Post on 24-Jan-2017
Sport injuriesand PREVENTION
By,Aya Hany Abd ELRahman
Sport injuries require special focus on the identification of injuries, care, prevention and treatment, therapies for injury management.
Rugby
Soccer
Wrestling
SPORT INJURIES
The kind of injuries that most commonly occur during sports or exercise.
Some sports injuries result from accidents: others due to poor training practices, improper equipment or insufficient warm-up or stretching.
• While it is possible to injure any part of the body when playing sports, the term sports injuries is commonly used to refer to injuries of the musculoskeletal system.
Classified as ..
Sports injuries
traumatic
extrinsic
acute chronic
intrinsic
overuse
No
obvious
cause
present
due to
external
violence
ACUTE INJURIES
Characterized by sudden appearance of symptoms usually associated with a single traumatic incident.
Pain and loss of function are immediate. These can be classified as either:
Direct: caused by external force as collision between two players or between player and equipment
Brusis Fracture Cuts
Indirect : caused by internal force as over stretching a ligament in sudden change direction in turnover in basketball
Strain Sprain Tear
ACUTE INJURIES
Sprains, strains and bruises
A sprain is an injury that involves the ligaments and other soft tissues around a joint, such as an ankle or wrist. It is a stretch or tear of a ligament.
A strain occurs away from a joint and involves a twisted, torn or over-stretched muscle or tendon, commonly in the calf, thigh or lower back.
Symptoms and signs: Pain at the site of the injury Loss of power in the injured area especially
with a sprained joint Swelling of the injured area Nausea Feeling faint Pale, cold and clammy skin due to shock
Sprains, strains and bruises
CHRONIC INJURIES
Gradual onset and are caused by repetitive light trauma to soft tissue or bone.
as a result : weakness to the injured site insufficient rehabilitation after injury.
Pitching a baseball
Overuse injuries: *Due to excessive and repeated use of the same muscle, joint or bone.
*Gradual increase of pain.
shin splint
11
Overuse Injuries
Common sport injuries
Shin splints: pain along the outside front of the lower leg, due to inflammation of thin layer cover bone and by tiny fracture in the bone.
Ankle sprains : typically occurs when the foot turns inward.
Groin pull: Pushing off in a side-to-side motion causes strain of the inner thigh muscles, or groin
Hamstring strain: is a tear of the hamstring muscle fibers. soccer, football, baseball, basketball, and many track and field events.
Common sport injuries• Tennis elbow (epicondylitis) : is an injury to the muscles on the outside
(lateral aspect) of the elbow that results from overuse or repetitive stress of the elbow muscle.
Patellofemoral Syndrome : the repetitive movement of your kneecap (patella) against your thigh bone (femur).
CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Is a progressive degenerative disease found in people who have had a severe blow or repeated blows to the head.
The disease was previously called dementia pugilistica (DP), i.e. "punch-drunk," as it was initially found in those with a history of boxing.
CTE has been most commonly found in professional athletes participating in American football, rugby, ice hockey, boxing, professional wrestling and other contact sports who have repeated concussions or other brain trauma.
WHAT IS CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE)?
• Main Symptoms include
generally begin 8–10 years after experiencing repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.
• disorientation• dizziness• Headaches
disabilities appear with progressive deterioration
memory loss social instability erratic behaviour
THEN
progressive dementia, slowing of muscular movements impeded speech tremors vertigo deafness suicidality.
Additional symptoms include dysarthria, dysphagia, and ocular abnormalities - such as ptosis.
Diagnosis of CTE
• CTE cannot currently be diagnosed during lifetime.• The only known diagnosis for CTE occurs by studying the brain tissue after death.
CONCUSSIONS are non-structural injuries and do not result in brain bleeding, which is why most concussions cannot be seen on routine neuroimaging tests such as CT or MRI
Acute concussion symptoms (those that occur shortly after an injury) should not be confused with CTE.
Differentiating between prolonged post-concussion syndrome (PCS, where symptoms begin shortly after a concussion and last for weeks, months, and sometimes even years) and CTE symptoms can be difficult
Definition:
Sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion injury to neck
An acceleration/ deceleration mechanism of Energy transfer to the neck
Whip-like movement
WHIPLASH INJURY.
