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StandardizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about technical standards. For scaling in statistics, see Standardizing.Forother uses, see Standard (disambiguation).
Standardizationor standardisationis the process of developing andimplementingtechnical standards. Standardization can help tomaximize compatibility, interoperability,safety, repeatability, or quality. It can alsofacilitatecommoditizationof formerly custom processes.
In social sciences,includingeconomics, the idea of standardizationis close to the solutionfor a coordination problem, a situation in hich all parties can realize mutual gains, but onlyby making mutually consistent decisions. Standardizationis defined as best technicalapplication consentual isdom inclusive of processes for selection in making appropriatechoices for ratificationcoupled ith consistent decisions for maintaining obtained standards.!his vie includes the case of "spontaneous standardization processes", to producede factostandards.
History#edit$
!he implementation of standards in industry and commerce became highly important ith
the onset of the Industrial %evolutionand the need for high&precision machine
toolsandinterchangeable parts.
First attempts#edit$
'enry (audslay)s famous early scre&cutting lathes of circa *++ and *-.
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'enry (audslaydeveloped the first industrially practical scre&cutting lathein *-. !his
alloed for the standardisation of scre threadsizes for the first time and paved the ay for
the practical application ofinterchangeability/an idea that as already taking hold0
to nutsand bolts.#*$
1efore this, scre threads ere usually made by chipping and filing /that is, ith skilled
freehand use of chiselsandfiles0.2utsere rare3 metal scres, hen made at all, ere
usually for use in ood. (etal bolts passing through ood framing to a metal fastening on
the other side ere usually fastened in non&threaded ays /such as clinching or upsetting
against a asher0. (audslay standardized the scre threads used in his orkshop and
produced sets oftaps and diesthat ould make nuts and bolts consistently to those
standards, so that any bolt of the appropriate size ould fit any nut of the same size. !his
as a ma4or advance in orkshop technology.#5$
National standard#edit$
(audslay)s ork, as ell as the contributions of other engineers, accomplished a modest
amount of industry standardization3 some companies) in&house standards spread a bit ithin
their industries.
6raphic representation of formulae for the pitches of threads of scre bolts
7oseph Whitorth)s scre thread measurements ere adopted as the first /unofficial0
national standard by companies around the country in *-8*. It came to be knon as
the1ritish Standard Whitorth, and as idely adopted in other countries.#9$#8$
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methods and apparatus for measuring electricity. In *-:+, he introduced a series of effective
instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, hich cover the entire field of electrostatic
measurement. 'e invented thecurrent balance, also knon as the Kelvin
balanceorAmpere balance/SiC0, for the precisespecification of theampere,
thestandardunitofelectric current.
#+$
%. B. 1. >romptondre up the first international standards body, theInternational Blectrotechnical
>ommission,in *rompton,ho became concerned by the large range
of different standards and systems used by electrical engineering companies and scientists
in the early 5th century. (any companies had entered the market in the *-s and all
chose their on settings for voltage,frequency,currentand even the symbols used on circuit
diagrams. =d4acent buildings ould have totally incompatible electrical systems simply
because they had been fitted out by different companies. >rompton could see the lack of
efficiency in this system and began to consider proposals for an international standard for
electric engineering.#-$
In *8, >rompton represented 1ritain at the Couisiana urchase BxpositioninSaint
Couisas part of a delegation by theInstitute of Blectrical Bngineers. 'e presented a paper
on standardisation, hich as so ell received that he as asked to look into the formation
of a commission to oversee the process. #$1y *< his ork as complete and he dre up a
permanent constitution for the first international standards organization, theInternational
Blectrotechnical >ommission.#*$!he body held its first meeting that year in Condon, ith
representatives from *8 countries. In honour of his contribution to electrical standardisation,
Cord Gelvin as elected as the body)s first resident.#**$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._B._Cromptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._B._Cromptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._B._Cromptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Expositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Expositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._B._Cromptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._B._Cromptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Expositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-118/9/2019 Stan Dad Ization
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(emorial plaque of founding IS= inrague.
