Post on 21-Jan-2016
• Students will demonstrate understanding of and be able to use major reference lines on a map such as: Lattitude, Longitude, Prime Meridian, Equator.
• Students will demonstrate understanding of and be able to use Time Zones.
• Students will demonstrate understanding of and be able to use the Scale on a map.
• Students will be able to identify the symbols on, and use Topographic maps.
Objectives
Objectives• Compare and contrast latitude and longitude.
Latitude and Longitude
• Describe how time zones vary.
– cartography
– equator
– latitude
– longitude
– prime meridian
– International Date Line
Vocabulary– topographic map
– contour line
– contour interval
– map legend
– map scale
• Cartography is the science of mapmaking.
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude and Longitude
Typical Graph
• This is an example of a typical graph we are all familiar with.
• The graph is made up of different “points” with lines that connect the points.
Typical Graph• Each point has two
values:
• The “X” value that runs along the horizontal “X” axis
• The “Y” value that runs along the vertical “Y” axis
Y axis
X axis
Typical Graph • X value is always stated first
• Followed by the Y value
• The “origin” is the point where the 2 axes intersect with a value of (0,0)
(0,0)
(3,8)Y
X
(9,5)
Typical Graph• A point can also
have negative (-) values
• Negative X values are to the left of the origin (0,0)
• Negative Y values are below the origin
X
Y
(-X,+Y)
(+X,-Y)
(+X,+Y)
(-X,-Y)
(0,0)
East West, North South on The Earth• Let the X axis be the
Equator.
• Let the Y axis be the Prime Meridian that runs through Greenwich outside of London.
• Lat/Long are the 2 grid points by which you can locate any point on Earth.
Y
X
East West, North South on the Earth
• Let each of the four quarters then be designated by North or South and East or West.
N
S
EW
East West, North South on the Earth
• The N tells us we’re north of the Equator. The S tells us we’re south of the Equator.
• The E tells us that we’re east of the Prime Meridian. The W tells us that we’re west of the Prime Meridian.
(N, W) (N, E)
(S, W) (S, E)
East West, North South on the Earth
• That means all points in North America will have a North latitude and a West longitude because it is North of the Equator and West of the Prime Meridian.
(N, W)
Prime Meridian
East West, North South on the Earth
• What would be the latitude and longitude directions in Australia?
Prime Meridian ?
If you said South and East , you’re right!
What is Latitude? • Latitude is the distance from the equator along the Y axis.
• All points along the equator have a value of 0 degrees latitude.
• North pole = 90°N
• South pole = 90°S
• Values are expressed in terms of degrees.
Y
X
90°S
90°N
What is Latitude?
• Each degree of latitude is divided into 60 minutes.
• Each minute is divided into 60 seconds.
Y
X
90°S
90°N
This is also true of longitude.
What is Latitude?
• For Example:
• 37°, 02’,51’’N
• This is close to the latitude where you live.
Y
X
90°S
90°N
What is Longitude? • Longitude is the distance from the prime meridian along the X axis.
• All points along the prime meridian have a value of 0 degrees longitude.
• The earth is divided into two parts, or hemispheres, of east and west longitude.
Y
X
180°W 180°E
What is Longitude?• The earth is
divided into 360 equal slices (meridians)
• 180 west and 180 east of the prime meridian
Y
X
180°W 180°E
Longitude
Latitude and Longitude
– Lines of longitude are not parallel like latitude lines
– semicircles extending from pole to pole.
– Distances covered by degrees of longitude vary with location.
– One degree of longitude equals
– 111 km at equator– 0km at the poles.
What is Latitude?
• Our latitude and longitude might be:
• 37°, 03’,13’’N
• 76°, 29’, 45’’W
Y
X
90°S
90°N
So Where is (0,0)? • The origin point (0,0) is where the equator intersects the prime meridian.
• (0,0) is off the western coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean.
