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StratigraphyStratigraphy DEFINITION OF STRATIGRAPHYDEFINITION OF STRATIGRAPHY 1. Branch of geology that deals with definition & 1. Branch of geology that deals with definition &
description of major & minor natural division of description of major & minor natural division of rocks... w/ the interpretation of their significance rocks... w/ the interpretation of their significance in geologic history.in geologic history.
2. Specifically, the geologic study of the form, 2. Specifically, the geologic study of the form, arrangement, geographic distribution, arrangement, geographic distribution, chronological succession, classification & esp. chronological succession, classification & esp. correlation and mutual relationships of rock strata correlation and mutual relationships of rock strata in normal sequence.in normal sequence.
3. It involves interpretation of these features of 3. It involves interpretation of these features of rock strata in terms of origin, occurrence, rock strata in terms of origin, occurrence, environment, thickness, lithology, composition, environment, thickness, lithology, composition, fossil content, age, history, paleogeography etcfossil content, age, history, paleogeography etc
http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/provinces/Blueridge/blue_ridge_strat.html?svr=wwwhttp://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch11/ch_11_f.html
IntroductionIntroduction
A.A. Beginning-Beginning-(~1500AD) da (~1500AD) da Vinci saw fossils in Vinci saw fossils in rks of Italian rks of Italian ApenninesApennines
• Concluded fossils Concluded fossils once living marine once living marine organismsorganisms
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/vinci.htm
IntroductionIntroduction
B.B. Steno- 1669-Steno- 1669-important important contributorcontributor
• Principle of Principle of Original Original HorizontalityHorizontality
• Principle of Principle of SuperpositionSuperposition
• Principle of Lateral Principle of Lateral ContinuityContinuity
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/steno.html
Steno PrinciplesSteno Principles
Lateral ContinuityLateral Continuity
Superposition
Original Horizontality
http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/bcarter/histgeol/time/latcont.htm
Development of Sed Strat as Development of Sed Strat as ScienceScience
• Organization of sed Organization of sed rocks—Arduino rocks—Arduino (1714-15) divided (1714-15) divided rocksrocks
• Primary Mtns-Primary Mtns-metallic ores no metallic ores no fossilsfossils
• Secondary Mtns-Secondary Mtns-Stratified, Stratified, lithified, lithified, fossiliferous, no fossiliferous, no fossilsfossils
• Tertiary low Tertiary low Mtns- Mtns- Fossiliferous, Fossiliferous, unconsolidated unconsolidated gravels, sands gravels, sands clay, volcanicsclay, volcanics
• Alluvium- Alluvium- Sediment washed Sediment washed down from mtnsdown from mtns http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/about/history.html
Development of Sed Strat as ScienceDevelopment of Sed Strat as Science• Geologic Cycle and Geologic Cycle and
UniformitarianismUniformitarianism• James Hutton James Hutton
(1727-1797)-(1727-1797)-Scottish Physician, Scottish Physician, farmerfarmer
Noted cyclicity Noted cyclicity to earth’s to earth’s behaviorbehavior
Uplift, erosion, Uplift, erosion, transport, transport, depositiondeposition
Established Established Principle of Principle of Uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism or Actualismor Actualism
present key to present key to past but rates past but rates change and change and catastrophes catastrophes occuroccur
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hutton.htm
Development of Sed Strat as Development of Sed Strat as Science Science
– Birth of Biostratigraphy Birth of Biostratigraphy & Stratigraphic & Stratigraphic CorrelationCorrelation
• William Smith(1769-1839)-William Smith(1769-1839)-English surveyor, engineerEnglish surveyor, engineer
““father” of biostratigraphyfather” of biostratigraphy Canal builder noted Canal builder noted
relationship of fossils & rocksrelationship of fossils & rocks Established law of faunal Established law of faunal
succession—fossils succeed succession—fossils succeed each other in organized & each other in organized & recognizable fashionrecognizable fashion
Produced first geologic mapProduced first geologic map
gsahist.org
Birth of Biostratigraphy & Stratigraphic CorrelationBirth of Biostratigraphy & Stratigraphic Correlation
D’Orbigny (1842)-D’Orbigny (1842)-developed developed biologic stage for biologic stage for rock divisionrock division strata strata systematically systematically follow each other follow each other with characteristic with characteristic fossil assemblagefossil assemblage
Oppel (1856)- Oppel (1856)- developed developed biologic zonebiologic zone Rocks deposited Rocks deposited during existence during existence of specific fossilof specific fossil
Zones based of Zones based of first appearance first appearance of last of last appearance of appearance of organismsorganisms
Zones could be Zones could be correlatedcorrelated
Oppel ZonesOppel Zones
Development of Sed Strat as ScienceDevelopment of Sed Strat as Science
• Petrographic microscope Petrographic microscope developmentdevelopment
• Sorby began microscopic Sorby began microscopic study of rocksstudy of rocks
• Led to description and Led to description and systematic study of rockssystematic study of rocks
• Geologic Revolution-Geologic Revolution-Seafloor Spreading and Seafloor Spreading and Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
• 1950-1960s- Renaissance 1950-1960s- Renaissance periodperiod
• More funds, more More funds, more geophysical exploration, geophysical exploration, Deep Sea Drilling ProjectDeep Sea Drilling Project
• More oil exploration More oil exploration
New ToolsNew Tools Magnetic and Seismic Magnetic and Seismic
SurveyingSurveying Identification of Identification of
normal/reverse normal/reverse periods led to periods led to magnetostratigraphmagnetostratigraphyy
Seismic surveying Seismic surveying could identify units could identify units and unconformities, and unconformities, packages of related packages of related rocksrocks
Isotope stratigraphyIsotope stratigraphy Use carbon and Use carbon and
oxygen isotopes to oxygen isotopes to correlatecorrelate units units
petroleum-gas.blogspot.com
http://www2.ocean.washington.edu/oc540/lec01-28
MagnetostratigraphyMagnetostratigraphy
sp.lyellcollection.org
Seismic StratigraphySeismic Stratigraphy
www-odp.tamu.edu
Development of Sed Strat as ScienceDevelopment of Sed Strat as Science
• Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks and Rocks and Earth HistoryEarth History
• PaleoclimatePaleoclimate study of study of
ancient ancient climate climate
Development of Sed Strat as ScienceDevelopment of Sed Strat as Science
• Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks and Rocks and Earth HistoryEarth History
• PaleogeograpPaleogeographyhy reconstructioreconstructio
n of area for n of area for given time in given time in past past
Wiley.com
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7
Development of Sed Strat as ScienceDevelopment of Sed Strat as Science
• Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks and Rocks and Earth HistoryEarth History
• Paleoecology Paleoecology & Evolution& Evolution studies studies
relationships relationships between between ancient ancient organisms & organisms & their their environmentenvironmentss
http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/Futalognkosaurus%2Bmural.jpg
Development of Sed Strat as ScienceDevelopment of Sed Strat as Science
• Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks and Earth Rocks and Earth HistoryHistory
• PaleoceanographPaleoceanography & Ancient y & Ancient AtmosphereAtmosphere Composition of Composition of
ancient oceans ancient oceans and atmosphere and atmosphere using isotopes using isotopes
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/rigc/j/ebcrp/paleo/