!he International Federation of the 2ational Standardizing =ssociations/IS=0 as founded in
*5< ith a broader remit to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards
and specifications. !he body as suspended in *85 during World War II.
=fter the ar, IS= as approached by the recently formed ?nited 2ations Standards
>oordinating >ommittee /?2S>>0 ith a proposal to form a ne global standards body. In
Hctober *8> delegates from 5: countries met inCondonand agreed to
4oin forces to create the neInternational Hrganization for Standardization/ISH03 the ne
organization officially began operations in February *8+.#*5$
In general, each country or economy has a single recognized 2ational Standards 1ody
/2S10. Bxamples
include=12!,=B2H%,=F2H%,=2SI,1SI, D62, DI2, I%=(, 7IS>,G=!S,S=1S, S=>,S>
>,SIS,S2. =n 2S1 is likely the sole member from that economy in ISH.
2S1s may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the to. Forexample, the three 2S1s of >anada, (exico and the ?nited States are respectively the
Standards >ouncil of >anada /S>>0, the 6eneral 1ureau of Standards /DirecciJn 6eneral
de 2ormas, D620, and the=merican 2ational Standards Institute/=2SI0. S>> is a
>anadian >ron >orporation, D62 is a governmental agency ithin the (exican (inistry of
Bconomy, and =2SI and =B2H% are a :*/c0/90non&profit organization ith members from
both the private and public sectors. !he determinants of hether an 2S1 for a particular
economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles
that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that
economy.
Usage#edit$
Standards can beA
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de facto standardshich means they are folloed by informal convention or
dominant usage.
de 4urestandards hich are part of legally binding contracts, las or regulations.
Koluntary standards hich are published and available for people to consider for use.
!he existence of a published standard does not necessarily imply that it is useful or correct.
7ust because an item is stamped ith a standard number does not, by itself, indicate that the
item is fit for any particular use. !he people ho use the item or service /engineers, trade
unions, etc.0 or specify it /building codes, government, industry, etc.0 have the responsibility
to consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the
item correctlyA validation and verification.
Standardization is implemented greatly hen companies release ne products to market.>ompatibility is important for products to be successful3 this allos consumers to use their
ne items along ith hat they already on.
Social science#edit$
In the context of social criticism and social science, standardization often means the process
of establishing standards of various kinds and improving efficiency to handle people, their
interactions, cases, and so forth. Bxamples include formalization of 4udicial procedure in
court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this
sense is often discussed along ith /or synonymously to0 such large&scale social changes as
modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society.
Information exchange#edit$
In the context of information exchange, standardization refers to the process of developing
standards for specific business processes using specific formal languages. !hese standards
are usually developed in voluntary consensus standards bodies such as the ?nited 2ations
>enter for !rade Facilitation and Blectronic 1usiness /?2L>BF=>!0, the World Wide Web
>onsortiumW9>, the !elecommunications Industry =ssociation/!I=0, and the Hrganizationfor the =dvancement of Structured Information Standards /H=SIS0.
!here are many specificationsthat govern the operation and interaction of devices and
softare on the Internet,but they are rarely referred to as standards, so as to preserve that
ord as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISH. !he W9>, for example,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN/CEFACThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN/CEFACThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OASIS_(organization)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C8/9/2019 Stan Dad Ization
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publishes "%ecommendations", and the IB!Fpublishes "%equests for >omments" /%F>s0.
'oever, these publications are sometimes referred to as standards.
Customer service#edit$
!his section appears to be written like an advertisement.leasehelp improve itby reriting promotional content from aneutral point of viea
removing any inappropriate external links. (Januar !"#$)
In the context ofcustomer service, standardization refers to the process of developing an
international standard that enables organizations to focus their attention on delivering
excellence in customer service, hilst at the same time providing recognition of success
through a third party organization, such as the1ritish Standards Institution/1SI0. !he
International >ustomer Service Standard /!I>SS0 has been developed by !he International
>ustomer Service Institute/!I>SI0 ith the ob4ective of making it the cornerstone global
standard of customer service. !his standard has the status of an independent standard.
