I: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS AND EVOLUTION

Sustainable Development: Global Genesis

DEFINITIONSustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:

– the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

– the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs.

(Chapter 2, Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

Constitutional Framework

• Article 19(a), Noise pollution; Article 21 conferring the Right to Life encompasses right to clean environment, right to livelihood, right to live with dignity and a number of other associated rights

• Article 47- nutrition, standard of living and public health

• Article 48 (A)- to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country

• Article 51-A (g)- duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures

Indian Context

The National Environment Policy 2006

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990)

• “only such development is sustainable, which respects ecological constraints and the imperatives of social justice”

• “environment includes water, air and land and the interrelationship which exists among and between air, water and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property”.

• “If the gains in productivity are to be sustained, resources must also continue to be available over time. This requires that, while providing for current needs, the resources base be managed so as to enable sustainable development.” (Volume 2, Chapter 18)

• Introduced before the UNCED, 1992

For developing countries sustainable development will be linked to social pillar and inclusivity

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Components of Sustainable Development: Dominant View

• Three pillars of sustainable development– Economic

– Social

– Environmental

• Achievements– policy mainstreaming and

consensus building

– Responsible corporate conduct

– Formal and informal institutions working together

• Criticisms– Compartmentalized – Leading

to Isolated actions?

– An oxymoron, fuzzy?

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Sustainable development

Inspired by Our Common Future, 1987;World Summit, 2005

Figure Three pillars of sustainable development

Governance

Components of Sustainable Development: Emerging View

Focus also on interfaces:– Social ecology

– Green economy

– Social equity

Social

Environment

Social

Ecology

Sustainable

Development

Green

Economy

Social Equity

Economy

Social

Environment

Social

Ecology

Sustainable

Development

Green

Economy

Social Equity

Economy

GoI (2010), official submission to UNCSD second preparatory committee meeting, pg 30

Figure Interfaces of the components of sustainable development

Institutions

Institutions and stakeholders

• Major Groups• Governments• International community

Source: MoEF-TERI (2011)

Multiple drivers and discussion around SD• Global environment issues

– Climate change – Biodiversity loss – Land degradation

• Traditional security– Conflicts and wars

• Non-traditional security– Energy– Food– Water– Others

• Global integration• Inequity

– intra-generational inequity– Inter-generational inequity– Inter-regional inequity– Inter- species equity

• Financial crises

Zimbabwe

2014

Sustainable Development

A timeline

Nagoya Protocol

2014

Key principles

• Rio principles (27; International policy)• Agenda 21 and JPOI • The precautionary principle (General)- ESZ• United Nations Global Compact (Corporate)• The triple bottom line- people, planet, profit or

the three pillars (Corporate)• The Equator Principles (EPs) (Banking)• EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

Global Policy: Some developments

• The United Nations Open Working Group has proposed seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 68th Session of the General Assembly in 2014.

• SDGs are supposed to be action oriented, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries, while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html

Global Policy: Some developments

Proposed Sustainable Development Goals by the UN Open Working Group

http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html

Goal No. Goal name

Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Goal 8Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Goal 15Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Goal 16Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Goal 17Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Some Indicators on Sustainable Development

• Social

• Economic

• Environmental

• Institutional

Source: UN

Theme Sub-theme IndicatorEquity Headcount Ratio

Poverty Gini index of income inequality

Unemployment rate

Multidimensional Poverty Index

Gender equality Gender Inequality Index

Nutritional status Nutritional status of children

Mortality Mortality rate under 5 years old

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy at birth

Health Sanitation Percent of population with adequate sewage disposal

facilities

Drinking water Population with access to safe drinking water

Percent of population with access to primary health care

facilities

Healthcare delivery Immunization against infectious childhood diseases

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Education Education level Children reaching grade 5 of primary education

