Sojourners Sojourners Tramping Tramping

through the through the Appalachians:Appalachians:

Acadia to Acadia to AcadiéAcadié

APPALACHIANS – Session 6

1

Weeks 2-3: New EnglandWeeks 2-3: New England

Week 6: NewfoundlandWeek 6: Newfoundland

Week 4:Week 4:

Week 5:Week 5:

APPALACHIANS – Session 6

Louisiana to New EnglandLouisiana to New England

Becoming VagabondsBecoming Vagabonds

Weeks 1:Weeks 1:

2

Quebec & Maritimes – Natural Sites

Quebec & Maritimes – Stats, Travel, People

Newfoundland

TODAY’S PLAN

Orientation• Our Route• Geography• History• Demographi

cs

Tidbits• Roadside

Cod• Overnight

ferry crossing

• Animals & Sights

Geology• Regional

View• Gros MorneTablelandsGreenpointWestern

Brook Pond

NEWFOUNDLAND

3

3 SpecificIndustries• Cod

Fishing Industry

• Hibernia Oil Field platform

• Mining & Minerals

OUR ROUTE

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NEWFOUNDLAND

5

Quebec Lab

NEWFOUNDLAND

6

NEWFOUNDLAND

Gander Mistaken Point

Ediacaran Fossils

Port aux Basques

Ferry Terminal

L’Anse Aux Meadows Iceberg Alley

St. John’s

Signal HillCape Spear

Cape St. Mary Bird

Gros Morne: Tablelands &

Greenpoint Strato-type

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Burlin - 1929 Tsumani

Disaster

NEWFOUNDLAND AND TRAVEL PLANNING

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Boutte du Cap

Trinity

Salvage

NEWFOUNDLAND SIGHTS

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GEOGRAPHY

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GEOGRAPHY• 70 miles from Nova Scotia• 310 miles wide by 325 miles

long (42,000 sq mi); only 8.5 miles from Labrador

• Coastline of 3,810 miles• 2 World Class National Parks:

Gros Morne & Terra Nova• High point is The Cabox at

2,664 ft• French Territory: Ile St. Pierre

& Miquelon• Cape Spear is eastern most

point of North America• Famous fishing: Grand Banks• Nickname “The Rock”

Gros Morne

Tablelands

14 miles

Grand Banks

““THETHEROCK”ROCK”

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SIGHTS1. Main Ferry terminals at Port Aux

Basques and Argentia2. Primarily French Settlements at

Port au Port3. “L’Anse aux Meadows” only record

of Viking settlement on North American continent

4. Famous Iceberg Alley5. Ferry departure for Labrador at

Lewisporte (42 hr to Goose Bay)6. Gander Airport – 1st North America

arrival point for USA war heroes7. Amelia Earhart departed from

Harbour Grace8. St. John’s is capital of Province9. Mistaken Point, Ediacaran Fossils10.Cape St. Mary’s Ecological Reserve

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22

33

44

55

66

7788

11

991010

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What an advertising brochure! Look at the faces of these kids!!

ST. JOHN’S – ICEBERGS

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Washington1,330 mi

Austin2,610 mi

Ireland1,930 mi

Greenland975 mi

Ottawa1,080 mi

Spain2,140 mi

GEOGRAPHY

Newfoundland

MOUNTAIN RANGES

Long Range Mountains

Lewis “Hills”

Anguille Mountains

Annieopsquotch

Mountains

APPA

LACH

IAN M

OUNTAIN

S

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PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS

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WEATHER

48

40

32

24

16

8

Inch

es

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HISTORY

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NEWFOUNDLAND HISTORY• First inhabitants: Beothuk Indians

• 999 to 1001 - Permanent Norse settlement known as Vinland & Leifr Eiriksson

• 1006 - First contact with Norsemen at L’Anse aux Meadows

• 1497 - John Cabot expedition

• 1583 - Sir H. Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for England

• 1610 - first year-round settlers; Portuguese, Spanish, French & English in 17th century

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NEWFOUNDLAND HISTORY• 1763 - The Treaty of Paris

definitively awarded Newfoundland and Labrador to Great Britain.

• 1832 Representative government was introduced and parliamentary government in 1855.

• 1930s- During the Depression Britain suspended Newfoundland's self-government and assumed administrative and financial control.