CAUSES:
RTA commonly- front/ back/ side
Contact sport injuries
Accidental/ intentional blows to head
Child abuse- shaking, hitting
Cervical acceleration-deceleration injury
INCIDENCE:
53% of 5.5 million RTA victims suffered whiplash injury
WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED DISORDERS (WAD)
Classed by severity of signs and symptoms
WAD 0 No complaints or physical signsWAD 1 Neck complaints but no physical signsWAD 2 Neck complaints and musculoskeletal
signsWAD 3 Neck complaints and neurological signs WAD 4 Neck complaints and fracture /
dislocation
Most whiplash injury results from low impact collisions
Neck pain: The hallmark symptom Lower Back Pain
Stiffness
↓ ROM
abnormal sensations arms (burning/ paraesthesia)
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
General neurological
• dizziness • headache • blurred vision • pain on swallowing • ringing in ears • irritability • tinnitus
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNSPsychological-
• memory loss • cognitive impairment • sleep disturbance • fatigue • depression • PTSD
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNSWhiplash syndrome-
• continual headache • pain • reduced movement • tingling • lumbar pains • fatigue • sleep disturbance
Chronic Whiplash
Complex interaction between many factors:
Biological
Psychosocial Legal
Economics Beliefs / AttitudesPsychological factors are also hypothesized to influence the
existence of whiplash-related cognitive impairments.
INVESTIGATIONSX-rays- exclude #
CT
MRI:- Increase tear in cervical ligament &
vasculature- Disk herniation
TREATMENT
1-Education:
Explain benign nature of WADAvoid confusing and conflicting info
Home / work programmes as effective as physiotherapy
Teach relaxation and stress management
Educate posture and neck care
2-Medication:Analgises prevent breakthrough pain
Muscle relaxant- Diazepam/ Baclofen
3-Physical Therapy/ Rehabilitation:Keep neck moving as normally as possible!
Collars not recommended
Gentle mobilisation
Avoid ‘stiffening-up’
Studies- quicker recovery with gentle exercise.
Minimally Invasive Pain Management Procedures
Cervical and Thoracic facet joint injections
Risk Factors
Intrinsic
Muscle Imbalance
Postural Defects
Overuse
Age
Poor Technique
Inadequate Warm up
HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE RISK OR HAZARDS?
Health/ FitnessSkill and techniqueTraininghydrationWarm up/ Warm downCorrect clothing and equipmentCorrect footwearNo JewelleryObeying of the rules
Treatment for sports injuries
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury.
Mild sprain or strain can be treated at home using RICE therapy.
Acute injury management
RICE Method• R – Rest – 2-3 days with
immobilization• I – Ice – Reduces pain and
spasm, minimizes cell death and causes vasoconstriction
• C – Compression – Decreases swelling by slowing the flow of fluid to the area
• E – Elevation – Decreases swelling by encouraging blood to return to the heart
Chronic injury management • Pain killer& NSAIDs
• Immobilization: prevent further damage by reducing movement, reduces pain, muscle swelling and muscle spasm.
Chronic injury management • Corticosteroid injections
• Physiotherapy: using massage, manipulation and special exercises to improve the range of motion and return the normal function of injured area
Long-term injury can be treated with a programme of walking and swimming to help strengthen the muscles in the affected body part
• Heat Treatment: to increase blood flow relief pain increase flexibility
Surgery: in sever injuriesDuring surgery for a broken bone it may be necessary to fix the bones with wires, plates, screws or rods, known as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).
Rehabilitation
Chronic injury management
Rehabilitation• Start with alternative training• Circuit training• Conditioning• Endurance• Flexibility• Strength training• Stretching techniques• Warm-up• Weight training
Prevention of sport injuries
• Warm Up• Cool Down• Hydration• Proper Technique• Equipment• Physical Conditioning• Facilities Management• Balanced Opponents• Rules and Enforcement
IF WE DIDN’T TRY AND REDUCE THE RISK IN SPORT, WHAT COULD
HAPPEN? Injuries such as pulled muscles, broken
bones etc Illnesses such as heart attack, shock,
asthma attack etcViolence such as fighting with the
opposition or referee