Adult secondary education achievement level

Social

Theme Sub-theme Indicator

Economic

structure

Economic performance GDP per capita

Investment share in GDP

Trade Balance of trade in goods and

services

Financial status

Debt to GDP ratio

Total ODA given or received as

a percent of GNP

Fiscal Deficit

Consumption

and production

patterns

Material consumption

Intensity of material use

Annual energy consumption

per capita

Share of consumption of

renewable energy resources

Energy use

Energy use per unit, by sector

Intensity of energy use:

Transportation

Energy Imports

Economic

Theme Sub-theme IndicatorAtmosphere Climate change Emissions of greenhouse

gases

Ozone layer depletion Consumption of ozone

depleting substances

Air quality Ambient concentration of

air pollutants in urban

areas

Land Agriculture

Arable and permanent crop land area

Per hectare food grain

production

Percentage of gross

cropped area irrigated

Use of fertilizers

Environmental

Theme Sub-theme IndicatorInstitutional

framework

Strategic implementation of

SD

National sustainable

development strategy

International cooperation Implementation of ratified

global agreements

Institutional

capacity

Science and technology Expenditure on research

and development

Disaster preparedness and

response

Economic and human loss

due to natural disasters

Communication

Infrastructure

Main telephone lines per

1000 inhabitants

Information Access Number of internet

subscribers per 1000

inhabitants

Institutional

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

Environmental Key Area Input/Impact

Energy Efficiency Total direct energy useTotal annual energy consumption (MWH)Renewable Energy Use

Material Efficiency Annual mass flow of different materials (energy carriers andwater)

Water Annual consumption

Waste Annual generation of waste (tonnes), hazardous waste

Biodiversity Use of land

Emissions Total annual emission of GHG (Co2, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6) in tonnes of CO2 equivalentTotal annual air emission

Sustainable Development- Issues

The Future We Want

MAKE IN INDIA

ENERGY SECURITY

SMART CITIES

SWACHH BHARAT

PART II: CASE STUDY

Project on mega-events and sustainable development in developing countries

• Project conducted by TERI in partnership with SEA (South Africa) and GiTEC (Brazil); supported by Konrad AdenaurStiftung (KAS)

• Common framework by three partner research organization

• Broad framework(SD)– Economic (including fiscal)

– Social

– Environmental

– Institutional

Introduction

• Hosting of mega-events has a tremendous effect on developing and emerging countries.

• Positive - economic investment, job creation, skills development and international branding

• Negative - environmental footprint, for example via carbon emissions

Must ask…..• How such a mega-event, in particular the expenditure and investments that come

with it, will benefit the poor.• While this aspect might not be as relevant in a developed country context,

it is crucial in a developing one.

Objective

• Mega-events have been and are being staged in developing countries.

• Provides an opportunity to analyze the planning and implementation of three mega-events – in South Africa, India and Brazil – and

• Review the lessons learned regarding their contributions to sustainable urban development.

Key challenges in the host cities

Opportunity Costs?

Event Greening

• Process of incorporating socially and environmentally responsible decision making in the planning, organization and implementation of, and participation in, an event– Resource efficiency, supply chain management

– Reduce negative environmental impacts- carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, waste generation, impact on water and soil resources

– Meet triple bottom line, stimulate local investment, community involvement

– Improve sustainable performance within budget

– Reduce negative impact on local inhabitants

– Eco procurement for goods and services

– Sustainability issues awareness

Analysis FrameworkParameter India Brazil South Africa

Event Governance and Business Models

Independent Organizing Committee-accountability?

FIFA, IOC- TV Broadcasting- Big stadia, MNC’s

FIFA- TV Broadcasting revenues

Resource Allocation and Planning

• Infrastructure 73%• Budget Inflation.26 billion to 4.1 billion USD

• 77%• 15 billion to 50 billion USD (est.)

• 80%• over 20 times

Greening of the Events

• Carbon footprintest. 52,468.9 tCO2eSequestration of 81,474.2 tCo2eIIM-A-2010: 1,28,000 CO2e (est.)• Social impact?• Carbon offsetting enough ?

