AP Bio

Study of LifeChapter 1Themes

Pre Assessment 1. Name the kingdoms of life.2. Name 3 types of cells. Contrast these cells. 3. What are the 3 domains of all living things.4. Name 1 scientist whose research led to the

development of the cell theory. 5. What scientists led to the development of the DNA

model?6. Name 5 characteristics that all living things posess.7. Who is the father of evolution?8. What is the purpose of a control group?9. What are protein catalysts?

Answers

OBJECTIVES

1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.4. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.5. Distinguish between holism and reductionism.6. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of thecell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.7. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.8. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function."9. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them.10. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual

framework of biology.11. Outline the scientific method.12. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.13. Explain how science and technology are interdependent

Why study themes of Biology?• Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge

– too much to memorize it all

– need to _____________ ________________________________________

– create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge

– _____________________________________________________ are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms

Unifying Themes

• Emergent Properties~ hierarchy of life• The Cell~ all organism’s basic structure• Heritable Information~ DNA• Structure & Function~ form and function• Environmental Interaction~ organisms are open systems• Regulation~ feedback mechanisms• Unity & Diversity~ universal genetic code• Evolution~ biology’s core theme; differential reproductive success • Scientific Inquiry~ observation; testing; repeatability• Science, Technology & Society~ functions of our world

Emergent Properties/Characteristics of Life

1. ___________________________________. Organisms are highly organized, and

other characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization.

2. ___________________________________. All living organisms are made of cells

3. Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes only from life (biogenesis).

4. ___________________________________. and Development.

5. ___________________________________.

6. ______________________________ Utilization. Organisms take in and transform energy to do work,

including the maintenance of their ordered state.

7. ______________________________ to Environment. Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment.

8. ______________________________. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steady-

state, even in the face of a fluctuating external environment.

9. ______________________________ Adaptation. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms

and their environment.

I. Life’s Hierarchical Order

• The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the level below it

I. Hierarchy of Organization

• ______________________________________

• Molecule

• Organelle

• ______________________________________

• Tissues

• ______________________________________

• Organism

Levels of organization beyond the individual organism:

•______________________________ Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species•Community•Populations of species living in the same area

Ecosystems An energy-processing system ofi community interactions

that include abiotic environmental factors•Biosphere •The sum of all the planet's ecosystems

AP Bio

Check Point

• Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology beginning with an Atom.

Form follows function

• The alignment of ______________________________________ &

______________________________________ is seen at all levels of biology

organism

cell organelle

organ

II. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function

• Lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life.• All organisms are composed of cells.

– unicellular or multi cellular• The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell and the formulation• of the cell theory.

– Robert ______________________________________(1665) examination of cork- tiny

boxes which he called "cells" (really cell walls).

• Anton van ______________________________________(1600's) used the microscope to

observe living organisms

• Matthias ______________________________________ and Theodor

______________________________________(1839) ~all living things are made of cells.

– This formed the basis for the ______________________________________.

Two major kinds of cells

• ______________________________________ cell = Cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

– ______________________________________ and

______________________________________– Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells– Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the cell, as there is no

membrane-bound nucleus

– Most have tough external ______________________________________

Two major kinds of cells

• ______________________________________ cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and

membrane-enclosed

Organelles.

– ______________________________________, plants,

______________________________________, and animals

• DNA is segregated from the rest of the cell within the nucleus

• Some cells have a tough cell wall outside the plasma membrane (e.g., plant

• cells). ______________________________________ cells lack cell walls.

Check Point

• Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.

Check Point

• Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

III. Reproduction

• Asexual• Binary Fission~ bacteria • Sexual• Gametes• Fruiting Bodies• Flowers

• ______________________________________

IV. Growth and Development

• Growth• Development• Metamorphosis• Puberty

V. Heredity

• ______________________________________

• ______________________________________ in the form of DNA

– ______________________________________– the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next

You can make more,a lot like you!

TRAIT

Heredity

Heredity

• DNA

• _____________________________________

• _____________________________________• Role of DNA

VI. Energy Transfer• Life is an open system

– need input of energy

• ______________________________________ flows through• energy comes in,

energy goes out• need a constant input

– need input of materials

• ______________________________________ are recycled around & around

nutrients

Check Point

• What type of energy enters the atmosphere?• What type of energy leaves the atmosphere?

Energy utilization

You think they’re eating…They’re harvestingenergy!

Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with their Environments

• Organisms interact with their environment, which includes other

organisms as well as ______________________________________ factors.• Both organism and environment are affected by the interaction between them.• Ecosystem dynamics include two major processes:

• 1. ______________________________________ cycling

• 2. ______________________________________ flow

VII. Responsiveness

• _____________________________________• Response• Nervous System• Endocrine System• Electrical Impulses

VIII. Homeostasis• Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions

– maintain ______________________________________

– achieve this through ______________________________________• monitor the body like a thermostat• turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

Feedback • ______________________________________ feedback speeds a process _____________

• ______________________________________ feedback slows a process

______________________________________• Organisms and cells also use chemical mediators to help regulate processes

Feedback Regulation: Negative

• Accumulation of an end product of a process

____________________________that process

• Example: sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway

Feedback Regulation: Positive

• An end product speeds

___________its production• Example: blood clotting in

response to injury

Examples of Regulation • The hormone insulin, for example, signals cells in

vertebrate organisms to take up glucose. As a result, blood glucose levels go down.