• 1949 it became Canada's 10th province

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The largest ethnic groups The largest ethnic groups in Newfoundland and in Newfoundland and Labrador are:Labrador are:

English (39.4%)English (39.4%)

Irish (19.7%) Irish (19.7%)

Scottish (6.0%) Scottish (6.0%)

French (5.5%)French (5.5%)

First Nations (3.2%)First Nations (3.2%)

DEMOGRAPHICS

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3 SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES

- Cod FishingCod Fishing- Hibernia Oil Hibernia Oil PlatformPlatform

- Mining & Mining & MineralsMinerals

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COD FISHING

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Industy No. 1

NEWFOUNDLAND’S COD FISHING INDUSTRY

A Newfoundland industry gone forever?...A Newfoundland industry gone forever?...

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WHAT’S A COD FISH?

• Cod is a ground fish that lives and feeds off of shallow ocean banks around the world

• the Atlantic variety, or Gadus morhua, is best known to fish lovers around the world thanks to its peerless white flesh, which is almost fat-free and boasts a flaky texture when cooked

• Other outstanding feature: unsightly appendage that hangs from its lower lip (It's believed that this helps the fish navigate its way along the ocean floor)

• as a protein commodity, cod has been called 'the beef of the sea.’'the beef of the sea.’

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• Massive quantities of cod fish were discovered off Newfoundland in the late 15th century

• Subsistence fishing was carried out by the English, French, Spanish, & Portuguese for centuries without problems

• 1951 ““factory fishing trawlersfactory fishing trawlers” ” appeared just 12 mi off the coast of NFLD

• Factory trawlers catch 2-3X what all the small fishermen could catch (250k vs 800k tons/yr)

• By 1976, legislation kept the trawlers no closer than 200 mi offshore but it was too late.

NEWFOUNDLAND’S COD FISHING INDUSTRY

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• By then the Soviet Union had 400 factory trawlers on the high seas. Japan 125, Spain 75, West Germany 50, France and Britain, 40, and dozens more were operated by Eastern Bloc nations

• Seines 1.2 miles in diameter encircle whole shoals of fish: basically just strip-mining basically just strip-mining the seathe sea

• Adult Cod (Spawning biomass) decreased by 75% in all stocks, 90% in 3 of 6 cod stocks and 99% in “northern cod”

• Industry completely collapsed in 1992 and a moratorium on fishing was declared

• After 10 years, the cod population has not the cod population has not returned.returned. It is believed that the local eco-system has irreversibly changed.

NEWFOUNDLAND’S COD FISHING INDUSTRY

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NEWFOUNDLAND’S COD FISHING INDUSTRY

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1951Factory Fishing Trawlers Arrived

2005 Univ of Michigan Study concluded:“… Restoring the cod stock Restoring the cod stock to what it once was in the past is now believed to be simply impossiblesimply impossible.

Commercial extinction came as a shock to Canadian fishermen and trawlers worldwide.

Through this extremely depressing occurrence, nature was mistreated and ultimately taken for nature was mistreated and ultimately taken for

grantedgranted.”TRUE?

The REALLY bad news? Major international study in 2006 notes: “about one-third about one-third

of ALL fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed and that of ALL fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed and that if current trends continue… if current trends continue…

all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty yearsall fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years””but very slowlybut very slowly

NEWFOUNDLAND’S COD FISHING INDUSTRY

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By Mark KurlanskyBy Mark Kurlansky

HIBERNIAOIL FIELD

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Industy No. 2

HIBERNIA OIL FIELD

HIBERNIA

• Located 190 mi. east of St. John’s in 260 ft. water depth

• Approx 3 Billion barrels of OIP; 1.2 billion recoverable of light sweet crude

• Started Production in 1997 after 10 yrs of Government negotiations

• Produces 160,000 bopd; 667 million barrels thru 2009

• Operated by ExxonMobil; owned by ExxonMobil (33%), Chevron (27%), Suncor (20%), Canadian Gov’t (8.5%), Murphy Oil(6.5%), Norsk Hydro (5%)

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HIBERNIA OIL FIELD• Designed to withstand collision with 1-

million ton iceberg (1:500yrs event) with no damage and a direct hit from a 6-million ton iceberg (1:10,000yr event) with repairable damage

• 450,000 ton gravity based structure (GBS) – 346ft dia. concrete caisson surrounded by a 5ft thick “icewall” with 16 “teeth” to breakup colliding ice

• Caisson is closed on top and bottom; inside is storage for 1.3 million bbl oil

• 4-17ft dia. shafts run thru the caisson; filled with support equip.