See If You Can Tell In Which Quarter These Lon/Lats Are
Located• 1. 41°N, 21°E
• 2. 37°N, 76°W
• 3. 72°S, 141°W
• 4. 7°S, 23°W
• 5. 15°N, 29°E
• 6. 34°S, 151°E
A B
C D
Equator Latitude 0o
Latitude: (90oN to 90oS)
Latitude 23½o NorthTropic of Cancer
Latitude 23½o SouthTropic of Capricorn
Longitude 30o East
Longitude 60o East
Longitude 30o West
Longitude 60o West
Positioning on the Earth’s SurfaceEast is the direction of rotation of the Earth North Pole
South Pole
23½o 23½o
66½o 90o
900
21st June
22nd December
22nd Sept
20th March
30oE60oE90oE90oW30oW60oW
Longitude 90oEastLongitude 90o West
Prime Meridian
0o Longitude
Longitude: (180oE to 180oW)
Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth’s surface.
Time Zones• Earth is divided into 24 times zones• The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, serves
as the transition line for calendar days
Latitude and Longitude
Time Zones• Each time zone is 15° wide, corresponding
roughly to lines of longitude.
Latitude and Longitude
• Time zone boundaries have been adjusted in local areas for convenience.
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___ latitude
___ longitude
___ prime meridian
___ equator
Latitude and Longitude
A. the reference point for longitude
B. the distance in degrees east or west of 0°
C. the reference point for latitude
D. the distance in degrees north or south of 0°
D
B
A
C
Section Assessment
2. If it is 10 A.M. in Madagascar, what time is it in Washington, D.C.?
Latitude and Longitude
It is 2 A.M. in Washington, D.C.
_______ A degree of longitude always represents the same distance.
_______ If you travel west across the International Date Line, you advance your calendar one day.
_______ Lines of latitude are not perfectly parallel to each other.
_______ When referencing a specific place on Earth by its coordinates, latitude always comes first.
Section Assessment
3. Identify whether the following statements are true or false.
Latitude and Longitude
false
true
false
true
Topographic Maps• detailed maps showing
changes in the elevation of terrain.
Types of Maps
– Elevation
– distance above or below sea level.
– Elevation on a topo map is shown with contour lines.
– A contour line connects points of equal elevation.
Topographic Maps
Contour Intervals
Types of Maps
– The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines.
– The contour interval is dependent on terrain.
– The steeper the slope the closer the contour lines
Topographic Maps
Index Contours
Types of Maps
– Index contours are bold contour lines marked by numbers representing their elevations.
Topographic Maps
Depression Contour Lines
Types of Maps
– Depression contour lines are used to represent features that are lower than the surrounding area.
– On a map, depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line that point toward the lower elevation, to indicate depressions.
• These features are represented by different symbols.
• A map legend explains what the symbols represent.
Map Legends• Topographic maps and most
other maps include both human-made and natural features that are located on Earth’s surface.
Types of Maps
• the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.
Map Scales
Types of Maps
3 Types of Map Scales
– A verbal scale expresses distance as a statement, such as “One centimeter is equal to one kilometer.”
– A graphic scale consists of a line that represents a certain distance, such as 5 km or 5 miles.
– A fractional scale expresses distance as a ratio, such as 1:63,500.
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___ projection
___ contour interval
___ map legend
___ map scale
Types of Maps
A. the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines
B. a diagram that explains what the symbols on a map represent
C. a map made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper
D. the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth
C
A
D
B
Section Assessment
Types of Maps
2. Which type of map would be best suited for the following applications?___ An aviator is trying to identify the
shortest route between New York and London.
___ A cartographer for the state department of transportation has been tasked with making a new state road map.
___ A group of friends is planning on hiking in the back country of Idaho.
___ A sailor is sailing up the coast from South America to North America.
A. Mercator projection
B. conic projection
C. gnomonic projection
D. topographic
C
B
D
A
Section Assessment
3. What does it mean if a map says “Scale 1:100 000”?
Types of Maps
This fractional scale means that one unit on the map represents 100 000 units on Earth’s surface. For example, one inch on the map would equal 100 000 inches on Earth’s surface.