SustainabilityManagement Plan• Water conservation • Renewable Energy •Carbon neutral, reforesting 24 million trees• Waste management and Social Responsibility

Green Goal Prorgamme• Carbon footprint 27,53,250 tCO2, commensurate offsetting not done• Lessons learnt post fatco

Analysis Framework

Parameter India Brazil South Africa

Event Impacts and Urban Development Challenges

• Public Transport, Energy and Water as legacy- urban agglomeration• Tourism- grew by 5% (Foreign)• Social Inclusivity poor, 30,000-40,000 displaced and mismanaged relocation

• Public Transport-subway, BRT

•Public Transport* long term• Jobs created: 1,48,000 out of target 7,00,000• Tourism 3,00,000 /4,50,000 est.• Informal sector to be integrated

EnvironmentalImpacts

• Absence of riverbed regulations• Disaster management not integrated

• Water, awareness, RE, Air quality, transport, Ecosystem, design construction, reforestation, green procurement, SWM

• High emissions, question on offsetting

CWG GAMES, 2010

CWG Games in 2010

• The XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 in Delhi represented the largest sporting event held in India after the 1982 Asian Games.

• More than 8000 athletes and team officials from 71 teams participated in the event.

• A vision of ‘Green Games’ -main focus was to reduce the carbon footprint and set a benchmark for the games in the future.

Business Model of 2010 CWG

• Budget rose from USD265 million in May 2003 bid to USD 4.1 billion (Source: CAG 2011)

• The Organizing Committee had 34 departments• Investment by other agencies like Delhi Metro

Rail Corporation and Airport Authority of India• Expenditure on sports infrastructure and city

infrastructure were intended for long-term city benefits, i.e., ‘legacy’ related activities

Expenditure by activity for CWG 2010 (in USD millions)

Profile of Delhi

• Delhi is the national capital and is situated next to the Yamuna River.

• Mega-city with population of 16.7 million (MoHA 2011)

• Fast growing economy that has grown at a CAGR of 9.8% in the period 2000-2010.

• Contributes to 3.5% and 1.2% to the national GDP and population (GoNCTD 2010)

Socio-economic challenges in Delhi

• About 16% of the urban poor households have no access to piped water supply.

• According to the “State of Urban Health in Delhi Report”, infant mortality rate among the urban poor in Delhi stands at 94.4 per thousand live births compared to an average of 46 for urban Delhi (MoHFW-UHRC 2007).

Environmental Challenges

• Particulate matter concentrations and Nox level have been higher than the national standards (GoNCTD 2010)

• BOD in Yamuna above desired level of 3 milligrams

• Invasive exotic species threatening the ridge forests (indigenous flora, fauna and carbon sinks)

• Waste management: 7410 mt to 14,300 mt by 2021

• Urban poor vulnerable to climate change impacts

Economic Impacts

• 2.47 million employment opportunities (PTI 2010) –temporary in nature

• No ex-post evaluations on boost in real estate investments

• 3750 MW of electricity generation, transmission and distribution projects, upgrading existing

• Water Supply from 845 mgd to 846 mgd

• Transport decongestion measures• 26 new flyovers, 24 new over and under bridges

• New metro routes, high capacity bus networks, Integrated bus rapid system

• IGI airport modernization

Tourism

Tourists arrivals in Delhi in October (2005-2010)

Greening Games

Strategic Framework was developed with 8 modules

• Green Games Vision

• Mission and Goals

• Green Infrastructure

• Green Ceremonies

• Green Hospitality

• Eco Procurement

• Green Sensitization

• Greening and Offset

• Sustainable Reporting and Sustainability Indicators

Sensitization campaignsOffset –7,13,828 saplingsAir pollution measurement-11

Location of Pan India Plantation

Ecological Code for 2010 CWG

Source: CWG Organizing Committee Website

Case of Games Village on Yamuna river banks

• Residential complex for athletes to be developed on land in Yamuna river banks.

• Games Village was developed on an area of 59.28 hectares on the banks of river Yamuna.

• The first step towards regularization of the site for development of the Games Village was in the form of ‘change of land use’ of the earmarked area.