Supply and materials management#edit$
In the context ofsupply chain managementandmaterials management, standardization
covers the process of specification and use of any item the company must buy in or make,
alloable substitutions, andbuild or buydecisions.
Defense#edit$
In the context of defense, standardization has been defined by2=!Has The development
and implementation o% concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain
the re&uired levels o%compatibilit,interchangeabilitor commonalitin the operational,
procedural, material, technical and administrative %ields to attain interoperabilit.#*9$
Process#edit$
!his section does notciteanyreferences or sources.lease help impro
this section byadding citations to reliable sources. ?nsourced material machallenged and removed. (Januar !"#$)
!he process of standardization can itself be standardized. !here are at least four levels of
standardizationA compatibility, interchangeability,commonalityandreference. !hese
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_or_buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_or_buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Commentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standards_Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Customer_Service_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_or_buyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference8/9/2019 Stan Dad Ization
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standardization processes create compatibility, similarity, measurement and symbol
standards.
!here are typically four different techniques for standardization
Simplification or variety control
>odification
Kalue engineering
Statistical process control.
!ypes of standardization processA
Bmergence as de facto standardAtradition, market domination, etc.
Written by a Standards organizationA
in a closed consensus processA %estricted membership and often having
formal procedures for due&process among voting members
in a full consensus processA usually open to all interested and qualified
parties and ith formal procedures for due&process considerations.
Written by a government or regulatory body
Written by a corporation, union, trade association, etc.
Effects#edit$
Standardization has a variety of benefits and drabacks for firms and consumers
participating in the market, and on technology and innovation.
ffect on Firms#edit$
!he primary effect of standardization on firms is that the basis of competition is shifted from
integrated systems to individual components ithin the system. rior to standardization a
companyMs product must span the entire system because individual components from
different competitors are incompatible, but after standardization each company can focus on
providing an individual component of the system.#*8$When the shift toard competition based
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_process_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_process_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standardization&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization#cite_note-148/9/2019 Stan Dad Ization
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on individual components takes place, firms selling tightly integrated systems must quickly
shift to a modular approach, supplying other companies ith subsystems or components.#*:$
ffect on Consumers#edit$
Standardization has a variety of benefits for consumers, but one of the greatest benefits is
enhanced netork effects. Standards increase compatibility and interoperability beteen
products, alloing information to be shared ithin a larger netork and attracting more
consumers to use the ne technology, further enhancing netork effects.#*onsumers may also get the benefit of being able to mix and match components of a
system to align ith their specific preferences. #*-$
robably the greatest donside of standardization for consumers is lack of variety. !here is
no guarantee that the chosen standard ill meet all consumersM needs or even that the
standard is the best available option.#*$=nother donside is that if a standard is agreed upon
before products are available in the market, then consumers are deprived of the penetration
pricing that often results hen rivals are competing to rapidly increase market share in an
attempt to increase the likelihood that their product ill become the standard. #5$It is also
possible that a consumer ill choose a product based upon a standard that fails to become
dominant.#5*$In this case, the consumer ill have spent resources on a product that is
ultimately less useful to him or her as the result of the standardization process.
ffect on !echnology#edit$
(uch like the effect on consumers, the effect of standardization on technology and
innovation is mixed. Increased adoption of a ne technology as a result of standardization is
important because rival and incompatible approaches competing in the marketplace can
slo or even kill the groth of the technology.#55$!he shift to a modularized architecture as a
result of standardization brings increased flexibility, rapid introduction of ne products, and
the ability to more closely meet individual customerMs needs.#59$
!he negative effects of standardization on technology have to do ith its tendency to restrict
ne technology and innovation. Standards shift competition from features to price because
the features are defined by the standard. !he degree to hich this is true depends on the
specificity of the standard.#58$Standardization in an area also rules out alternative
technologies as options hile encouraging others.#5:$
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