Chapter Resources Menu
Chapter Resources Menu
Study Guide
Section 2.1
Section 2.2
Section 2.3
Chapter Assessment
Image Bank
Section 2.1 Main Ideas• Cartographers use a grid system to locate exact
positions on Earth. Lines of latitude refer to distances north and south of the equator. Lines of longitude refer to distances east and west of the prime meridian.
• Earth is divided into 24 time zones. Each zone represents a different hour. The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, is the transition line for calendar days. The calendar advances to the next day in each time zone at midnight.
Section 2.1 Study Guide
Section 2.2 Main Ideas• Maps are flat models of Earth’s surface. All maps
contain some sort of distortion in the shapes or areas of landmasses.
• Maps are made by transferring points and lines on a globe onto paper. Mercator projections and gnomonic projections are commonly used for navigation by ships and planes. Conic projections are best suited for mapping small areas.
• Topographic maps show changes in elevation of Earth’s surface. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation. A map legend explains the symbols on a map. A map scale shows the relationship between distances on a map and actual distances on Earth.
Section 2.2 Study Guide
Section 2.3 Main Ideas• The process of gathering data about Earth from far
above the planet is called remote sensing. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation, which is often used by remote-sensing devices to map Earth.
• Landsat satellites use visible light and infrared radiation to map Earth’s surface. The Topex/Poseidon satellite uses radar to map features on the ocean floor.
• The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based navigation system that allows a user to pinpoint his or her exact location on Earth.
Section 2.3 Study Guide
1. Which of the following is NOT true about lines of latitude.
a. They are parallel to each other.
b. They connect the north and south poles.
c. They are either referenced as north or south.
d. Latitude is measured from 0º to 90º.
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment
Lines of latitude are parallel to the equator. The equator is 0º and each pole is 90º. Lines of longitude connect the north and south pole.
2. What is the reference point for lines of longitude?
a. the equator
b. the International Date Line
c. the prime meridian
d. Earth’s center
The prime meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England, is 0º longitude. The equator is the reference for latitude. The International Date Line, which is 180º E or W, is opposite the prime meridian. Earth’s center is used to find the line of latitude but it is not a reference point.
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
3. What represents equal elevation on a topographical map?
a. great circles c. hachures
b. a map scale d. contour lines
Chapter Assessment
Great circles represent the shortest distance between two points on a sphere. A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. Hachures are short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate depressions.
Multiple Choice
4. What is the distance between one degree of longitude?
a. 111 km
b. 48 km
c. 2 km
d. all of the above
Chapter Assessment
Remember the lines of longitude are not parallel. The distance between lines of longitude ranges from 111 km to essentially the distance covered by a point at the poles.
Multiple Choice
5. The Topex/Poseidon satellite uses _____ to map features on the ocean floor.
a. radar c. gamma rays
b. sonar d. GPS
Chapter Assessment
Sea Beam uses sonar, which is the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater. Gamma rays are at the high end of the electromagnetic spectrum, beyond the frequency that radar uses. GPS is the global positioning system which is a navigation system.
Short Answer
6. What characteristic do all electromagnetic waves share?
Chapter Assessment
All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of 300 000 km/s in a vacuum, a value commonly referred to as the speed of light.
Short Answer
7. If it is 6:00 P.M. on July 4 in Los Angeles, California, what day and time is it in Tokyo, Japan?
Chapter Assessment
It would be 10:00 A.M. on July 5.
True or False
8. Identify whether the following statements are true or false.
______ Contour lines can cross each other.
______ There are 3600 seconds in a degree.
______ By connecting points on a gnomonic projection,
navigators can plot great-circle routes.
______ The United States has six time zones.
______ If you travel east across the International Date
Line, you would move your calendar back one day.
Chapter Assessment
false
true
true
false
true
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 2 Images