• According to public notification in 2006, the land use of area measuring 42.5 hectares (105.0 acres) was sought to be changed from ‘agricultural and water body’ to ‘public and semi-public facilities’.

• Further, the land use of an area of 16.5 hectares was changed to ‘Residential’ for 11 hectares and 5.5 hectares to ‘Commercial/ Hotel’.

Civil Society Voices

Comptroller and Auditor General key reports• July 2009• August 2011

Source: TERI study

Timeline Events

Nov 2003 Delhi wins bid to host the XIX CWG Games

2004 Initial concerns raised by civil society after modification of zoning in city plans

Mar 2007 Appeal and organized movements by civil society

Apr 2007 Petition by citizens

May 2007 Civil society public awareness event

Aug 2007 Civil society appeal and dharna (peaceful protest)

Sept 2007 CWG village preliminary preparatory work begins

Nov 2007 Writ petition filed by Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan

Picture of site

Common Wealth Village (2011)

Water

Dense vegetation

Scattered vegetation/agriculture

Sparse vegetation

Open area

Mixed

Built-up area

3 km

CWG Village area Oct., 2000

Land-use: Case of CWG village on Yamuna floodplain

Source: TERI study

Water

Dense vegetation

Scattered vegetation/agriculture

Sparse vegetation

Open area

Mixed

Built-up area

3 km

CWG Village area Oct., 2010

Land-use: Case of CWG village on Yamuna floodplain

Source: TERI study

Pictures of site

Source: TERI study

CWG Village area in Feb 2001 and Nov 2010

Source: TERI study (based on satellite imagery available with google)

Social ImpactsOverview of Key displacements reported during the course of the 2010 CWG

•44 JJ clusters relocated under Rajiv Ratna Awas Yojna – centrally sponsored

•50,000 four-storey houses were to be constructed but only 13,000 houses were actually constructed

•Areas identified for relocation – lack basic amenities•Slum and Jhuggi Jhopadi Department under MCD not as effective as DDA (major land owning agency)•Inadequate involvement of Institutions

Some observations: Agenda 21 frameworkAgenda 21 programme areas Delhi experience

Adequate shelter City beautification rationale

Improving human settlement management DDA (owner) , SJJD (MCD) and slum rehabilitation activities? JNNURM funds

Sustainable land-use planning and management

Ecology and case of Yamuna banks, water table- domino? , River regulation zone ?

Integrated provision of environmental infrastructure: water, sanitation, drainage and solid-waste management

Waste management ?

Sustainable energy and transport systems in human settlements

Major long-term boost to East Delhi

Human settlement and disaster management Fault line that runs along riverbed, claims for liquefaction- poor drainage

Sustainable construction industry Green buildings and awareness

Human resource development and capacity-building

Volunteering, Institutional capacity building for slum rehabilitation

2011 Comptroller and Auditor General’s Report

• 2003-2010 time poorly utilized, upto 06’ clearances

• Governance, Organizing Committee registered as an independent society

• Updated bid document- revenue neutral ?

• Preparation and conduct was poorly governed in terms of decision making and implementation- hasty, no negotiations, no backup

• Mentions environmental clearances and monitoring by expert committees

CAG report..

• Risk mitigation and abatement measures identified were:– Raising and strengthening embankments.

– one layer of stone and nets to protect bunds and bridges.

– protection of existing bridges

– arrangements to protect flooding area due to back flow of water

• The developers took action only on one aspect viz. strengthening of Akshardham bund.

• Civil society empowerment or national prestige

Discussion

• Ex-post or ex-ante?

• Social issues, consultations?

• River Regulation Zone

• GIS

• Leveraging PPP for mega-events infrastructure

(ARC II)

Inclusive Growth

Lets us an a society reflect on the social, economic and environmental conditions

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Pearls of wisdom

References

• Kedia S, B. M., & C, T. (2011). Sustainable Mega-events in Developing Countries; Experiences and insights from Host Cities in South Africa, India and Brazil. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.

• Rai, V. (2014). Not Just an Accountant.

THANK-YOU