RULE OF VETERINARIANS IN HERD MANAGEMENT

BY: DR. TOOFAN JAVADI (DVM, MS)

QUESTIONS

• 1.Do you have veterinarian in your farm? Do you believe to use consultant?• 2.Do you know what is job of one vet due to herd management?• 3.Do you use any test or trial for monitoring health of your herd?• 4.Do you know meaning of subclinical mastitis and ketosis, Leukosis, ovario

bursitis, synchronization?• 5.Do you know something about computer planning for balancing nutrition?• 6.Do you have any long term or short term goal in your farm?

Trauma from rough handling of the ovary and bursa by rectal manipulation or clinical expression of the corpus luteum and descending infections are causes of this condition.(OVARIO BURSAL ADHESION.) no satisfactory

inadequate nutrition, high ambient temperature, high parasite burdens and disease

SYNCHRONIZATION

Heat Stress in Dairy Cows

Heat Stress in Dairy Cows Reduced feed intake

10% to 25% lower milk production

Decreased milk fat percentage

Decreased fertility

Depressed immune system and potential death

Higher maintenance requirements

Over all less efficient milk production.

Figure : Heat stress, with its physiological and behavioral consequences, increases the risks of rumen acidosis. (Lallemand

Animal Nutrition)

Table 1. Relative changes in expected dry matter (DMI) and milk yield and water intake with increasing environmental temperature.

Expected intakes and milk yields

Temperature DMI Milk yield Water intake

(°C) (kg) (kg) (literes)

20 18.2 27 68.1

25 17.7 25 73.8

30 16.9 23 79.1

35 16.7 18 120

40 10.2 12 106

Sources: National Research Council. 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Dr. Joe West, Extension Dairy Specialist, University of Georgia.

4-5 LITER WATER = 1 LITER MILK, 1 KG DMI = 2.5-3 LITER MILK

ECONOMIC LOSS OF SUB CLINICAL MASTITIS IN PHILIPPINES

scc % milk loss150,000 0

200,000 0.8

250,000 1.5

300,000 2.3

400,000 3.8

500,000 5.3

EXAMPLE: 50 COWS, 4000 LITER PRODUCTION, AVERAGE SCC 500,000.50* 4000* 8%= 16000 LITER LOSS.16000* 25 PESO= 400,000 PESO

NUTRITION AND PRODUCTION

NUTRITION AND PRODUCTION

FOOT PROBLEMS…A NUTRITIONIST’S NIGHTMARE

Foot problems both infectious (“straw berry foot”) and non-infectious (laminitis) continue to plaque the global dairy

herd. They have a HUGE impact on herd reproduction.

Why? Cows who cannot walk:

Do not eat, go down in a stall and stay there.

They are reluctant to show heats (even if they are cycling) because it hurts to be on their feet.

They are more prone to reproductive and metabolic disorders

Are likely to be prematurely culled from the herd.

LAMINITIS CASE’S

BCS and Reproduction

At the barn level:

Add BCS on during the last 200 DIM and not in the

dry period (thin cows should go directly to the CUD)

If cows are fat at dry off do not allow BCS loss

during dry period

BCS ALL cows to monitor changes

Maximize dry matter intake of close up and fresh

cows to limit negative energy balance

BCS and Reproduction

Cows > +4 BCS at dry off are 3X more likely to experience the following reproductive problems in their next lactation, than cows of a normal BCS (fat cow syndrome):

Dystocia

Retained placenta

Uterine infection

Cystic ovaries

Abortion

thereafter (between 150-250 days), the cow enters a “break even point” phase in which cost of

production equals the revenue from milk production. Therefore, the more frequently the cow

becomes pregnant (during its productive lifetime), the more profit periods per lifetime cow would

have. On the other hand the fewer times the cow becomes pregnant the more time she will spent

on the tail end of the lactation curve, resulting in loss of profit (Figure 1)

$$

Breakeven period

Profit period Dry

period

$ Loss

Milk yield/

day

1700

250 300

Days in milk

Calving

Figure 1. Relationship between lactation curve and milk revenue. (adapted from Dr.

Senger).

Long average days-in-milk is a characteristic of herds with reproductive problems.

500 cow herd with a 15.5 months calving interval produces approximately 200-250 less calves after 3-3.5

years when compared to the same size herd with 12.8 months calving intervals.

Mineral InteractionsZinc to Manganese 1:1

Zinc to Copper 4:1

Copper to Molybdenum 6:1

Iron to Copper 20:1

Potassium to Sodium 5:1

Sodium + Potassium

Calcium + Magnesium < 2:1

Dietary cation-anion

balance or DCAD

Dry cows <-100 meq/kg

Lactating cows > 250 meq/kg

Ca to p ratio: 2.4/1 and 1.6/1.

Trace minerals

influence

SE Marginal deficiencies can cause retained placenta, an increase in mastitis duration and severity, and reduced reproductive performance. Chronic selenium toxicity (alkali disease) includes lameness, sore feet, deformed hooves, and hair loss from the tail. Deficiencies result in white muscle disease in young calves, cardiac and skeletal muscle degeneration, heart failure, and paralysis of the hind legs. Calcium and sulfur in the ration can reduce selenium absorption.

ZN activates enzymes and is a component of metalloenzymes. Deficiency signs include skin dermatitis (parakeratosis), lesions, failure of wound healing, and reduced reproductive performance. Organic zinc can improved foot hardness, decrease sole abscesses, and reduced somatic cell counts.

Iron Later deficiency signs include weight loss and reduced appetite. Fancy veal calves are fed milk which is low in iron and results in pale colored meat (white veal).

Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones which regulates the rate of metabolism. Excessive iodine causes secretion of mucus from lungs and bronchial tubes, nervous-ness, rapid pulse and breathing, and coughing. Deficient cattle exhibit enlarged thyroid glands (goiter), especially in newborn calves which can be weak or dead.

Copper Deficiency symptoms include reduced growth and milk yield, severe diarrhea, stiff joints, changes in hair coat color and texture (greying), loss of hair, and reduced reproductive performance.

RELATION BW PRIMARY DISORDERS AND SECONDARY PROBLEMS DURING SUBSEQUENT LACTATION

SECONDARDISORDER

FAT COW MILK DYSTOCIA RETAINED PLACENTA

METRITIS DISPLAD ABOMAUM

KETOSI

DYSTOCIA + +

RETAINED PLACENTA

+ + +

METRITIS + + + + ? ?DAISPLACEDABOMASUM

+ + + + ? ?

MASTITIS + + + + + ?LOW CONCEPTION RATE

+ + + + + + +

PRIMARY DISORDERS

Importance of Bovine Leukosis

(Bovine Leukemia Virus)

•Antibody presence is considered evidence of infection

•Infection is usually inapparent and persistent

Fatal Adult Lymphosarcoma

Tumors in:

•Lymph nodes

•Spinal chord

•Heart

•Kidney

•Spleen

•Intestines

•Abomasum

•Tissue behind the eye

•Uterus

Most common tumor of cattle