• In certain forms of diabetes mellitus, insulin is deficient and cells do not take up glucose as they should, and as a result, blood glucose levels remain high.

Provide an example of positive and negative feedback processes.

• Ex. Positive~ During pregnancy contractions increase until the baby is delivered.

Metabolism

• Sum of all ______________________________________

__________________________________in an organism

• ______________________________________

• Activation energy

• Anabolism- ______________________________________

• Catabolism- ______________________________________ down

Metabolism

IX. Evolution

• Core theme of biology

Charles Darwin

Evolution explains unity & diversity• Unity– what do organisms have in common & why do

similarities exist?• common biochemistry & physiology

– evolutionary relationships– connected through common ancestor

• Diversity– but why are there

differences?• natural selection• adaptations allow different

individuals to survive in different environments

AP Bio

"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."

-- Theodosius DobzhanskyMarch 1973

Geneticist, Columbia University(1900-1975)

Examples

• Bacterial resistance to

_____________________________________• Peppered Moths

Taxonomy

Taxonomy

• Need for a universal system

• Carolus

____________________________________

• Three Domains

1. __________________________________

2. __________________________________

3. __________________________________

• _________________________________

most inclusive

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

3 Domains of Life- 6 KingdomsBacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

EukaryaBacteria Archaea

Organizing systems• Making sense out of the diversity• Hierarchical

scheme

Eastern gray squirrelSciurus carolinensis

Scientific Name

• Binomial Nomenclature

• Scientific Name

• ___________________-___________________

Examples

– ________________________________________________

___________

• System is based on Phylogenetic relationships.

Science as a process of inquiry

Science as a process of inquiry• Built on repeatable observations & testable,

_________________________________ hypotheses

Scientific Method• Process which outlines a series of steps used to answer questions.

– Not a rigid procedure.– Based on the conviction that natural phenomena have natural

causes.– Requires evidence to logically solve problems.

• The key ingredient of the scientific process is the

_________________________________-

_________________________________ method

– Involves:1. Asking a question and formulating a tentative answer or

hypothesis by _________________________________ reasoning.

2. Using _________________________________ reasoning to make predictions from the hypothesis and then testing the validity of those predictions.

Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning

• Inductive reasoning = Making an inference from a set of specific

________________________________________________________________to reach a general

________________________________________________________________.

• Deductive reasoning = Making an

________________________________________________________________ from

________________________________________________________________ premises to specific

consequences

• Usually takes the form of If...then logic.

– Usually involves predicting experimental results that are expected if the hypothesis is true

Provide an example of Inductive & Deductive reasoning

• Ex. Deductive reasoning- If I step on the gas and turn the ignition, the car will start. – Predicting results from a hypothesis

• Ex. Inductive-observations lead to generalizations

Holism vs ReductionismHolism • The principle that a higher level of

order cannot be meaningfully explained by examining component parts in isolation.

• An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.

• Ex- A cell dismantled to its chemical ingredients is no longer a cell.

• It is also difficult to analyze a complex process without taking it apart.

Reductionism • A complex system can be

understood by studying its component parts.

• Ex- Watson and Crick deduced the role of DNA in inheritance by studying its molecular structure.

Provide an Example of Reductionism

• Ex. In order to understand inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA

Science, technology & society • Science & technology must function within the rules of society

– _____________________________________

We have a love-hate relationship with technology.

• Pros– Improved our standard of living.

• Cons– Creation of new problems• Ie. Increased population growth, acid rain,

deforestation, global warming, nuclear accidents, ozone holes, toxic wastes, and endangered species.

Phylogeny • Branching tree of life.• Species that are very similar share a common ancestor at a recent branch point on

the ___________________________________________________ tree.

• • Less closely related organisms share a more ancient common ancestor.

Where all life began…….

• All life is connected and can be traced back to primeval

________________________________________________________________ that existed more than

__________ billion years ago.

• In 1859, ________________________________________________________________ published On

the Origin of Species in which he made two major points:

1. Species change, and contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through a process of

"descent with modification."

2. A mechanism of evolutionary change is

________________________________________________________________

Natural selection

Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.

Requirements for Natural Selection

• Requirements for Natural Selection

• All species have the potential to

____________________________________

the earth.

• Many must die at an early age.

• ____________________________________

exists within the members of a species.

• Those with better

__________________________traits live

longer and reproduce more often

(differential reproduction)

• (_____________________________)

• Traits are inheritable.

• Process can account for new species and

diversity.

AP Bio

ANY QUESTIONS?

Post Assessment • Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.• Distinguish between holism and reductionism.• Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the

formulation of the• cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.• Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function.“• List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them.• Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the

conceptual framework of biology.• Outline the scientific method.• Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.

Post Assessment Answers