• Accommodations for 185 workers

• Total weight is over 1 million TONS!33

HIBERNIA OIL FIELDHIBERNIA

Gravity Base(450,000 tons)

Flare Boom

Drilling Rigs (2)

Emergency Evacuation

capsules

Accommodations hotel

Working Cranes (2)

Drilling & Production

Modules

Heliport

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http://www.habeeb.com/iceberg.photos.1.html

HIBERNIA OIL FIELD – ICEBERG MANAGEMENT

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HIBERNIA OIL FIELD – ICEBERG MANAGEMENT

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HIBERNIA OIL FIELD – ICEBERG MANAGEMENTICEBERG

MANAGEMENT

ACTIVE PASSIVE

• 24 hr radar surveillance

• Airborne surveillance

• Satellite photos

• Real time wind & ocean current info

• Side scan sonar

• Iceberg trajectory modeling software

• Iceberg trajectory adjustment trajectory adjustment using support ships

• Gravity based platform’s resistance to movement due to enormous weight

• concrete coated pipelines

• Subsurface well control valves allowing well to be sheared off with minimal damage

Lasso’ed iceberg

Number of ships involved depends

on size of berg

MINING & MINERALS

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Industy No. 3

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NEWFOUNDLAND MININGExisting Mines

• Antimony• Barite• Copper• Granite• Gypsum• Gold• Limestone• Peat• Slate• Zinc

Future Mines• Copper-Gold• Fluorspar• Granite• Prophyllite• Peat

NEWFOUNDLAND POTENTIAL MINERALS

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44

45

46

NEWFOUNDLAND BAND OF COPPER ORE

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NEWFOUNDLAND BAND OF COPPER ORE

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Offset

Faul

t

GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW

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GENERALIZED INTERPRETIVE MAPGENERALIZED INTERPRETIVE MAP

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ISLAND FORMATION OVERVIEW

GENERALIZED INTERPRETIVE MAPGENERALIZED INTERPRETIVE MAP

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ISLAND FORMATION OVERVIEW

GENERALIZED INTERPRETIVE MAPGENERALIZED INTERPRETIVE MAP

52

Hum

ber

Dunnage

Gander

Avalon

ISLAND FORMATION OVERVIEW

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ISLAND FORMATION OVERVIEW

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540 Million Years AgoProto-North American ContinentProto-North American Continent

AfricaAfrica

FutureWestern Zone

FutureEastern Zone

NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE FRENCH490 Million Years Ago

450 Million Years Ago

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ISLAND FORMATION OVERVIEWOceanic crustal Oceanic crustal

movement REVERSESmovement REVERSES

Newfoundland has been assembled!

NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE FRENCH

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ISLAND FORMATION OVERVIEW

GROS MORNE NATIONAL PARK

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Gros Morne

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GROS MORNE NATIONAL PARK

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MOHO DISCONTINUITY

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Section of Earth

Tablelands

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GROS MORNE NATIONAL PARK

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9 mi

6 mi

Green Point

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GREEN POINT, NEWFOUNDLAND

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• This section of rock is so well preserved with abundant fossils that it serves as a This section of rock is so well preserved with abundant fossils that it serves as a marker (Stratotype) for the dividing line between the Ordovician and Cambrian marker (Stratotype) for the dividing line between the Ordovician and Cambrian geologic time periods.geologic time periods.

• (Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points are internationally agreed upon stratigraphic sections of rock which serve as references for boundaries on the geologic time scale)

• This section of rock is so well preserved with abundant fossils that it serves as a This section of rock is so well preserved with abundant fossils that it serves as a marker (Stratotype) for the dividing line between the Ordovician and Cambrian marker (Stratotype) for the dividing line between the Ordovician and Cambrian geologic time periods.geologic time periods.

• (Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points are internationally agreed upon stratigraphic sections of rock which serve as references for boundaries on the geologic time scale)

Western Brook Pond

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WESTERN BROOK POND

Gros Morne NP

Western Brook Pond

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• Glacial cut fjord with granite walls 2,200 high; water depth 540ft

• “Pond” is 9.6 miles long x 1.2 miles wide (at mouth of gorge)

• Once glaciers melted, crust rose forming a ledge at the front of the fjord; 1000’s of years of rain runoff purged fjord ; now only fresh water

WESTERN BROOK POND

Over 100 glacier advances/retreats

carved fjord

“Pond” scoured Coastal Lowlanduplift & bocked

oceanFreshwater

Western Brook Pondformed

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WESTERN BROOK POND

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WESTERN BROOK POND

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TIDBITS• Roadside Roadside CodCod•Overnight Overnight ferry crossingferry crossing•Animals & Animals & SightsSights

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ROADSIDESALTED COD

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How do I go about buying

SALTED COD??

How do I go about buying

SALTED COD??

ROADSIDE SALTED COD

It was DELICIOUS!!

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RETURN FERRY

77

RETURN FERRY – THE LONG WAY!

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RETURN FERRY – THE LONG WAY!

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RETURN FERRY – THE LONG WAY!

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Animals & Sights

81

ANIMALS OF NEWFOUNDLAND

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NEWFOUNDLAND SIGHTS

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NEWFOUNDLAND SIGHTS

84

NEWFOUNDLAND SIGHTS

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WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?WHAT HAVE WE REVIEWED?

NEWFOUNDLAND

• Newfoundland is about the same size as Newfoundland is about the same size as which state? _________ and is _____ miles which state? _________ and is _____ miles from Greenlandfrom Greenland

• ______________trawlers killed NFLD Cod ______________trawlers killed NFLD Cod fishing industyfishing industy

• Hibernia weights over ________ tons Hibernia weights over ________ tons

• Newfoundland formed ____ mya & has ___ Newfoundland formed ____ mya & has ___ gold mines gold mines

• Tablelands rocks are mantle material Tablelands rocks are mantle material called ___________called ___________

• Walls of Western Brook Pond are ______ ft Walls of Western Brook Pond are ______ ft highhigh

• The 2 ferries to Newfoundland take ____ hrs The 2 ferries to Newfoundland take ____ hrs or ____ hrsor ____ hrs

• The Cod Cakes Sandi made were ___________The Cod Cakes Sandi made were ___________

Factory Fishing

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1 million

975

2450

peridotite

2,200

Delicious!

6

Virginia

14

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS

87

NEWFOUNDLAND

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0835407.html http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/province/nfz.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Grand_Banks_earthquake http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sos/002028-1100-e.html?PHPSESSID=mqubhdap68k4igpbi63bd726j0 http://web.archive.org/web/20080626161847/http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/SCI/osap/projects/tsunami/documents/1929.pdf http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/maps/nf.pdf http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/maps/pros_envir_Nfld.pdf http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/matty_mitchell/Prop_for_option-nickel/NICKEL%20Commdities%20Poster.pdf http://www.emagazine.com/archive/507 http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/cbio/cancod.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2580733.stm http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/specialfeatures/atlanticcod/cabot.asp http://savethefishsavetheworld.blogspot.com/2010/06/newfoundland-cod-tradagey.html http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/04/newfoundland-fishing-woes/carroll-text http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/media/npress-communique/2007/nl-tnl12-eng.htm http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/natural_resources/clips/10939/ http://www.oregonsteelheadfishingguide.com/Canada_Fishing/Results/default.asp?q=Newfoundland+Fishing&p=7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cr3Owz0PVVc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edkw1mtwa3M&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zVlXwHoVQI&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saDsP8c4-rE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFAp2BIxtJ8&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fv5zlrLlkxI&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFAp2BIxtJ8&feature=related

REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/physiographicregions/#download http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/anniversary_maps/political_detailed/#download http://energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html http://www.kidzone.ercb.ca/petroleumplay.html http://www.hibernia.ca/index.html http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/research/tsunamitalk.html http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/hibernia/ http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/hibernia/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjords_in_Canadahttp://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1994/94TC01505.shtml http://www.newfoundlandquarterly.ca/issue410/rock.php http://www.amazon.com/Sedimentary-Basins-United-States-Canada/dp/0444504257/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1318988764&sr=1-1#reader_0444504257http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/landscape.html http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/nfld_story.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinland http://gallery.ourlabrador.ca/ http://wikitravel.org/en/Newfoundland_and_Labradorhttp://mistakenpointfauna.com/ http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=1600 http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/11/1466 http://www.nlimmigration.ca/media/2854/immigrationstudyfinal.pdf http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/19th_migration.html http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/01jan/canada_eastcoast.cfm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing http://express.howstuffworks.com/wq-iceberg.htmhttp://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/oceans/threats/overfishing/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SpUmZtaRBQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqv6pPmHObY

88

All class material either is or

will be on 1) the University’s website

and on

2) Don’s Website at:

www.donbeaumont.weebly.com

NEWFOUNDLAND – the FINALE!

ANY QUESTIONS??89